Two Drosophila nervous system antigens, Nervana 1 and 2, are homologous to the beta subunit of Na+,K(+)-ATPase.

A nervous system-specific glycoprotein antigen from adult Drosophila heads, designated Nervana (Nrv), has been purified on the basis of reactivity of its carbohydrate epitope(s) with anti-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) antibodies that are specific markers for Drosophila neurons. Anti-Nrv monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), specific for the protein moiety of Nrv, were used to screen a Drosophila embryo cDNA expression library. Three cDNA clones (designated Nrv1, Nrv2.1, and Nrv2.2) were isolated that code for proteins recognized by anti-Nrv mAbs on Western blots. DNA sequencing and Southern blot analyses established that the cDNA clones are derived from two different genes. In situ hybridization to Drosophila polytene chromosomes showed that the cDNA clones map to the third chromosome near 92C-D. Nrv1 and Nrv2.1/2.2 have open reading frames of 309 and 322/323 amino acids, respectively, and they are 43.4% identical at the amino acid level. The proteins deduced from these clones exhibit significant homology in both primary sequence and predicted topology to the beta subunit of Na+,K(+)-ATPase. Immunoaffinity-purified Nrv is associated with a protein (M(r) 100,000) recognized on Western blots by anti-ATPase alpha-subunit mAb. Our results suggest that the Drosophila nervous system-specific antigens Nrv1 and -2 are neuronal forms of the beta subunit of Na+,K(+)-ATPase.

Activation of Stat5 by interleukin 2 requires a carboxyl-terminal region of the interleukin 2 receptor beta chain but is not essential for the proliferative signal transmission.

The high-affinity interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor (IL-2R) consists of three subunits: the IL-2R alpha, IL-2R beta c, and IL-2R gamma c chains. Two members of the Janus kinase family, Jak1 and Jak3, are associated with IL-2R beta c and IL-2R gamma c, respectively, and they are activated upon IL-2 stimulation. The cytokine-mediated Jak kinase activation usually results in the activation of a family of latent transcription factors termed Stat (signal transducer and activator of transcription) proteins. Recently, the IL-2-induced Stat protein was purified from human lymphocytes and found to be the homologue of sheep Stat5/mammary gland factor. We demonstrate that the human Stat5 is activated by IL-2 and that Jak3 is required for the efficient activation. The cytoplasmic region of the IL-2R beta c chain required for activation of Stat5 is mapped within the carboxyl-terminal 147 amino acids. On the other hand, this region is not essential for IL-2-induced cell proliferation.

Human immunodeficiency virus 1 reservoir in CD4+ T cells is restricted to certain V beta subsets.

The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) replicates more efficiently in T-cell lines expressing T-cell receptors derived from certain V beta genes, V beta 12 in particular, suggesting the effects of a superantigen. The targeted V beta 12 subset was not deleted in HIV-1-infected patients. It was therefore possible that it might represent an in vivo viral reservoir. Viral load was assessed by quantitative PCR with gag primers and with an infectivity assay to measure competent virus. It was shown that the tiny V beta 12 subset (1-2% of T cells) often has a higher viral load than other V beta subsets in infected patients. Selective HIV-1 replication in V beta 12 cells was also observed 6-8 days after in vitro infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal, HIV-1 negative donors. Viral replication in targeted V beta subsets may serve to promote a biologically relevant viral reservoir.

Administration of interleukin 12 in combination with type II collagen induces severe arthritis in DBA/1 mice.

The induction of arthritis in DBA/1 mice usually requires immunization with the antigen type II collagen emulsified with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in oil. Here we describe that interleukin 12 (IL-12) can replace mycobacteria and cause severe arthritis of DBA/1 mice when administered in combination with type II collagen. Immunization of DBA/1 mice with type II collagen emulsified in oil alone resulted in a weak immune response, and only a few animals (10-30%) developed arthritis. Administration of IL-12 for 5 days simultaneously with each immunization strongly enhanced the anti-type II collagen immune response. Collagen-specific interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) synthesis by ex vivo activated spleen cells was enhanced 3- to 10-fold. IFN-gamma was almost completely produced by CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, the production of collagen-specific IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies was upregulated 10- to 100-fold. As a consequence, the incidence of arthritis in the group of mice immunized with collagen plus IL-12 was very high (80-100%). The developing arthritis was severe, involving approximately 50% of all limbs with strongly increased footpad thickness in most cases. Furthermore, histological examination revealed massive, mainly polymorphonuclear cell infiltration, synovial hyperplasia, cartilage and bone destruction, as well as new bone formation. In many cases, this resulted in the complete loss of joint structure. Neutralization of IFN-gamma in vivo prevented the development of arthritis in collagen-immunized and IL-12-treated mice. In conclusion, our data show that in vivo administered IL-12 can profoundly upregulate a T helper I-type autoimmune response, resulting in severe joint disease in DBA/1 mice.