Education as a mirror of Spanish society: challenges and policies towards multiple diversity

The ways in which the dominant cultural majority frames the educationalsystem determine perceptions of its own identity and understandings ofthe ‘other.’ In this article I take a political approach, by examining themanagement of cultural diversity within Spanish education policies, treating“education as the mirror of society”. This article analyzes Spanish challengesand policies approaches towards the management of immigrationrelated diversity in education. The main finding is that there is not one approach,but several, due to both the decentralized character of the educationsystem and the multiplicity of diversity that is at stake (i.e. language,religion, culture etc.)

Social bases of changing income distributions

On the backdrop of very little sociological concern with rising income inequality, this paper examines how key changes in sociodemographic behaviour may help shed additional light on changes in household income distribution and especially on long-term income dynamics and inter-generational mobility. The paper argues that the joint effect of rising marital homogamy in terms of human capital and labour supply contributes generally to widen the income gap between households. Only uner very restrictive conditions, namely when the labour supply of low educated women grows dis-proportionally fast, will women's earnings contribute to more equality. Finally, the paper suggests that women's rising employment commitments contribute positively to equalizing the opportunity structure both via the income effect and if quality care is available, also via more homogenous cultural and cognitive stimulation of children. Mother's work does not generally have adverse effects for children's development.

Appropriateness of colonoscopy in Europe (EPAGE II): presentation of methodology, general results, and analysis of complications.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Appropriate use of colonoscopy is a key component of quality management in gastrointestinal endoscopy. In an update of a 1998 publication, the 2008 European Panel on the Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (EPAGE II) defined appropriateness criteria for various colonoscopy indications. This introductory paper therefore deals with methodology, general appropriateness, and a review of colonoscopy complications. METHODS:The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method was used to evaluate the appropriateness of various diagnostic colonoscopy indications, with 14 multidisciplinary experts using a scale from 1 (extremely inappropriate) to 9 (extremely appropriate). Evidence reported in a comprehensive updated literature review was used for these decisions. Consolidation of the ratings into three appropriateness categories (appropriate, uncertain, inappropriate) was based on the median and the heterogeneity of the votes. The experts then met to discuss areas of disagreement in the light of existing evidence, followed by a second rating round, with a subsequent third voting round on necessity criteria, using much more stringent criteria (i. e. colonoscopy is deemed mandatory). RESULTS: Overall, 463 indications were rated, with 55 %, 16 % and 29 % of them being judged appropriate, uncertain and inappropriate, respectively. Perforation and hemorrhage rates, as reported in 39 studies, were in general < 0.1 % and < 0.3 %, respectively CONCLUSIONS: The updated EPAGE II criteria constitute an aid to clinical decision-making but should in no way replace individual judgment. Detailed panel results are freely available on the internet (www.epage.ch) and will thus constitute a reference source of information for clinicians.

Little effect of seasonal constraints on population genetic structure in eusocial paper wasps.

Climate has long been suggested to affect population genetic structures of eusocial insect societies. For instance, Hamilton [Journal of Theoretical Biology7 (1964) 17] discusses whether temperate and tropical eusocial insects may show differences in population-level genetic structure and viscosity, and how this might relate to differences in the degree of synchrony in their life cycles or modes of nest founding. Despite the importance of Hamilton's 1964 papers, this specific idea has not been tested in actual populations of wasps, probably due to the paucity of studies on tropical species. Here, we compare colony and population genetic structures in two species of primitively eusocial paper wasps with contrasting ecologies: the tropical species Polistes canadensis and the temperate species P. dominulus. Our results provide important clarifications of Hamilton's discussion. Specifically, we show that the genetic structures of the temperate and tropical species were very similar, indicating that seasonality does not greatly affect population viscosity or inbreeding. For both species, the high genetic differentiation between nests suggests strong selection at the nest level to live with relatives, whereas low population viscosity and low genetic differentiation between nest aggregations might reflect balancing selection to disperse, avoiding competition with relatives. Overall, our study suggests no prevalence of seasonal constraints of the life cycle in affecting the population genetic structure of eusocial paper wasps. These conclusions are likely to apply also to other primitively eusocial insects, such as halictine bees. They also highlight how selection for a kin structure that promotes altruism can override potential effects of ecology in eusocial insects.

Capital cities of federations. On the way to analysing the normative base of their asymmetrical status

Federal Capitals often have special statutes. Compared with member states, they often enjoy a lower degree of self-government and a lesser share in the governing of the federation. Why do actors choose such devices, and how can they be justified in a liberal democracy? Surprisingly, the burgeoning literature on asymmetric federalism (to which our research group has contributed significantly) has overlooked this important feature of a de iure asymmetry, perhaps because political theory up to now has concentrated on cases of multicultural and plurinational federations. However, comparative literature is also rare. This paper is the first step to filling in this gap by comparing some federal capitals. The Federal District model (Washington) is compared to capitals organized as member-states (Berlin and Brussels), and capitals that are cities belonging to a single member state (Ottawa in Ontario). The different features of de iure asymmetry will thereby be highlighted. Some light will be shed on the possible motives, reasons and justifications for the choice of each respective status. The paper opens the door to further research on such status questions by analysing public and parliamentary debates, for example. It paves the way for more thorough research. Sicne the author has been awarded a grant by the Institut d’Estudis Autonòmics, this research will be carried out soon.

Theorizing institutional changes: understanding decentralization and federalization in Brazil, Spain and South Africa

In light of the existing theories about institutional change, this paper seeks to advance a common framework to understand the unfolding of decentralization and federalization in three countries: Brazil, Spain, and South Africa. Although in different continents, these three countries witnessed processes after their respective transitions to democracy that transferred administrative and fiscal authority to their regions (decentralization) and vertically distributed political and institutional capacity (federalization). This paper attempts to explain how institutional changes prompted a shift of power and authority towards regional governments by looking at internal sources of change within the intergovernmental arena in the three countries. This analysis is organized around two propositions: that once countries transit to democracy under all-encompassing constitutions there are high incentives for institutional change, and that under a bargained intergovernmental interaction among political actors subnational political elites are able to advance their interests incrementally. In short, through a common framework this paper will explain the evolving dynamics of intergovernmental dynamics in three countries.

Del ciberespai al paper

El món editorial més tradicional tendeix cada vegada més a apostar per medis electrònics com a base per a la difusió del seu contingut o com a complement de l’edició en paper. És pràcticament un pas natural que han fet o estant fent la majoriade publicacions en paper.El creixement d’Internet, tant en nombre d’usuaris com en inversió publicitària, juntament amb la poca necessitat d’inversió per a la creació de revistes online, ha propiciat el sorgiment de revistes exclusivament virtuals que han esdevingut les mésimportants d’Internet, per sobre de publicacions virtuals de revistes amb edició en paper.Però tot i que Internet es el futur, el medi en paper és i serà un mercat molt important a mitjà termini. El mercat publicitari es paga força millor que en les pàgines web, on els models s’esgoten molt ràpidament i s’ha d’innovar constantment per tal de mantenir el click-rate dels usuaris. L’atenció que l’usuari presta a la publicitat en paper és molt més alta que en les pàgines web i menys molesta per l’usuari.El nostre treball es centrarà en fer el pas contrari a l’habitual, és a dir, en convertir una revista exclusivament virtual en una revista que publiqui també en paper. Analitzarem els possibles beneficis d’aquest pas així com els costos que suposaria adaptar un medi virtual al paper.El repte estarà en investigar quin és el model de revista idoni per completar el pas del medi virtual al paper, aconseguint maximitzar els beneficis.

Nevera, mp3, mòbil... quin és el seu paper actual?

Des dels seus inicis, l’ésser humà ha tingut una sèrie de necessitats. Ha requerit d’aliment per sobreviure, d’un sostre on refugiar-se, de roba per vestirse, etc. Conforme han passat els anys, ha anat generant tècniques per a millorar la seva estància al planeta, des del descobriment del foc per escalfarse fins al desenvolupament de màquines complexes. És per això, que ha anat introduint invents a la seva vida que han cobert les necessitats sorgides al llarg del temps.El treball que desenvolupem a continuació es centra en un seguit d’aparells que han sorgit al llarg del segle XX i que han revolucionat la nostra vida. Concretament, els set aparells escollits com a objecte del nostre estudi són: la nevera, la rentadora, l’automòbil, la televisió, el reproductor d’àudio portàtil, el telèfon mòbil i l’ordinador.L’aparició d’electrodomèstics, com la nevera o la rentadora, no només ens ha permès dedicar menys esforç a les tasques domèstiques, sinó també estalviarnos temps a l’hora de realitzar-les. Aquest fet, que ara potser ni tan sols considerem, va ser del tot determinant a l’època que van sorgir, ja que va permetre alliberar mà d’obra domèstica promovent la inserció al mercat laboral d’un sector de la població com el del sexe femení.Per la seva banda, la introducció de l’automòbil també ha estat un gran avenç. Aquest, ha revolucionat la manera de desplaçar-nos, proporcionant-nos una autonomia fins aleshores impensable.Aquest mateix patró segueixen la resta d’altres aparells escollits; tots van provocar un canvi profund a la societat amb la seva aparició i, encara avui, segueixen mantenint un paper destacat al nostre dia a dia. La importància que tenen a les nostres vides ha estat la motivació que ens ha conduït a dur a terme un treball que els tingués com a protagonistes.El nostre treball consta de dues parts:A la primera, de caràcter teòric, ens hem proposat estudiar la història d’aquests aparells, és a dir, hem volgut donar resposta a una sèrie de preguntes com: quan van aparèixer, quins van ser els seus creadors i quines transformacions han anat experimentant al llarg del temps, entre d’altres.A la segona part, més pràctica, hem realitzat un treball de camp (les característiques del qual expliquem detalladament a l’apartat següent) amb l’objectiu d’analitzar la rellevància que tenen aquests aparells a la societat actual. És a dir, hem volgut saber quins aparells, dels escollits, són els més valorats per la població avui dia i quins són els que menys. Pensem que l’ús que els enquestats fan d’aquests béns serà un criteri clau a l’hora de puntuarlos, encara que no l’únic. Hem realitzat aquest anàlisi diferenciant els individus per franges d’edat i sexes. A més, també hem treballat altres qüestions comserien, entre d’altres, si el seu ús s’entén com una necessitat o va encaminat cap a l’oci; quant temps triguen els usuaris a renovar-los, quin és el motiu, etc. En relació amb aquesta segona part, hem formulat un seguit d’hipòtesis amb l’objectiu de contrastar-les posteriorment amb els resultats de les enquestes.Les hipòtesis són:- Avui dia, els individus donen més importància a aquells aparells que són més moderns, (entenent com a tals, aquells que han sorgit més recentment i estan lligats a les noves tecnologies i la innovació contínua), com poden ser l’ordinador i el telèfon mòbil, que els electrodomèstics més tradicionals com serien la nevera o la rentadora. Tot això, a més, considerant que pel que fa als primers, entenem que part del seu ús està destinat a l’oci; mentre que pels segons el seu ús està motivat per una necessitat, com seria l’alimentació en el cas de la nevera.- Pel que fa a les franges d’edat, les valoracions mostraran diferències importants en els diversos aparells. Entre la franja més jove (de 16 a 25 anys) i la de més edat (més de 60 anys), les valoracions seran més extremes, gairebé oposades.- Pel que fa als dos sexes, les valoracions que donin als aparells seran molt semblants.Hem considerat que per a dur a terme un bon anàlisi, el més adequat és presentar la informació de cada aparell per separat. És per això que cada bé constitueix un apartat independent que consta d’una primera part referent a la seva història, i una segona referent als resultats obtinguts de les enquestes.A continuació, hem procedit a ajuntar els resultats extrets dels diferents aparells i a presentant-los de forma conjunta per a comparar-los. Així, hem pogut contrastar les nostres hipòtesis inicials i hem raonat possibles causes que justificarien dels resultats obtinguts.

Identification of novel elements of the Drosophila blisterome sheds light on potential pathological mechanisms of several human diseases.

Main developmental programs are highly conserved among species of the animal kingdom. Improper execution of these programs often leads to progression of various diseases and disorders. Here we focused on Drosophila wing tissue morphogenesis, a fairly complex developmental program, one of the steps of which - apposition of the dorsal and ventral wing sheets during metamorphosis - is mediated by integrins. Disruption of this apposition leads to wing blistering which serves as an easily screenable phenotype for components regulating this process. By means of RNAi-silencing technique and the blister phenotype as readout, we identify numerous novel proteins potentially involved in wing sheet adhesion. Remarkably, our results reveal not only participants of the integrin-mediated machinery, but also components of other cellular processes, e.g. cell cycle, RNA splicing, and vesicular trafficking. With the use of bioinformatics tools, these data are assembled into a large blisterome network. Analysis of human orthologues of the Drosophila blisterome components shows that many disease-related genes may contribute to cell adhesion implementation, providing hints on possible mechanisms of these human pathologies.

Financial Crises and International Portfolio Dynamics

This paper analyzes the behavior of international capital flows by foreigners and domestic agents, especially during financial crises. We show that gross capital flows by foreigners and domestic agents are very large and volatile, especially relative to net capital flows. This is because when foreigners invest in a country domestic agents tend to invest abroad and vice versa. Gross capital flows are also pro-cyclical. During expansions, foreigners tend to bring in more capital and domestic agents tend to invest more abroad. During crises, there is retrenchment, i.e. a reduction in capital inflows by foreigners and an increase in capital inflows by domestic agents. This is especially true during severe crises and during systemic crises. The evidence can shed light on the nature of shocks driving international capital flows. It seems to favor shocks that affect foreigners and domestic agents asymmetrically -e.g. sovereign risk and asymmetric information- over productivity shocks.

The practice of nurses caring for families of pediatric inpatients in light of Jean Watson

Objective To know the facilities and the difficulties of nurses in caring practice of hospitalized children’s families in the light of Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring. Method It was used the descriptive qualitative approach. The data collection was conducted in three stages: presentation of theoretical content; engagement with families in the light of Watson’s theory; and semi-structured interview with 12 pediatric nurses. The interviews were analysed using inductive thematic analysis, being possible to form three themes: Recognizing a framework for care; Considering the institutional context; and Challenges in family’s relationship. Results The theory favored reflections about self, about the institutions and about nurses’ relationship with the family of the child, normalized by a consciousness toward caring attitudes. Conclusion In this process, it is imperative that nurses recognize the philosophical-theoretical foundations of care to attend the child’s family in hospital.



Unwanted sexual experiences among adolescents: shedding light on the gray zone between consensual and non-consensual sex.

This study aimed at exploring adolescents' perceptions of unwanted sexual experiences (USE) in order to set up definitions, categories, and boundaries on the continuum between consensual and non-consensual sex. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative thematic analysis of four focus group discussions gathering a total of 29 male and female adolescents aged 16-20 years. RESULTS: Analysis of participants' discourse revealed three main characteristics that define USE, namely, regret, as most situations discussed were said to be acceptable or not in terms of whether there were regrets after the fact; misperception of sexual intent; and lack of communication between partners. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings revealed that health professionals should be aware of the subtle aspects identifying USE when screening for situations that can have adverse psychological consequences. Where prevention is concerned, it appears important to address these aspects of USE in sex education classes.

The effects of tourism, beachfront development and increased light pollution on nesting Loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) on Sal, Cape Verde Islands

Loggerhead Caretta caretta is now the only species of marine turtle nesting on the island of Sal, Cape Verde Islands. Since 2008, ADTMA - SOS Tartarugas has patrolled all the southern beaches of the island in order to protect nesting females and to collect nesting data. Although hunting is still a major issue, with 90 turtles killed in 2009, habitat loss and light pollution are becoming an ever more serious threat. Construction sites, hotels, apartment buildings and restaurants close to beaches, bright lights and illegal removal of sand are contributing to a marked decrease in the total number of nesting turtles on some beaches. In 2009, beaches on Sal experienced an average increase in nests of 200%, while the beach most affected by construction (Tortuga Beach) saw a decrease of nests of 7.3% (from 19.1% of total number of nests in 2008 to 11.8% in 2010). This beach also recorded a much lower nest to emergence ratio than normal (17.6% of emergences resulting in nests compared to 29.9% in other areas), indicating reluctance to nest due to light pollution and other disturbances.