ADCP current profiles and conductivity and temperature collected at two points of Camarinal Sill, Strait of Gibraltar

The present study addresses the hypothesis that the Western Alborán Gyre in the Alborán Sea (the westernmost Mediterranean basin adjacent to the Strait of Gibraltar) influences the composition of the outflow through the Strait of Gibraltar. The process invoked is that strong and well-developed gyres help to evacuate the Western Mediterranean Deep Water from the Alboran basin, thus increasing its presence in the outflow, whereas weak gyres facilitates the outflow of Levantine and other Intermediate waters. To this aim, in situ observations collected at Camarinal (the main) and Espartel (the westernmost) sills of the Strait have been analyzed along with altimetry data, which were employed to obtain a representative proxy of the strength of the gyre. An encouraging correlation of the expected sign was observed between the time series of potential temperature at Espartel sill, which is show to keep information on the outflow composition, and the proxy of the Western Alborán Gyre, which strongly suggests the correctness of the hypothesis, although the weakness of the involved signals does not allow for drawing definitive conclusions.

(Table 2) Seasonal flux data and percentages of major bulk components of total flux at the mesotrophic sediment trap site CB from 1988 - 2012

A more than two-decadal sediment trap record from the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystem (EBUE) off Cape Blanc, Mauritania, is analysed with respect to deep ocean mass fluxes, flux components and their variability on seasonal to decadal timescales. The total mass flux revealed interannual fluctuations which were superimposed by fluctuations on decadal timescales. High winter fluxes of biogenic silica (BSi), used as a measure of marine production (mostly by diatoms) largely correspond to a positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index (December-March). However, this relationship is weak. The highest positive BSi anomaly was in winter 2004-2005 when the NAO was in a neutral state. More episodic BSi sedimentation events occurred in several summer seasons between 2001 and 2005, when the previous winter NAO was neutral or even negative. We suggest that distinct dust outbreaks and deposition in the surface ocean in winter and occasionally in summer/autumn enhanced particle sedimentation and carbon export on short timescales via the ballasting effect. Episodic perturbations of the marine carbon cycle by dust outbreaks (e.g. in 2005) might have weakened the relationships between fluxes and large-scale climatic oscillations. As phytoplankton biomass is high throughout the year, any dry (in winter) or wet (in summer) deposition of fine-grained dust particles is assumed to enhance the efficiency of the biological pump by incorporating dust into dense and fast settling organic-rich aggregates. A good correspondence between BSi and dust fluxes was observed for the dusty year 2005, following a period of rather dry conditions in the Sahara/Sahel region. Large changes of all bulk fluxes occurred during the strongest El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in 1997-1999 where low fluxes were obtained for almost 1 year during the warm El Niño and high fluxes in the following cold La Niña phase. For decadal timescales, Bakun (1990) suggested an intensification of coastal upwelling due to increased winds (''Bakun upwelling intensification hypothesis''; Cropper et al., 2014) and global climate change. We did not observe an increase of any flux component off Cape Blanc during the past 2 and a half decades which might support this. Furthermore, fluxes of mineral dust did not show any positive or negative trends over time which might suggest enhanced desertification or ''Saharan greening'' during the last few decades.

Assessment of the cortisol awakening response: Real-time analysis and curvilinear effects of sample timing inaccuracy

The cortisol awakening response (CAR) is typically measured in the domestic setting. Moderate sample timing inaccuracy has been shown to result in erroneous CAR estimates and such inaccuracy has been shown partially to explain inconsistency in the CAR literature. The need for more reliable measurement of the CAR has recently been highlighted in expert consensus guidelines where it was pointed out that less than 6% of published studies provided electronic-monitoring of saliva sampling time in the post-awakening period. Analyses of a merged data-set of published studies from our laboratory are presented. To qualify for selection, both time of awakening and collection of the first sample must have been verified by electronic-monitoring and sampling commenced within 15 min of awakening. Participants (n = 128) were young (median age of 20 years) and healthy. Cortisol values were determined in the 45 min post-awakening period on 215 sampling days. On 127 days, delay between verified awakening and collection of the first sample was less than 3 min (‘no delay’ group); on 45 days there was a delay of 4–6 min (‘short delay’ group); on 43 days the delay was 7–15 min (‘moderate delay’ group). Cortisol values for verified sampling times accurately mapped on to the typical post-awakening cortisol growth curve, regardless of whether sampling deviated from desired protocol timings. This provides support for incorporating rather than excluding delayed data (up to 15 min) in CAR analyses. For this population the fitted cortisol growth curve equation predicted a mean cortisol awakening level of 6 nmols/l (±1 for 95% CI) and a mean CAR rise of 6 nmols/l (±2 for 95% CI). We also modelled the relationship between real delay and CAR magnitude, when the CAR is calculated erroneously by incorrectly assuming adherence to protocol time. Findings supported a curvilinear hypothesis in relation to effects of sample delay on the CAR. Short delays of 4–6 min between awakening and commencement of saliva sampling resulted an overestimated CAR. Moderate delays of 7–15 min were associated with an underestimated CAR. Findings emphasize the need to employ electronic-monitoring of sampling accuracy when measuring the CAR in the domestic setting.

Effect of intravenous haloperidol on the duration of delirium and coma in critically ill patients (Hope-ICU):A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Delirium is frequently diagnosed in critically ill patients and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Haloperidol is the most commonly used drug for delirium despite little evidence of its effectiveness. The aim of this study was to establish whether early treatment with haloperidol would decrease the time that survivors of critical illness spent in delirium or coma. Methods: We did this double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial in a general adult intensive care unit (ICU). Critically ill patients (≥18 years) needing mechanical ventilation within 72 h of admission were enrolled. Patients were randomised (by an independent nurse, in 1:1 ratio, with permuted block size of four and six, using a centralised, secure web-based randomisation service) to receive haloperidol 2·5 mg or 0·9% saline placebo intravenously every 8 h, irrespective of coma or delirium status. Study drug was discontinued on ICU discharge, once delirium-free and coma-free for 2 consecutive days, or after a maximum of 14 days of treatment, whichever came first. Delirium was assessed using the confusion assessment method for the ICU (CAM-ICU). The primary outcome was delirium-free and coma-free days, defined as the number of days in the first 14 days after randomisation during which the patient was alive without delirium and not in coma from any cause. Patients who died within the 14 day study period were recorded as having 0 days free of delirium and coma. ICU clinical and research staff and patients were masked to treatment throughout the study. Analyses were by intention to treat. This trial is registered with the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Registry, number ISRCTN83567338. Findings: 142 patients were randomised, 141 were included in the final analysis (71 haloperidol, 70 placebo). Patients in the haloperidol group spent about the same number of days alive, without delirium, and without coma as did patients in the placebo group (median 5 days [IQR 0-10] vs 6 days [0-11] days; p=0·53). The most common adverse events were oversedation (11 patients in the haloperidol group vs six in the placebo group) and QTc prolongation (seven patients in the haloperidol group vs six in the placebo group). No patient had a serious adverse event related to the study drug. Interpretation: These results do not support the hypothesis that haloperidol modifies duration of delirium in critically ill patients. Although haloperidol can be used safely in this population of patients, pending the results of trials in progress, the use of intravenous haloperidol should be reserved for short-term management of acute agitation. Funding: National Institute for Health Research. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Methods for Hypothesis Testing in Animal Carcinogenicity Experiments

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Sosiaalisen median yksilöbrändin merkitys työnhaussa ja yritysten näkökanta työntekijän sosiaalisen median käyttäytymiselle

Työn tavoitteena oli tutkia, kuinka yksilön brändi muodostuu sosiaalisessa mediassa ja mitä sosiaalisen median kanavia suositaan työnhakijoiden ja yritysten keskuudessa. Haettiin myös alueellisilta yrityksiltä vastausta siihen, perehdyttävätkö he uusia työntekijöitä sosiaalisen median käyttäytymisessä. Tietolähteinä käytettiin brändin luomiseen ja sosiaalisen median strategiaan keskittyvää kirjallisuutta sekä yrityksien ja opiskelijoiden haastatteluja. Työn tuloksina todettiin suosituimmiksi kanaviksi itsensä markkinointiin verkostoitumispalvelu LinkedIn. Yritykset korostivat omien projektien merkitystä osaamisen näyttämisessä työnhaussa ja hyvin viestittyä persoonallisuutta hakemuksissa arvostettiin.

Least Median Of Squares Estimation In Power Systems

Static state estimators currently in use in power systems are prone to masking by multiple bad data. This is mainly because the power system regression model contains many leverage points; typically they have a cluster pattern. As reported recently in the statistical literature, only high breakdown point estimators are robust enough to cope with gross errors corrupting such a model. This paper deals with one such estimator, the least median of squares estimator, developed by Rousseeuw in 1984. The robustness of this method is assessed while applying it to power systems. Resampling methods are developed, and simulation results for IEEE test systems discussed. © 1991 IEEE.

Urheiluviestinnän murroksessa. Superpesis-seurojen sosiaalisen median käyttö

Urheiluseurojen viestintä on murroksen keskellä. Sosiaalisen median menestyksen myötä seuroista on tullut eräänlaisia omia uutistoimistojaan, joilta odotetaan ammattimaista ja ennen kaikkea nopeaa viestintää edustusjoukkueen ja sen pelaajien kuulumisista ja ottelutuloksista. Sosiaalinen media on myös itsessään muodostunut tärkeäksi tekijäksi urheiluseurojen viestinnän ja markkinoinnin tehokkuudessa sekä brändin muodostumisessa ja näkyvyydessä. Kaikilla urheiluseuroilla ei kuitenkaan ole tarvittavia resursseja menestyvän brändin luomiseksi sosiaalisen median kanavia käyttäen. Esimerkkinä tässä tutkimuksessa toimivat Superpesis-sarjan pesäpalloseurat, joiden sisältä miesten ja naisten sarjoista löytyy suuria eroavaisuuksia saatavilla olevissa resursseissa ja toteutetun viestinnän laadussa, mieleenpainuvuudessa ja tehokkuudessa. Tutkimukseni primaariaineistoina toimivat Superpesis-seuroille toteutettu sosiaalisen median käyttöä koskeva kyselyaineisto ja naisten Superpesis-seura Pesäkarhujen sosiaalisen median ja kotisivujen tilastot vuosilta 2013–2016. Kyselyyn vastasi 25 mahdollisesta Superpesis-seurasta 22 seuraa, joten vastaajajoukko on edustava kertomaan siitä, miten huipputason pesäpalloseurat tällä hetkellä viestivät. Saamieni tutkimustulosten perusteella listasin näille seuroille sosiaalisen median käytön suosituksia, joiden kautta seurojen on mahdollista kehittää viestintäänsä.

Urheiluviestinnän murroksessa. Superpesis-seurojen sosiaalisen median käyttö.

Urheiluseurojen viestintä on murroksen keskellä. Sosiaalisen median menestyksen myötä seuroista on tullut eräänlaisia omia uutistoimistojaan, joilta odotetaan ammattimaista ja ennen kaikkea nopeaa viestintää edustusjoukkueen ja sen pelaajien kuulumisista ja ottelutuloksista. Sosiaalinen media on myös itsessään muodostunut tärkeäksi tekijäksi urheiluseurojen viestinnän ja markkinoinnin tehokkuudessa sekä brändin muodostumisessa ja näkyvyydessä. Kaikilla urheiluseuroilla ei kuitenkaan ole tarvittavia resursseja menestyvän brändin luomiseksi sosiaalisen median kanavia käyttäen. Esimerkkinä tässä tutkimuksessa toimivat Superpesis-sarjan pesäpalloseurat, joiden sisältä miesten ja naisten sarjoista löytyy suuria eroavaisuuksia saatavilla olevissa resursseissa ja toteutetun viestinnän laadussa, mieleenpainuvuudessa ja tehokkuudessa. Tutkimukseni primaariaineistoina toimivat Superpesis-seuroille toteutettu sosiaalisen median käyttöä koskeva kyselyaineisto ja naisten Superpesis-seura Pesäkarhujen sosiaalisen median ja kotisivujen tilastot vuosilta 2013–2016. Kyselyyn vastasi 25 mahdollisesta Superpesis-seurasta 22 seuraa, joten vastaajajoukko on edustava kertomaan siitä, miten huipputason pesäpalloseurat tällä hetkellä viestivät. Saamieni tutkimustulosten perusteella listasin näille seuroille sosiaalisen median käytön suosituksia, joiden kautta seurojen on mahdollista kehittää viestintäänsä.

Caught in the dance : dream poems, experiential narrative, and the continuity hypothesis

This thesis explores the efficacy of the dream poem as a narrative device and is the outcome of practice-led research. The creative component, a novella, includes significant dreams of the main characters in the form of lyric poetry. The author’s own dream reports are used as source material for the poetry, and are contextualised within a prose fiction framework. Caught in the Dance is an experiment in combining prose with dream poetry and in investigating the experiential power of dreams on the formation of character identity. The exegesis discusses dreaming as an experience and the place of that experience in the context of identity narratives. Central to this discussion is the continuity hypothesis regarding the symbiosis of waking and sleeping life. Fludernik’s theory of experiential narrative is applied to dreaming and to the composition of poetry. This theory moves the emphasis of narrativity from events and the action of telling to ‘grounding narrativity in the representation of experientiality’ (Fludernik 1996:20). Ricoeur’s theories on identity and narrative are also applied to the reading of dreams, and experiences in general. He calls the system through which we ‘read’ life the ‘semantics of action’ (Ricoeur 1991b:28). Fludernik’s and Ricoeur’s approaches build on each other and they are brought together in the context of theories of the self, consciousness, and the processing of experience. Lyric poetry, as a creative product of that same consciousness, is discussed as experienced narrative moment. Furthermore, those moments are identified as defining elements in the identity narratives of characters. By combining the experience of dreaming with the experience imparted through lyric poetry, this thesis argues that the continuity hypothesis serves effectively as a demonstration of the wider narratological importance of experiential narrative.

The New Voter in Western Europe: France and Beyond

This book presents the main results of an electoral panel study which is both unique and innovative not only in French political research but also among Western European electoral studies. The survey was conducted among a sample of 1,846 French voters interviewed on four separate occasions (2007 Presidential and Legislative elections). Electoral trajectories can thus be observed revealing the main trends in electoral behaviour and voting patterns across the electorate. The analysis of such trajectories and patterns mobilizes not only the usual explanatory factors (demographics, political leanings and identifications) but also another set of political variables (issues, the campaign and the media, the candidates' image, how electoral decisions are made, hesitation in voting intentions).This study also provides interesting findings on electoral volatility, including abstention. (Résumé éditeur)

Hypothesis test for changes in variance using a statistic based in P-values in a time series of normal independent observations.

The present work proposes a Hypothesis Test to detect a shift in the variance of a series of independent normal observations using a statistic based on the p-values of the F distribution. Since the probability distribution function of this statistic is intractable, critical values were we estimated numerically through extensive simulation. A regression approach was used to simplify the quantile evaluation and extrapolation. The power of the test was simulated using Monte Carlo simulation, and the results were compared with the Chen test (1997) to prove its efficiency. Time series analysts might find the test useful to address homoscedasticity studies were at most one change might be involved.

Trade Shocks and Local Labor Markets' Linkages: Theory and Evidence

In the past few years, there has been a concern among economists and policy makers that increased openness to international trade affects some regions in a country more than others. Recent research has found that local labor markets more exposed to import competition through their initial employment composition experience worse outcomes in several dimensions such as, employment, wages, and poverty. Although there is evidence that regions within a country exhibit variation in the intensity with which they trade with each other and with other countries, trade linkages have been ignored in empirical analyses of the regional effects of trade, which focus on differences in employment composition. In this dissertation, I investigate how local labor markets' trade linkages shape the response of wages to international trade shocks. In the second chapter, I lay out a standard multi-sector general equilibrium model of trade, where domestic regions trade with each other and with the rest of the world. Using this benchmark, I decompose a region's wage change resulting from a national import cost shock into a direct effect on prices, holding other endogenous variables constant, and a series of general equilibrium effects. I argue the direct effect provides a natural measure of exposure to import competition within the model since it summarizes the effect of the shock on a region's wage as a function of initial conditions given by its trade linkages. I call my proposed measure linkage exposure while I refer to the measures used in previous studies as employment exposure. My theoretical analysis also shows that the assumptions previous studies make on trade linkages are not consistent with the standard trade model. In the third chapter, I calibrate the model to the Brazilian economy in 1991--at the beginning of a period of trade liberalization--to perform a series of experiments. In each of them, I reduce the Brazilian import cost by 1 percent in a single sector and I calculate how much of the cross-regional variation in counterfactual wage changes is explained by exposure measures. Over this set of experiments, employment exposure explains, for the median sector, 2 percent of the variation in counterfactual wage changes while linkage exposure explains 44 percent. In addition, I propose an estimation strategy that incorporates trade linkages in the analysis of the effects of trade on observed wages. In the model, changes in wages are completely determined by changes in market access, an endogenous variable that summarizes the real demand faced by a region. I show that a linkage measure of exposure is a valid instrument for changes in market access within Brazil. By using observed wage changes in Brazil between 1991-2000, my estimates imply that a region at the 25th percentile of the change in domestic market access induced by trade liberalization, experiences a 0.6 log points larger wage decline (or smaller wage increase) than a region at the 75th percentile. The estimates from a regression of wages changes on exposure imply that a region at the 25th percentile of exposure experiences a 3 log points larger wage decline (or smaller wage increase) than a region at the 75th percentile. I conclude that estimates based on exposure overstate the negative impact of trade liberalization on wages in Brazil. In the fourth chapter, I extend the standard model to allow for two types of workers according to their education levels: skilled and unskilled. I show that there is substantial variation across Brazilian regions in the skill premium. I use the exogenous variation provided by tariff changes to estimate the impact of market access on the skill premium. I find that decreased domestic market access resulting from trade liberalization resulted in a higher skill premium. I propose a mechanism to explain this result: that the manufacturing sector is relatively more intensive in unskilled labor and I show empirical evidence that supports this hypothesis.