Institutional Analysis of Marine Fisheries Management Practices in Kerala, India

The study is important for the fact that it places the management dynamics of marine fisheries sector in the context of growing unrest of local communities over the emerging resource conflicts and degradation Economic crisis in small scale marine fisheries due to high operating cost continue to hinder the efforts towards conservation in many ways The migration of mechanized fleet as a response to profit maximization strategy of enterprises continues to be a threat to resource management Therefore this study explores how to revamp the small scale mechanized sector effectively and profitably to ensure rational allocation of resources The thesis attempts to examine how livelihood vulnerabilities of artisanal fish workers influence the crafting of management institutions Finally by combining insights of an institutional framework the study establishes the need for recognising the role of both formal and informal institutions in the management of marine fisheries in Kerala

Significance Of Product Type And Brand In The Purchasing Behaviour Of Cattle Feeds: An Empirical Study In Kerala

Cattle feed industry is a major segment of animal feed industry. This industry is gradually evolving into an organized sector and the feed manufactures are increasingly using modern and sophisticated methods that seek to incorporate best global practices. This industry has got high potential for growth in India, given the fact that the country is the world’s leading producer of milk and its production is expected to grow at a compounded annual growth rate of 4 per cent. Besides, the concept of branded cattle feed as a packaged commodity is fast gaining popularity in rural India. There can be a positive change in the demand for cattle feed because of factors like (i) shrinkage of open land for cattle grazing, urbanization and resultant shortage of conventionally used cattle feeds, and (ii) introduction of high yield cattle requires specialized feeds. Earlier research studies done by the present authors have revealed the significant growth prospects of the branded cattle feed industry, the feed consumption pattern and the relatively high share of branded feeds, feed consumption pattern based on product types (like, pellet and mash), composition of cattle feed market and the relatively large shares of Kerala Feeds Ltd. (KFL) and Kerala Solvent Extractions Ltd. (KSE) brands, the major factors influencing the purchasing decisions etc. As a continuation of the earlier studies, this study makes a closer look into the significance of product types in the buyer behavior, level of awareness about the brand and its implications on purchasing decisions, and the brandshifting behavior and its determinants

Socio-Economic Aspects of Sustainable Ecotourism Development: The Case of Kerala

The paper is an attempt to shed light on the socio-economic aspects of the local communities on the development of ecotourism in Kerala. Most of the local communities in the ecotourism destinations are tribes who have been excluded from the mainstream society and are not a part of Kerala’s overall development setting. The paper also tries to situate the community perception on the sustainable livelihood of ecotourism sites of Kerala. Data for the study is obtained from a primary survey by dividing the ecotourism destinations in Kerala into three zones, 230 from south zone, 220 from central zone and 200 from north zone with a total sample size of 650 based on the notion of community based ecotourism initiatives of the state. The result of the study confirms that ecotourism has helped to enhance the livelihood of the marginalized community. With well-knit policies it is possible to tag ecotourism of Kerala as an important tourism destination in the global tourism map

From Market Concentration to Market Diversification: WTO and the Marine Products Exports from Kerala- Using ARIMA

Marine product export does something pivotal in the fish export economy of Kerala. The post WTO period has witnessed a strengthening of food safety and quality standards applied on food products in the developed countries. In the case of the primary importers, like the EU, the US and Japan, market actions will have far reaching reverberations and implications for the marine product exports from developing nations. The article focuses on Kerala’s marine product exports that had been targeting the markets of the EU, the US and Japan, and the concomitant shift in markets owing to the stringent stipulations under the WTO regime. Despite the overwhelming importance of the EU in the marine product exports of the state, the pronounced influence of irregular components on the quantity and value of marine product exports to the EU in the post WTO period raises concern. However, the tendencies of market diversification validated by the forecast generated for the emerging markets of the SEA, the MEA and others, to an extent, allay the pressures on the marine product export sector of the state which had hitherto relied heavily on the markets of the EU, the US and Japan

Mosquito larvae borne viruses from the central travancore region of kerala: isolation and characterization

The present study was initiated when several massive outbreaks of Chikungunya, Dengue and Japanese Encephalitis were frequently reported across the State of Kerala. Multiple symptoms persisted among the affected individuals and the public health officials were in search of aetiological agents responsible for the out breaks and, other than clinical samples no resources were available. In this context, a study was undertaken to focus on mosquito larvae to investigate the viruses borne by them which remain silently prevalent in the environment. The study was not a group specific investigation limited to either arbovirus or enterovirus, but had a broad spectrum approach. The study encompassed the viral pathogens that could be isolated, their impact when passaged through cell lines, growth kinetics, titer of the working stocks in specific cell line, the structure by means of transmission electron microscopy(TEM), the one step growth and molecular characterization using molecular tools.

SHGs and Cooperatives in the Fishing Sector: An Inclusive Development Option for the Fisher folk of Kerala

The Kerala model of development mostly bypassed the fishing community, as the fishers form the main miserable groups with respect to many of the socio-economic and quality of life indicators. Modernization drive in the fishing sector paradoxically turns to marginalization drives as far as the traditional fishers in Kerala are concerned. Subsequent management and resource recuperation drives too seemed to be detrimental to the local fishing community. Though SHGs and cooperatives had helped in overcoming many of the maladies in most of the sectors in Kerala in terms of livelihood and employment in the 1980s, the fishing sector by that time had been moving ahead with mechanization and export euphoria and hence it bypassed the fishing sector. Though it has not helped the fishing sector in the initial stages, but because of necessity, it soon has become a vibrant livelihood and employment force in the coastal economy of Kerala. Initial success made it to link this with the governmental cooperative set up and soon SHGs and Cooperatives become reinforcing forces for the inclusive development of the real fishers.The fisheries sector in Kerala has undergone drastic changes with the advent of globalised economy. The traditional fisher folk are one of the most marginalized communities in the state and are left out of the overall development process mainly due to the marginalization of this community both in the sea and in the market due to modernization and mechanization of the sector. Mechanization opened up the sector a great deal as it began to attract people belonging to non-fishing community as moneylenders, boat owners, employers and middle men which often resulted in conflicts between traditional and mechanized fishermen. These factors, together with resource depletion resulted in the backwardness experienced by the traditional fishermen compared to other communities who were reaping the benefits of the overall development scenario.The studies detailing the activities and achievements of fisher folks via Self Help Groups (SHGs) and the cooperative movement in coastal Kerala are scant. The SHGs through cooperatives have been effective in livelihood security, poverty alleviation and inclusive development of the fisher folk (Rajasenan and Rajeev, 2012). The SHGs have a greater role to play as estimated fall in demand for marine products in international markets, which may result in reduction of employment opportunities in fish processing, peeling, etc. Also, technological advancement has made them unskilled to work in this sector making them outliers in the overall development process resulting in poor quality of physical and social infrastructure. Hence, it is all the more important to derive a strategy and best practice methods for the effective functioning of these SHGs so that the

Employment Realm in Technical Education in Kerala-A Study on the Problem of Unemployment among Engineers

The The The The growing demandgrowing demandgrowing demandgrowing demandgrowing demandgrowing demandgrowing demandgrowing demandgrowing demandgrowing demandgrowing demandgrowing demandgrowing demand for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of for the expansion of the the the the publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system publicly funded system of education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goodof education as merit and free goods emphasized emphasized emphasized emphasized emphasized emphasized emphasized emphasized emphasized emphasized on large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation large allocation of funds on of funds on of funds on of funds on of funds on of funds on of funds on of funds on of funds on of funds on of funds for promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting educationfor promoting education. Compared to . Compared to . Compared to . Compared to . Compared to . Compared to . Compared to . Compared to . Compared to . Compared to . Compared to . Compared to . Compared to the rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of Indiathe rest of India, Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead , Kerala is far ahead in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect in this respect primarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the eprimarily because of the earlierarlierarlierarlierarlierarlier political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social political and social compulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions ofcompulsions of the state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The prethe state. The presumption of sumption of sumption of sumption of sumption of sumption of sumption of sumption of sumption of sumption of sumption of assured assured assured assured assured assured assured assured and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed and guaranteed employment in employment in employment in employment in employment in employment in employment in employment in employment in employment in employment in employment in the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East the Middle East and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other and also in other countries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased furthecountries increased further the scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher educationthe scope of higher education in KeralaKeralaKeralaKeralaKeralaKerala, particularparticularparticularparticularparticularparticularparticularparticularparticularparticularly the technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe technical educationthe

Improving food and nutritional security of small and marginal coconut growers through diversification of crops and enterprises

This paper presents the impact of integrating interventions like nutrition gardening, livestock rearing, product diversification and allied income generation activities in small and marginal coconut homesteads along with nutrition education in improving the food and nutritional security as well as the income of the family members. The activities were carried out through registered Community Based Organizations (CBOs) in three locations in Kerala, India during 2005-2008. Data was collected before and after the project periods through interviews using a pre-tested questionnaire containing statements indicating the adequacy, quality and diversity of food materials. Fifty respondents each were randomly selected from the three communities, thereby resulting in a total sample size of 150. The data was analysed using SPSS by adopting statistical tools like frequency, average, percentage analysis, t – test and regression. Participatory planning and implementation of diverse interventions notably intercropping and off-farm activities along with nutrition education brought out significant improvements in the food and nutritional security, in terms of frequency and quantity of consumption as well as diet diversity. At the end of the project, 96%of the members became completely food secure and 72% nutritionally secure. The overall consumption of fruits, vegetables and milk by both children and adults and egg by children recorded increase over the project period. Consumption of fish was more than the Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) level during pre and post project periods. Project interventions like nutrition gardening could bring in surplus consumption of vegetables (35%) and fruits (10%) than RDI. In spite of the increased consumption of green leafy vegetables and milk and milk products over the project period, the levels of consumption were still below the RDI levels. CBO-wise analysis of the consumption patterns revealed the need for location-specific interventions matching to the needs and preferences of the communities.

"Schwarzer Untertan versus schwarzer Bruder". Bernhard Dernburgs Reformen in den Kolonien Deutsch-Ostafrika, Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Togo und Kamerun

Nachdem sich in der Kolonialkrise von 1906 das Scheitern der ersten Periode deutscher Kolonialherrschaft (1885-1906) offenbarte, wurde Bernhard Dernburg die grundlegende Reorganisation der Kolonialpolitik anvertraut. Als Mann aus der Welt der Banken und Finanzen sollte er die stagnierende Entwicklung der Kolonien mit Hilfe von administrativen und wirtschaftlichen Reformmaßnahmen vorantreiben und gleichzeitig der indigenen Bevölkerung eine humane Behandlung zu garantieren. Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, verabschiedete er Reformen, die eine Rationalisierung und Humanisierung der Arbeiterpolitik vorsahen. Sowohl in der zeitgenössischen Literatur als auch in der aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Forschung wird der Amtsantritt Bernhard Dernburgs zum Leiter der Kolonialabteilung im Jahre 1906 als der „Beginn einer neuen humanen Ära“ deutscher Kolonialpolitik oder als „Wandel zum Besseren“ bezeichnet. Die Dissertation „Schwarzer Untertan versus Schwarzer Bruder. Bernhard Dernburgs Reformen in den Kolonien Deutsch-Ostafrika, Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Togo und Kamerun“ untersucht die Intention, Akzeptanz, Umsetzung und Auswirkung der reformatorischen Eingeborenenpolitik und klärt, ob die Beurteilung der Ära Dernburg (1906-1910) in der zeitgenössischen und aktuellen Forschung eine Berechtigung hat. Obwohl zumindest in der Theorie sein Konzept einer rationalen und humanen Kolonialpolitik sicherlich eine Abkehr von der bisher betriebenen Kolonialpolitik bedeutete, zeigt sich jedoch bei der Umsetzung der Reformen eine deutliche Diskrepanz zwischen Intention und Realität. Auch wenn zumindest die Bestrebung Dernburgs zur Verrechtlichung der indigenen Arbeitsverhältnisse gewürdigt werden sollte, so muss doch konstatiert werden, dass es in der „Ära Dernburg“ definitiv nicht zu einer grundlegenden Verbesserung der indigenen Lebenssituation in den deutschen Kolonien kam. Im Gegenteil, die Dernburgsche Reformpolitik beschleunigte vielmehr den Verelendungsprozess der indigenen Bevölkerung. In allen afrikanischen Kolonien verschlechterten sich mit der Intensivierung der Verwaltung die sozialen und menschlichen Beziehungen zwischen Afrikanern und Europäern. Vieles von dem, was Dernburg in seinem Programm propagierte, konnte nicht erreicht werden. Zwar führte Dernburg in Deutsch-Ostafrika, Deutsch-Südwestafrika und in Kamerun eine rechtlich bindende Arbeiterverordnung ein, jedoch unterschieden sich die Bestimmungen zum Teil erheblich voneinander, so dass von einer einheitlichen Modernisierung des kolonialen Arbeitsrechts nicht die Rede sein kann. Viele arbeitsrechtliche Bereiche, wie z.B. die Arbeiteranwerbung, Lohnzahlung, Minderjährigenschutz, Vertragsdauer, Arbeitszeit, Verpflegung und Unterkunft wurden nur unzureichend geregelt. Ähnlich negativ muss auch die Reformierung der Strafrechtspflege bewertet werden. Die Kodifizierung eines Eingeborenenstrafrechts scheiterte sowohl am Widerstand der lokalen Verwaltung als auch am Grundkonsens der Rechtmäßigkeit einer Rassenjustiz. Kolonialpolitik war auch in der „Ära Dernburg“ nichts anderes als „rohe Ausbeutungspolitik“, die zur Lösung der Arbeiterfrage beitragen sollte. Aber gerade hier, bei der Mobilisierung von afrikanischen Lohnarbeitern, war der Kolonialstaatssekretär nicht etwa mit einer „Arbeiterfürsorgepolitik“, sondern mit der Fortführung der Enteignungs- und Zwangsmaßnahmen erfolgreich gewesen. Insgesamt ist ein deutlicher Anstieg an afrikanischen Arbeitern in europäischen Unternehmen zu verzeichnen, was darauf schließen lässt, dass Dernburgs Verordnungen einen günstigen Einfluss auf die Arbeiterfrage ausgeübt haben. Obwohl nicht von einem grundlegenden Neuanfang der Kolonialpolitik gesprochen werden kann, sollte ebenso wenig bezweifelt werden, dass sich die deutsche Kolonialpolitik nicht unter Dernburg veränderte. Größere indigene Aufstände und Unruhen blieben aus, so dass während seiner Amtszeit eine systematische wirtschaftliche Erschließung der Kolonien beginnen konnte.

Reforming Cooperative Credit Structure in India for Financial Inclusion

In the drive for financial inclusion in India, cooperative banks assume prime importance as they are much more accessible to the rural poor than commercial banks. While more accessible, cooperative banks' financial health is rather poor and, therefore, might not be able to serve the needy in a sustained manner. A committee led by Prof. Vaidyanathan has outlined a revival package for cooperatives. Besides suggesting an infusion of funds, it called for the adherence to certain stringent norms to ensure the financial viability. The recommendations provided in the committee’s report are under various stages of implementation in India. The book examines the progress of this reform drive in Bihar, a state in Eastern India. It discusses the background for appointing the committee and its recommendations and also presents the findings of a field study conducted in this regard. The findings inform further policy suggestions which are of general interest to the drive for financial inclusion also in other countries.

Coopetencia y modelos de asociatividad en colombia

El concepto de coopetencia surgen los planteamientos relacionados con los clústers y las redes empresariales, en donde empresas con características similares fortalecen sus relaciones para desarrollar mayores niveles de eficiencia o alcanzar objetivos que individualmente serian difíciles de lograr, especialmente en el caso de las pymes. Es fundamental que el estado desarrolle las relaciones y la conformación de iniciativas de asociatividad que permitan que la fluidez y los vínculos entre empresas, instituciones gubernamentales, financieras, universidades, centros de investigación, entre otros; para promover la integración de esfuerzos, la fluidez de información y el acceso a tecnologías, mejores posiciones competitivas. En Colombia desde hace aproximadamente 20 años, dentro de la política de competitividad del gobierno nacional (a partir del informe monitor), se ha identificado la importancia de las relaciones entre empresas e instituciones conexas para mejorar los estándares y la eficiencia que se pueda lograr para mantener una posición competitiva en los mercados internacionales.

Procesos de privatización del agua en América Latina: análisis y seguimiento de la interacción estratégica entre movimientos sociales versus multinacionales en Bolivia, Uruguay y México. Período 2000 – 2006

El presente escrito, constituye una aproximación a los procesos de privatización del agua en América Latina. Lo anterior, en el marco de la acción colectiva, específicamente de los movimientos sociales y su interacción estratégica con oponentes como las compañías multinacionales, las organizaciones financieras internacionales y el Estado. Tomando como referencia las luchas ocurridas en Bolivia, Uruguay y México, con especial énfasis en La Guerra del Agua en Cochabamba (Bolivia).

Las TIC en la administración de la cadena de suministro y su incidencia en el desempeño operacional

Las tecnologías de la información han empezado a ser un factor importante a tener en cuenta en cada uno de los procesos que se llevan a cabo en la cadena de suministro. Su implementación y correcto uso otorgan a las empresas ventajas que favorecen el desempeño operacional a lo largo de la cadena. El desarrollo y aplicación de software han contribuido a la integración de los diferentes miembros de la cadena, de tal forma que desde los proveedores hasta el cliente final, perciben beneficios en las variables de desempeño operacional y nivel de satisfacción respectivamente. Por otra parte es importante considerar que su implementación no siempre presenta resultados positivos, por el contrario dicho proceso de implementación puede verse afectado seriamente por barreras que impiden maximizar los beneficios que otorgan las TIC.

Caracterización de la cultura organizacional y lineamientos de intervención para la implementación de procesos de cambio en las organizaciones. Caso empresa sector financiero

El presente Trabajo de Grado busca caracterizar la cultura organizacional de una empresa del sector Financiero en Colombia y realizar orientaciones de acciones para el cambio organizacional de acuerdo con la estrategia de perdurabilidad establecida por la Alta Dirección de dicha empresa. Para este fin, se realiza una cuidadosa revisión y actualización del estado del arte de los conceptos clave ¨Cultura Organizacional¨ y ¨Cambio Organizacional¨. Es de resaltar que para el primero de ellos, se toma como punto de partida el estado del arte sobre Cultura Organizacional realizado por el profesor Carlos Eduardo Méndez Álvarez y cuyo marco temporal abarca desde los orígenes del concepto en el siglo XIX hasta el año 2006. Asimismo, luego de una cuidadosa revisión de los Modelos de Cambio Organizacional existentes y de la realidad de la empresa objeto de estudio, se adopta el Modelo ADKAR que consta de cinco fases: Conciencia del Cambio, Deseo, Conocimiento, Capacidad – Habilidad y Refuerzo. Asimismo, a partir de la construcción de un fundamento teórico sólido y a través de la aplicación de la metodología para describir la Cultura Organizacional en Colombia MEDECO se busca una aproximación a la Cultura Organizacional de la empresa objeto de estudio con el fin de describir e identificar los rasgos predominantes de su cultura organizacional y entregar una propuesta final con los rasgos necesarios que alientan la consecución exitosa de los procesos de cambio.

Lógica en la toma de decisiones de inversión en el sector de extracción de petróleo y gas natural

Este documento se centra en la presentación de información y análisis de la misma a la hora de establecer la manera en que empresas del sector de extracción de gas natural y generación de energía a base de dicho recurso, toman decisiones en cuanto a inversión, centrándose en la lógica que usan a la hora de emprender este proceso. Esto debido a la constante necesidad de establecer procesos que permitan tomar decisiones más acertadas, incluyendo todas las herramientas posibles para tal fin. La lógica es una de estas herramientas, pues permite encadenar factores con el fin de obtener resultados positivos. Por tal razón, se hace importante conocer el uso de esta herramienta, teniendo en cuentas de qué manera y en que contextos es usada. Con el fin de tener una mayor orientación, este estudio estará centrado en un sector específico, el cual es el de la extracción de petróleo y gas natural. Lo anterior entendiendo la necesidad existente de fundamentación teórica que permita establecer de manera clara la forma apropiada de tomar decisiones en un sector tan diverso y complejo como lo es el mencionado. El contexto empresarial actual exige una visión global, no basada en la lógica lineal causal que hoy se tiene como referencia. El sector de extracción de petróleo y gas natural es un ejemplo particular en cuanto a la manera en cuanto se toman decisiones en inversión, puesto que en su mayoría son empresas de capital intensivo, las cuales mantienen un flujo elevado de recursos monetarios.