997 resultados para Juifs. 1719, dossier Vienne
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La Universitat de Girona, i més concretament el Departament d’Informàtica i Matemàtica Aplicada, ja fa uns anys que ha posat en marxa el Projecte Avaluació Continuada i Millora de l’Ensenyament, també anomenat ACME. Aquest projecte és una plataforma d'e-learning, és a dir, un sistema d’aprenentatge a través de la xarxa que potencia la col•laboració digital i el bescanvi d’informació entre alumne i professor. El creixement que ha experimentat la plataforma, ha estat possible gràcies al disseny modular de l’aplicació, on cada nova funcionalitat que estava essent desenvolupada evolucionava de manera independent a la resta de la plataforma i sense comprometre’n el funcionament. Per afegir un nou mòdul a l’ACME, s’utilitzen els mòduls de base que confereixen l'estructura a la plataforma i les eines per incorporar nous mòduls, amb el que la implantació d’aquests a la plataforma és d’elevada senzillesa. Actualment, la majoria de les assignatures de primer del Grau d’Informàtica ja disposen d’exercicis adaptats a la plataforma, el que dóna una uniformitat en les eines i plataformes que utilitzen els alumnes en la seva formació. Però no hi són totes les assignatures, falta incloure l’assignatura de Lògica a la plataforma. D’aquesta manera, tant els alumnes com els professors de l’assignatura, podran treure profit dels beneficis esmentats que aporta l’ACME. Concretament, a l’assignatura de Lògica es disposava d’uns aplicatius a la plataforma Moodle de la Universitat de Girona on es guiava a l’alumne en la resolució dels exercicis. Aquest mètode és molt interessant com a mètode pedagògic per a l’aprenentatge inicial de l’assignatura, però no representa un repte real on els alumnes hagin d’aplicar els seus coneixements per a la seva realització. Els alumnes també disposaven d’un dossier on se’ls proposava uns exercicis molt complets, i a les pàgines finals d’aquest se’ls donava la solució. Aleshores, de manera voluntària els alumnes realitzaven els exercicis i comprovaven amb la solució si havien aprés a resoldre’ls. Per tant, tant els responsables de l'assignatura de Lògica com els responsables de la plataforma ACME van veure que es podrien desenvolupar eines a l'ACME per tal de corregir de forma automàtica els exercicis de l'assignatura. Incorporar l’assignatura de Lògica a l’ACME permet que els alumnes es vegin més involucrats a fer exercicis durant els curs de manera continuada, gràcies als terminis d’entrega, i facilita als professors la seva tasca deslliurant-los de les correccions i oferint-los-hi eines de seguiment
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Noces est un film réalisé par Philippe Béziat. Issu d'une coproduction franco-suisse, il est sorti en France le 8 février 2012 et en Suisse romande le 26 septembre de la même année. Il met en scène, dans le Lavaux, une production contemporaine de l'oeuvre Les Noces, des répétitions à la présentation de la pièce dans son intégralité. La particularité de cette représentation, qui constitue l'aboutissement du film, réside dans le fait qu'elle n'est pas jouée devant un public, et était d'emblée prévue pour être exclusivement filmée1. Cette «cantate-ballet» a été composée par Igor Stravinsky lors de son séjour à Morges et le livret a été adapté en français par Charles-Ferdinand Ramuz à partir de contes et chansons populaires russes. La création du spectacle est encadrée par les Souvenirs sur Igor Strawinsky2, ouvrage dans lequel le poète vaudois évoque sa collaboration avec le compositeur et dépeint le lieu où ce projet a été développé. Constatant la diversité des discours critiques portés sur le film lors de sa sortie, le présent article cherche à identifier les logiques de réception ainsi que les aspects du film qui, parce que susceptibles de produire des lectures plurivoques, peuvent conduire à élaborer des avis opposés. 1Philippe Béziat revendique cette particularité de Noces dans l'interview qui figure dans le dossier de presse du film : « Mais le dispositif de représentation est absolument unique et ne peut être que cinématographique. On ne peut pas imaginer donner ces Noces comme ça dans une salle de concert ou dans une salle d'opéra. On n'entendrait pas ce que le spectateur du film entend, avec un son direct, spatialisé, et toujours du point de vue de la caméra. Un point de vue idéal parce qu'au centre de tout. ». 2Charles-Ferdinand Ramuz, Souvenirs sur Igor Strawinsky, Lausanne, Editions de l'Aire, 1978 [1929].
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Gene duplication and neofunctionalization are known to be important processes in the evolution of phenotypic complexity. They account for important evolutionary novelties that confer ecological adaptation, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a multigene family crucial to the vertebrate immune system. In birds, two MHC class II β (MHCIIβ) exon 3 lineages have been recently characterized, and two hypotheses for the evolutionary history of MHCIIβ lineages were proposed. These lineages could have arisen either by 1) an ancient duplication and subsequent divergence of one paralog or by 2) recent parallel duplications followed by functional convergence. Here, we compiled a data set consisting of 63 MHCIIβ exon 3 sequences from six avian orders to distinguish between these hypotheses and to understand the role of selection in the divergent evolution of the two avian MHCIIβ lineages. Based on phylogenetic reconstructions and simulations, we show that a unique duplication event preceding the major avian radiations gave rise to two ancestral MHCIIβ lineages that were each likely lost once later during avian evolution. Maximum likelihood estimation shows that following the ancestral duplication, positive selection drove a radical shift from basic to acidic amino acid composition of a protein domain facing the α-chain in the MHCII α β-heterodimer. Structural analyses of the MHCII α β-heterodimer highlight that three of these residues are potentially involved in direct interactions with the α-chain, suggesting that the shift following duplication may have been accompanied by coevolution of the interacting α- and β-chains. These results provide new insights into the long-term evolutionary relationships among avian MHC genes and open interesting perspectives for comparative and population genomic studies of avian MHC evolution.
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Presentació d’un dossier que tracta l’acostament crític a la figura del bisbe Narcís i als prodigis que li han estat atribuïts, així com a la producció historiogràfica i artística que ha generat el mite
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Monthly Public Assistance Statistical Report Family Investment Program
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Models of codon evolution have attracted particular interest because of their unique capabilities to detect selection forces and their high fit when applied to sequence evolution. We described here a novel approach for modeling codon evolution, which is based on Kronecker product of matrices. The 61 × 61 codon substitution rate matrix is created using Kronecker product of three 4 × 4 nucleotide substitution matrices, the equilibrium frequency of codons, and the selection rate parameter. The entities of the nucleotide substitution matrices and selection rate are considered as parameters of the model, which are optimized by maximum likelihood. Our fully mechanistic model allows the instantaneous substitution matrix between codons to be fully estimated with only 19 parameters instead of 3,721, by using the biological interdependence existing between positions within codons. We illustrate the properties of our models using computer simulations and assessed its relevance by comparing the AICc measures of our model and other models of codon evolution on simulations and a large range of empirical data sets. We show that our model fits most biological data better compared with the current codon models. Furthermore, the parameters in our model can be interpreted in a similar way as the exchangeability rates found in empirical codon models.
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Most approaches aiming at finding genes involved in adaptive events have focused on the detection of outlier loci, which resulted in the discovery of individually "significant" genes with strong effects. However, a collection of small effect mutations could have a large effect on a given biological pathway that includes many genes, and such a polygenic mode of adaptation has not been systematically investigated in humans. We propose here to evidence polygenic selection by detecting signals of adaptation at the pathway or gene set level instead of analyzing single independent genes. Using a gene-set enrichment test to identify genome-wide signals of adaptation among human populations, we find that most pathways globally enriched for signals of positive selection are either directly or indirectly involved in immune response. We also find evidence for long-distance genotypic linkage disequilibrium, suggesting functional epistatic interactions between members of the same pathway. Our results show that past interactions with pathogens have elicited widespread and coordinated genomic responses, and suggest that adaptation to pathogens can be considered as a primary example of polygenic selection.
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Owing to its special mode of evolution and central role in the adaptive immune system, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has become the focus of diverse disciplines such as immunology, evolutionary ecology, and molecular evolution. MHC evolution has been studied extensively in diverse vertebrate lineages over the last few decades, and it has been suggested that birds differ from the established mammalian norm. Mammalian MHC genes evolve independently, and duplication history (i.e., orthology) can usually be traced back within lineages. In birds, this has been observed in only 3 pairs of closely related species. Here we report strong evidence for the persistence of orthology of MHC genes throughout an entire avian order. Phylogenetic reconstructions of MHC class II B genes in 14 species of owls trace back orthology over tens of thousands of years in exon 3. Moreover, exon 2 sequences from several species show closer relationships than sequences within species, resembling transspecies evolution typically observed in mammals. Thus, although previous studies suggested that long-term evolutionary dynamics of the avian MHC was characterized by high rates of concerted evolution, resulting in rapid masking of orthology, our results question the generality of this conclusion. The owl MHC thus opens new perspectives for a more comprehensive understanding of avian MHC evolution.
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Ce cas décrit la structure organisationnelle en place dans une régie régionale de la santé et des services sociaux, ainsi que le processus de prise de décision pour un dossier particulier : la mise en oeuvre d'un programme d'interruption volontaire de grossesses dans la région. L'objectif est d'illustrer comment la structure organisationnelle peut influencer (positivement ou négativement) la façon de traiter les dossiers et les résultats qui en découlent. [Auteurs]
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Le projet pilote e-Portfolio offre aux étudiant-e-s la possibilité de créer un dossier portfolio personnalisé et disponible en ligne sur une plateforme informatique. Les dossiers portfolio se partagent en deux familles : les dossiers d'apprentissage (a.), permettant de documenter un cheminement d'apprentissage, et les dossiers de présentation(b.), ayant pour rôle de valoriser les acquis d'une formation ou d'un parcours professionnel. Un e-Portfolio, par la plasticité des outils informatiques qui en forment le support, permet de combiner les deux approches - pédagogique et biographique - en intégrant sur un mode dynamique le parcours de formation, le questionnement des acquis et la présentation curriculaire. (http://www3.unil.ch/wpmu/riset-notice/2010/09/)
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Retroposed genes (retrogenes) originate via the reverse transcription of mature messenger RNAs from parental source genes and are therefore usually devoid of introns. Here, we characterize a particular set of mammalian retrogenes that acquired introns upon their emergence and thus represent rare cases of intron gain in mammals. We find that although a few retrogenes evolved introns in their coding or 3' untranslated regions (untranslated region, UTR), most introns originated together with untranslated exons in the 5' flanking regions of the retrogene insertion site. They emerged either de novo or through fusions with 5' UTR exons of host genes into which the retrogenes inserted. Generally, retrogenes with introns display high transcription levels and show broader spatial expression patterns than other retrogenes. Our experimental expression analyses of individual intron-containing retrogenes show that 5' UTR introns may indeed promote higher expression levels, at least in part through encoded regulatory elements. By contrast, 3' UTR introns may lead to downregulation of expression levels via nonsense-mediated decay mechanisms. Notably, the majority of retrogenes with introns in their 5' flanks depend on distant, sometimes bidirectional CpG dinucleotide-enriched promoters for their expression that may be recruited from other genes in the genomic vicinity. We thus propose a scenario where the acquisition of new 5' exon-intron structures was directly linked to the recruitment of distant promoters by these retrogenes, a process potentially facilitated by the presence of proto-splice sites in the genomic vicinity of retrogene insertion sites. Thus, the primary role and selective benefit of new 5' introns (and UTR exons) was probably initially to span the often substantial distances to potent CpG promoters driving retrogene transcription. Later in evolution, these introns then obtained additional regulatory roles in fine tuning retrogene expression levels. Our study provides novel insights regarding mechanisms underlying the origin of new introns, the evolutionary relevance of intron gain, and the origin of new gene promoters.