Mutated bodies: stage performances of Beckett's late prose texts by Mabou Mines (1984) and Gare St. Lazare Players, Ireland (2005)

An exploration of the stage adaptations of Beckett's fictional texts by the New York based Mabou Mines theatre company.

Describing seasonal variability in the distribution of daily effective temperatures for 1985-2009 compared to 1904-1984 for De Bilt, Holland

This paper proposes a method for describing the distribution of observed temperatures on any day of the year such that the distribution and summary statistics of interest derived from the distribution vary smoothly through the year. The method removes the noise inherent in calculating summary statistics directly from the data thus easing comparisons of distributions and summary statistics between different periods. The method is demonstrated using daily effective temperatures (DET) derived from observations of temperature and wind speed at De Bilt, Holland. Distributions and summary statistics are obtained from 1985 to 2009 and compared to the period 1904���1984. A two-stage process first obtains parameters of a theoretical probability distribution, in this case the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution, which describes the distribution of DET on any day of the year. Second, linear models describe seasonal variation in the parameters. Model predictions provide parameters of the GEV distribution, and therefore summary statistics, that vary smoothly through the year. There is evidence of an increasing mean temperature, a decrease in the variability in temperatures mainly in the winter and more positive skew, more warm days, in the summer. In the winter, the 2% point, the value below which 2% of observations are expected to fall, has risen by 1.2 ��C, in the summer the 98% point has risen by 0.8 ��C. Medians have risen by 1.1 and 0.9 ��C in winter and summer, respectively. The method can be used to describe distributions of future climate projections and other climate variables. Further extensions to the methodology are suggested.

On the connection between the 1984 Atlantic warm event and the 1982-1983 ENSO

The warm event which spread in the tropical Atlantic during Spring-Summer 1984 is assumed to be partially initiated by atmospheric disturbances, themselves related to the major 1982���1983 El-Ni��o which occurred 1 year earlier in the Pacific. This paper tests such an hypothesis. For that purpose, an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is forced by different conditions of climatic and observed sea surface temperature and an Atlantic ocean general circulation model (OGCM) is subsequently forced by the outputs of the AGCM. It is firstly shown that both the AGCM and the OGCM correctly behave when globally observed SST are used: the strengthening of the trades over the tropical Atlantic during 1983 and their subsequent weakening at the beginning of 1984 are well captured by the AGCM, and so is the Spring 1984 deepening of the thermocline in the eastern equatorial Atlantic, simulated by the OGCM. As assumed, the SST anomalies located in the El-Ni��o Pacific area are partly responsible for wind signal anomaly in the tropical Atlantic. Though this remotely forced atmospheric signal has a small amplitude, it can generate, in the OGCM run, an anomalous sub-surface signal leading to a flattening of the thermocline in the equatorial Atlantic. This forced oceanic experiment cannot explain the amplitude and phase of the observed sub-surface oceanic anomaly: part of the Atlantic ocean response, due to local interaction between ocean and atmosphere, requires a coupled approach. Nevertheless this experiment showed that anomalous conditions in the Pacific during 82���83 created favorable conditions for anomaly development in the Atlantic.

Death has a touch of class: society and space in Brookwood Cemetery, 1853-1903

Changes in the cultures and spaces of death during the Victorian era reveal the shifting conceptualisations and mobilisations of class in this period. Using the example of Brookwood Necropolis, established 1852 in response to the contemporary burial reform debate, the paper explores tensions within the sanitary reform movement, 1853���1903. Whilst reformist ideology grounded the cemetery's practices in a discourse of inclusion, one of the consequences of reform was to reinforce class distinctions. Combined with commercial imperatives and the modern impulse towards separation of living and dead, this aspect of reform enacted a counter-discourse of alienation. The presence of these conflicting strands in the spaces and practices of the Necropolis and their changes during the time period reflect wider urban trends.

Sangue e carne no cinema de Joaquim Pedro de Andrade

'Macuna��ma' (Joaquim Pedro de Andrade, 1969) ends with a shot of blood emerging from the water. This text proposes an approach to this image following a comparison with other films by the same filmmaker: 'Couro de gato' (1960) and 'Os Inconfidentes' (1972). The main thesis is that in these images the aesthetical work with flesh synthesizes the ritual cannibalism and the capitalist one. This synthesis is specified in heroes��� assimilation by power.

The modularity of seed dispersal: differences in structure and robustness between bat- and bird-fruit networks

In networks of plant-animal mutualisms, different animal groups interact preferentially with different plants, thus forming distinct modules responsible for different parts of the service. However, what we currently know about seed dispersal networks is based only on birds. Therefore, we wished to fill this gap by studying bat-fruit networks and testing how they differ from bird-fruit networks. As dietary overlap of Neotropical bats and birds is low, they should form distinct mutualistic modules within local networks. Furthermore, since frugivory evolved only once among Neotropical bats, but several times independently among Neotropical birds, greater dietary overlap is expected among bats, and thus connectance and nestedness should be higher in bat-fruit networks. If bat-fruit networks have higher nestedness and connectance, they should be more robust to extinctions. We analyzed 1 mixed network of both bats and birds and 20 networks that consisted exclusively of either bats (11) or birds (9). As expected, the structure of the mixed network was both modular (M = 0.45) and nested (NODF = 0.31); one module contained only birds and two only bats. In 20 datasets with only one disperser group, bat-fruit networks (NODF = 0.53 +/- A 0.09, C = 0.30 +/- A 0.11) were more nested and had a higher connectance than bird-fruit networks (NODF = 0.42 +/- A 0.07, C = 0.22 +/- A 0.09). Unexpectedly, robustness to extinction of animal species was higher in bird-fruit networks (R = 0.60 +/- A 0.13) than in bat-fruit networks (R = 0.54 +/- A 0.09), and differences were explained mainly by species richness. These findings suggest that a modular structure also occurs in seed dispersal networks, similar to pollination networks. The higher nestedness and connectance observed in bat-fruit networks compared with bird-fruit networks may be explained by the monophyletic evolution of frugivory in Neotropical bats, among which the diets of specialists seem to have evolved from the pool of fruits consumed by generalists.

Morphometrical, biochemical and molecular tools for assessing biodiversity. An example in Plebeia remota (Holmberg, 1903) (Apidae, Meliponini)

We see today many efforts to quantify biodiversity in different biomes. It is very important then to develop and to apply other methodologies that allow us to assess biodiversity. Here we present an example of application of three tools with this goal. We analyzed two populations of Plebeia remota from two distinct biomes that already showed several differences in morphology and behavior. Based on these differences, it has been suggested that the populations of Cunha and Prudentopolis do not represent a single species. In order to verify the existence or absence of gene flow between these two groups, we characterized the patterns of mtDNA through RFLP, the patterns of wing venation through geometric morphometry, and the cuticular hydrocarbons through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We used bees collected in these two locations and also from colonies which have being kept for around 9 years at Sao Paulo University. We found six different haplotypes in these specimens, of which three of them occurred exclusively in the population of Cunha and three only in the Prudentopolis population. The fact that the populations do not share haplotypes suggests no maternal gene flow between them. The two populations were differentiated by the pattern of the wing veins. They also had different mixtures of cuticle hydrocarbons. Furthermore it was shown that the colonies kept at the university did not hybridize. These two groups may constitute different species. We also show here the importance of using other methodologies than traditional taxonomy to assess and understand biodiversity, especially in bees.

A revision of the spider genera Chaetopelma ausserer 1871 and Nesiergus simon 1903 (Araneae, theraphosidae, ischnocolinae)

Chaetopelma Ausserer 1871 and Nesiergus Simon 1903 are revised. Cratorrhagus Simon 1891 is considered a junior synonym of Chaetopelma. Cratorrhagus tetramerus (Simon 1873) and the female of Cratorrhagus concolor (Simon 1873) are conspecific with C. olivaceum (C. L. Koch 1841). Ischnocolus gracilis Ausserer 1871, Ischnocolus syriacus Ausserer 1871, Chaetopelma shabati Hassan 1950 and Ischnocolus jerusalemensis Smith 1990 are also treated here as junior synonyms of C. olivaceum. Chaetopelma adenense Simon 1890 is proposed as a junior synonym of Ischnocolus jickelii L. Koch 1875. Chaetopelma gardineri Hirst 1911 is transferred to Nesiergus. Hence, Chaetopelma comprises three valid species: C. olivaceum (C. L. Koch 1841); C. karlamani Vollmer 1997; C. concolor (Simon 1873) n. comb. from the Middle East and northeastern Africa. Nesiergus, which appears endemic to the Seychelles archipelago, now comprises three valid species: N. gardineri (Hirst 1911) n. comb.; N. halophilus Benoit 1978; N. insulanus Simon 1903.

Striden om folkskolans sekularisering : -En unders��kning av Svensk l��raretidning och Folkskolans v��n ��rg��ng 1903 och 1909

Uppsatsens syfte ��r att unders��ka den mediala debatten i b��rjan av 1900-talet g��llande sekula-riseringen, i detta fall folkskolans skiljande fr��n kyrkan, utifr��n tv�� folkskoll��rartidningar. K��llmaterialet utg��rs av Sveriges allm��nna folkskoll��raref��renings tidning Svensk l��raretid-ning, samt Svenska folkskolans v��nners tidning Folkskolans v��n. Det tidningsmaterial som studerats ��r ��rg��ng 1903 och 1909. F��r att besvara syftet har sekulariseringsbegreppet delats in i tv�� avdelningar, dels med fokus p�� debatten om folkskolans administrativa skiljande fr��n kyrkan, samt dels synen p�� kristendomsundervisningens inneh��ll och utformning. Resultatet visar att b��da folkskoll��rartidningarna h��vdade att l��rark��ren borde f�� mer administrativt in-flytande ��ver folkskolan, ��ven om Svensk l��raretidning ��r n��got mer aggressiv i sin kritik mot svenska kyrkans administrativa folkskoleauktoritet. Tidningarnas syn p�� kristendoms��mnet skiljer sig, d�� Folkskolans v��n ��nskar att beh��lla den konfessionella undervisningen med fokus p�� katekesen, till skillnad fr��n Svensk l��raretidning som kr��ver en mer allm��n kristen-domsundervisning. Detta f��r ��ven betydelse f��r tidningarnas syn p�� vad som var folkskolans huvudsakliga uppgift.

Borgerlighetens ideal ��� arbetarnas verklighet. : En studie om Stora Tuna barnav��rdsn��mnds arbete 1903-1917.

Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att studera hur barnav��rdsn��mnden i Stora Tuna verkst��llde lagstiftningen om uppfostran ��t vanartade och i sedligt avseende f��rsummade barn. F��r att uppn�� syftet med studien har barnav��rdsn��mndens ledam��ter unders��kts, lika s�� de anm��lda barnen. Vad anm��ldes de f��r, vilka blev konsekvenserna och vilka var det som stod f��r anm��lningarna? Resultaten j��mf��rs med tidigare forskning fr��n andra platser. Huvudsakligen har protokoll fr��n barnav��rdsn��mndens sammantr��den mellan 1903 och 1917 anv��nts f��r att besvara fr��gest��llningarna.Resultatet visar att en klar majoritet av n��mndens ledam��ter representerade medelklassen eller ��verklassen, endast ett f��tal kom fr��n arbetarklassen. Men de barn som anm��ldes kom n��stan uteslutande fr��n arbetarklassen. Detta ��r n��got som den tidigare forskningen ocks�� framh��ller. Pojkar anm��ldes i betydligt h��gre utstr��ckning ��n flickor, men de flickor som anm��ldes d��mdes betydligt h��rdare ��n pojkarna. Flickorna anm��ldes fr��mst p�� grund av de bristande hemf��rh��llanden och p��f��ljderna blev oftast att de skiljdes fr��n hemmet till fosterhem eller till barnhem. Pojkarna anm��ldes fr��mst f��r st��ld och den vanligaste p��f��ljden blev en allvarlig varning. Polisen var den grupp som anm��lde flest barn till n��mnden.

La carne recordada : un an��lisis de la atemporalidad m��tica y la subversi��n religiosa en Pedro P��ramo

The aim of the present study is to analyze the representation of the mythic timelessness and the religious subversion in the novel Pedro P��ramo (1953) by the Mexican writer Juan Rulfo. The novel is analyzed from a narratological perspective based on the concept of focalization proposed by the French theoretician G��rard Genette. According to Genette it is possible to identify different levels of focalization depending on the position of the narrative voices.The key question in this investigation is if any salvation is possible in the universe of Pedro P��ramo and how the mythic timelessness and the religious subversion are represented in the textual intentionality through the narrative voices. The main conclusion is that there is no possible salvation in the fictional universe of Pedro P��ramo. The collective sin is so vast that the intermediation between God and the inhabitants of Comala does not work anymore. Thus, the only possible ���salvation��� consists in the separation of the soul from the body the people of Comala experience after death. In Pedro P��ramo the dead body is liberated from remorses, but - contrary to the Catholic concepts - becomes a conscious materia sentenced to remember eternally.Keywords: Juan Rulfo, Pedro P��ramo, narratological analysis, G��rard Genette, textual intentionality, focalization, mythic timelessness, religious subversion, narrative voices.