Comportamiento de la red de arrastre de fondo granton 400/127 en la evaluación de los recursos demersales. Invierno 1996

Resultados del monitoreo del comportamiento de la red Granton 400/127, utilizada durante el crucero de evaluación de recursos demersales del Crucero BIC SNP-1 9607-08. Se analizan mediante modelos de regresión lineal y múltiple transformada, las relaciones entre los principales factores que intervienen en la geometría de la red de arrastre de fondo. Se desprende que existe una gran variación entre la abertura horizontal (AH) abertura vertical (AV) y área de la boca de la red, a mayor profundidad (Estrato II y III), debido a la configuración del fondo, velocidad de arrastre, cantidad de cable principal, condiciones de corrientes, etc.

Respuesta selectiva de la red de fondo granton 400/127 en el estudio de recursos demersales. Invierno 1966

Se estudia la respuesta selectiva de la red de la arrastre de fondo Granton 400/127, durante el crucero de evaluación de recursos demersales a bordo del BIC SNP-1 9607-08, empleando el método de copo cubierto, con un tamaño de malla de 90 mm (Poliamida PA-nylon). Se obtuvieron las ojivas de selección mediante los métodos de ojiva natural y curva logística, para la zona de pesca de Paita (03°30 ' S- 06°00 'S), presentando un L50% =35,9 y 35,71 cm respectivamente. Se encontró un factor de selección (FS) = 3,95, factor de perímetro (FP) = 0,46 y un máximo factor de selección igual a 4,34. Los resultados fueron mayores que en el experimento modelo de selectividad con red de arrastre de fondo, realizado en verano de 1996.

The economic tragedy of the XXth Century: Growth in Africa

The dismal growth performance of Africa is the worst economic tragedy ofthe XXth century. We document the evolution of per capita GDP for thecontinent as a whole and for subset of countries south of the Saharadesert. We document the worsening of various income inequality indexesand we estimate poverty rates and headcounts. We then analyze some ofthe central robust determinants of economic growth reported bySala-i-Martin, Doppelhofer and Miller (2003) and project the annual growthrates Africa would have enjoyed if these key determinants had taken OECDrather than African values. Expensive investment goods, low levels ofeducation, poor health, adverse geography, closed economies, too muchpublic expenditure and too many military conflicts are seen as keyexplanations of the economic tragedy.

Trade-off between formal and informal care in Spain

The remarkable growth of older population has moved long term care to the front ranks of the social policy agenda. Understanding the factors that determine the type and amount of formal care is important for predicting use in the future and developing long-term policy. In this context we jointly analyze the choice of care (formal, informal, both together or none) as well as the number of hours of care received. Given that the number of hours of care is not independent of the type of care received, we estimate, for the first time in this area of research, a sample selection model with the particularity that the first step is a multinomial logit model. With regard to the debate about complementarity or substitutability between formal and informal care, our results indicate that formal care acts as a reinforcement of the family care in certain cases: for very old care receivers, in those cases in which the individual has multiple disabilities, when many care hours are provided, and in case of mental illness and/or dementia. There exist substantial differences in long term care addressed to younger and older dependent people and dependent women are in risk of becoming more vulnerable to the shortage of informal caregivers in the future. Finally, we have documented that there are great disparities in the availability of public social care across regions.

Retirement incentives, individual heterogeneity and labour transitions of employed and unemployed workers

In this paper we analyze the sensitivity of the labour market decisions of workers close toretirement with respect to the incentives created by public regulations. We improve upon the extensiveprior literature on the effect of pension incentives on retirement in two ways. First, bymodeling the transitions between employment, unemployment and retirement in a simultaneousmanner, paying special attention to the transition from unemployment to retirement (which is particularlyimportant in Spain). Second, by considering the influence of unobserved heterogeneity inthe estimation of the effect of our (carefully constructed) incentive variables.Using administrative data, we find that, when properly defined, economic incentives have astrong impact on labour market decisions in Spain. Unemployment regulations are shown to be particularlyinfluential for retirement behaviour, along with the more traditional determinants linked tothe pension system. Pension variables also have a major bearing on both workers reemploymentdecisions and on the strategic actions of employers. The quantitative impact of the incentives, however,is greatly affected by the existence of unobserved heterogeneity among workers. Its omissionleads to sizable biases in the assessment of the sensitivity to economic incentives, a finding thathas clear consequences for the credibility of any model-based policy analysis. We confirm theimportance of this potential problem in one especially interesting instance: the reform of earlyretirement provisions undertaken in Spain in 2002. We use a difference-in-difference approach tomeasure the behavioural reaction to this change, finding a large overestimation when unobservedheterogeneity is not taken into account.

Nota sobre el uso experimental del espinel de fondo. Crucero BIC SNP-1 9607-08

Describe la pesca con espinel de fondo para la captura de merluza en grandes cantidades. Demuestra que método de pesca con espinel de fondo ha logrado la pesca de otras especies de fondo, que fueron raras durante las operaciones de pesca por arrastre.

Selectividad de las artes de pesca de la flota arrastrera comercial

Presente el estudio de la selectividad de la meluza peruana merluccius gayi peruanus en el área pesquera de Paita. Así mismo, informa sobre el muestreo realizado en las embarcaciones comerciales arrastreras de Paita, con el objeto de conocer los tamaños de malla que utiliza la flota comercial y determinar las ojivas de selección para cada tamaño de malla.

Experimento modelo de selectividad con red de arrastre de fondo

Presentan los resultados obtenidos del estudio de selectividad en merluza peruana (Merluccius gayi peruanus) con una red de arrastre de fondo, en el área pesquera de Paita (03° a 05° S), basado en el método de copo cubierto (POPE et al. 1975) con diferentes tamaños de malla (poliamida PA-nylon), 90, 105, 110 y 120 mm. Se observó que la diferencia entre el factor de selección calculado por los distintos análisis para la mallas 105 (106) mm y 110 (114) mm no fue significativa, razón por la cual fueron seleccionadas para aplicar los modelos matemáticos adicionales de GULLAND 1970 y BARANOV 1960, determinándose el tamaño óptimo de malla de 110 mm. El factor de selección (FS) para la malla de 90(90,8)mm fue igual a 3,41; para la malla de 105 (106) mm, igual a 3,03; para la malla de 110 (114) mm fue igual a 2,99; para la malla de 120 (122) mm, fue igual a 2,84.

Evaluación del impacto de distintos tamaños de malla sobre el stock . Análisis de equilibrio

Presenta un estudio de selectividad en merluza con red de arrastre de fondo, para determinar el tamaño de malla adecuado para evitar o reducir el porcentaje incidental de captura de ejemplares menores de 35 cm. Así mismo, presenta un experimento de mallas de 90, 105, 110 y 120 mm en el copo, y también se obtuvieron datos para calcular la selectividad efectiva de la flota comercial.

Monitoreo bio-oceanográfico pesquero LP IMARPE IV 0106, de Playuelas (17°16'S) a dominio marítimo sur del Perú (18°21'S)

Analiza las condiciones biológicas y oceanográficas relacionadas con la distribución y abundancia de las principales especies pelágico-costeras, con énfasis en el recurso anchoveta. El monitoreo bio-oceanográfico pesquero se realizó del 06 al 10 de junio de 2001 hasta una distancia máxima de aproximadamente 40 mm de la costa.

Multimarket contact in pharmaceutical markets

We analyze the effect of multimarket contact on the pricing behavior of pharmaceutical firms controlling for different levels of regulatory constraints using the IMS MIDAS database for the industry. Theoretically, under product differentiation, firms may find it profitable to allocate their market power among markets where they are operating, specifically from more collusive to more competitive ones. We present evidence for nine OECD countries suggesting the existence of a multimarket effect for more market friendly countries (U.S. and Canada) and less regulated ones (U.K., Germany, Netherlands), while the results are more unstable for highly regulated countries with some countries being consistent with the theory (France) while others contradicting it (Japan, Italy and Spain). A key result indicates thatin the latter countries, price constraints are so intense, that there is little room for allocating market power. Thus equilibrium prices are expected in general to be lower in regulated countries.

Addressing the natural resource curse: An illustration from Nigeria

Some natural resources oil and minerals in particular exert a negative andnonlinear impact on growth via their deleterious impact on institutionalquality. We show this result to be very robust. The Nigerian experienceprovides telling confirmation of this aspect of natural resources. Wasteand corruption from oil rather than Dutch disease has been responsible forits poor long run economic performance. We propose a solution for addressingthis resource curse which involves directly distributing the oil revenuesto the public. Even with all the difficulties of corruption and inefficiencythat will no doubt plague its actual implementation, our proposal will, atthe least, be vastly superior to the status quo. At best, however, it couldfundamentally improve the quality of public institutions and, as a result,transform economics and politics in Nigeria.

How well do individuals predict the selling prices of their homes?

Self-reported home values are widely used as a measure of housing wealth by researchers employing a variety of data sets and studying a number of different individual and household level decisions. The accuracy of this measure is an open empirical question, and requires some type of market assessment of the values reported. In this research, we study the predictive power of self-reported housing wealth when estimating sales prices utilizing the Health and Retirement Study. We find that homeowners, on average, overestimate the value of their properties by between 5% and 10%. More importantly, we are the first to document a strong correlation between accuracy and the economic conditions at the time of the purchase of the property (measured by the prevalent interest rate, the growth of household income, and the growth of median housing prices). While most individuals overestimate the value of their properties, those who bought during more difficult economic times tend to be more accurate, and in some cases even underestimate the value of their house. These results establish a surprisingly strong, likely permanent, and in many cases long-lived, effect of the initial conditions surrounding the purchases of properties, on how individuals value them. This cyclicality of the overestimation of house prices can provide some explanations for the difficulties currently faced by many homeowners, who were expecting large appreciations in home value to rescue them in case of increases in interest rates which could jeopardize their ability to live up to their financial commitments.

Killing by lung cancer or by diabetes? The trade-off between smoking and obesity

As the prevalence of smoking has decreased to below 20%, health practitioners interest has shifted towards theprevalence of obesity, and reducing it is one of the major health challenges in decades to come. In this paper westudy the impact that the final product of the anti-smoking campaign, that is, smokers quitting the habit, had onaverage weight in the population. To these ends, we use data from the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System,a large series of independent representative cross-sectional surveys. We construct a synthetic panel that allows us tocontrol for unobserved heterogeneity and we exploit the exogenous changes in taxes and regulations to instrumentthe endogenous decision to give up the habit of smoking. Our estimates, are very close to estimates issued in the 90sby the US Department of Health, and indicate that a 10% decrease in the incidence of smoking leads to an averageweight increase of 2.2 to 3 pounds, depending on choice of specification. In addition, we find evidence that the effectovershoots in the short run, although a significant part remains even after two years. However, when we split thesample between men and women, we only find a significant effect for men. Finally, the implicit elasticity of quittingsmoking to the probability of becoming obese is calculated at 0.58. This implies that the net benefit from reducingthe incidence of smoking by 1% is positive even though the cost to society is $0.6 billions.

Estadística de desembarque de la flota artesanal en la zona sur del litoral peruano (enero 1996 - diciembre 1999)

Brinda información sobre la actividad extractiva de la flota pesquera artesanal en los principales lugares de desembarque del litoral sur: Atico, Matarani, Ilo, Morro Sama y Vila Vila, durante el período de enero de 1996 a diciembre de 1999. Su veracidad y confiabilidad se basa en un riguroso sistema de captación, verificación y procesamiento de datos efectuado por el personal del Laboratorio Costero de Ilo del Instituto del Mar del Perú.