Samut sathiti rāi pī khō̜ng prathet Thai = Statistical yearbook, Thailand

Mode of access: Internet.

Sögur Noregs konúnga frá Magnúsi Berfætta til Magnúss Erlíngssonar.

Edited by R. K. Rask.

Studien über Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere.

Vol. 3-5, "Auf grund des nachlasses fortgeführt von A.A.W. Hubrecht ... H. Strahl ... und F. Keibel."

En kvantitativ innehållsanalys över hur muslimska kvinnor framställs i webbtidningarna Dagens Nyheter och The Guardian

Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att undersöka hur muslimska kvinnor framställs i digitala dagstidningarna Dagens Nyheter och engelska The Guardian. För att kunna genomföra denna studie valde jag att använda mig av kvantitativ innehållsanalys där jag efter vissa kriterier valde ut 51 artiklar från The Guardian och 49 artiklar från Dagens Nyheter. Totalt undersöktes 100 artiklar från de utvalda tidningarna. Tidsperioden var 2011-2016. Frågeställningarna var; hur beskrivs muslimska kvinnor i de utvalda webbtidningarna? Vilka etniska grupper finns explicit nämda i de undersökta artiklarna? Om det finns, vilka könsroller kan urskiljas? Finns det en positiv eller negativ anda i själva artikeln gentemot muslimska kvinnor? De teorier som jag använde mig av i denna studie var feministiska och mångfaldsteorier. Resultatet visade att det vanligaste sammanhanget som den muslimska kvinnan förekommer i är att de beskrivs som offer. Ibland kunde hon framställas som både offer och förbrytare. En del av artiklarna var lite svåra att bedöma om de hade positiv eller negativ attityd. Detta beror på att det beskrevs som både positivt och negativt. Det kunde handla om den muslimska kvinnans situation som beskrevs positivt medan en del negativt kunde skrivas om islam, om t ex att det finns bakåtsträvande idéer och rörelser. Antingen framställdes den muslimska kvinnan som ett offer, förbrytare, både och, neutralt eller som en kämpe. Artiklarna som framställde kvinnan som en kämpe hade en positiv tendens då de försökte lyfta fram kvinnan och visa att hon är mer framgångsrik samt självständig, än förtryckt, vilket många anser en beslöjad kvinna är. Det fanns artiklar som hade en positiv tendens, men även artiklarna med en negativ tendens gentemot den muslimska kvinnan. Ytterst få artiklar i både DN och The Guardian nämnde etniska grupper, det lades inget stort fokus på etniciteter. Utöver detta benämndes kvinnorna i artiklarna som muslimska kvinnor. Inga könsroller kunde urskiljas.

The effects of density on the growth and survival of different families of juvenile Penaeus japonicus Bate

Variations in the growth and survival of six families of juvenile (initial mean weight = 4.16 g) Penaeus japonicus were examined at two densities (48 and 144 individuals m(-2)) in a controlled laboratory experiment. Survival was very high throughout the experiment (95.4%), but differed significantly between densities and rearing tanks. Family, sex and family x density interaction did not significantly affect survival. Mean specific growth rate (SGR) of the shrimp was 18% faster at the low density (1.93 +/- 0.05% day(-1)) than at high density (1.64 +/- 0.03% day(-1)). However, there was a small but significant interaction between family and density indicating that growth of the families was not consistent at both densities. The inconsistent growth of the families across the two densities resulted in a change in the relative performance (ranking) of families at each density. Sex, rearing tank and rearing cage also affected growth of the shrimp. Mean SGR of the females (1.79 +/- 0.03% day(-1)) was 5% faster than males (1.70 +/- 0.03% day(-1)) when averaged across both densities. Shrimp grew significantly faster in rearing tank 3 than rearing tank 1 or 2 at both densities. Results of the present study suggest that family x density interaction could affect the efficiency of selection for growth if shrimp stocks produced from shrimp breeding programs are to be grown across a wide range of densities. Crown Copyright (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Production of triploid Kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus (Penaeus) japonicus (Bate) nauplii through inhibition of polar body I, or polar body I and II extrusion using 6-dimethylaminopurine

This study investigated the chromosome ploidy level of Marsupenaeus (Penaeus) japonicus (Bate) non-viable (unhatched) embryos and nauplii after exposure to 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP), timed to stop either polar body (PB) I, or PBI and II extrusion. Embryos from eight separate families or spawnings were exposed to 150 or 200 mu M 6-DMAP from 1- to 3-min post-spawning detection (psd) for a 4- to 5-min duration (timed to stop PBI extrusion). Separate aliquots of embryos from five of the same spawnings were also exposed to 200 mu M of 6-DMAP from 1- to 3-min psd for a 16-min duration (timed to stop both PBI and II extrusion). For one spawning, a third aliquot of embryos was exposed to 400 p M of 6-DMAP from 1- to 3-min psd for a 16-min duration (timed to stop both PBI and II extrusion). At 18-h psd, non-viable embryo and nauplii samples were taken separately for fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). FACS revealed that there were diploids and triploids among all treated non-viable embryos and nauplii. All control non-viable embryos and nauplii were diploid. Percentages of triploid induction for the 4- to 5-min and 16-min durations were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Additionally, no difference was found in the triploidy level of nonviable embryos compared to nauplii in these treatments. The percentage of triploid embryos and nauplii when exposed to 6-DMAP for a 4- to 5-min duration ranged from 29.57% to 99.23% (average 55.28 +/- 5.45%) and from 5.60% to 98.85% (average 46.70 +/- 7.20%), respectively. The percentage of triploid embryos and nauplii when exposed to 6-DMAP for a 16-min duration ranged from 11.71% to 98.96% (average 52.49 +/- 11.00%) and from 47.5% to 99.24% (average 79.38 +/- 5.24%), respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of successful PBI or PBI and II inhibition in shrimp. This study conclusively shows that treatment of M. japonicus embryos with 6-DMAP at 1- to 3-min pscl for either a 4- to 5-min duration (timed to stop PBl extrusion) or 16-min duration (timed to stop both PBI and II extrusion) results in viable triploid nauplii. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Intake rates and the functional response in shorebirds (Charadriiformes) eating macro-invertebrates

As field determinations take much effort, it would be useful to be able to predict easily the coefficients describing the functional response of free-living predators, the function relating food intake rate to the abundance of food organisms in the environment. As a means easily to parameterise an individual-based model of shorebird Charadriiformes populations, we attempted this for shorebirds eating macro-invertebrates. Intake rate is measured as the ash-free dry mass (AFDM) per second of active foraging; i.e. excluding time spent on digestive pauses and other activities, such as preening. The present and previous studies show that the general shape of the functional response in shorebirds eating approximately the same size of prey across the full range of prey density is a decelerating rise to a plateau, thus approximating the Holling type 11 ('disc equation') formulation. But field studies confirmed that the asymptote was not set by handling time, as assumed by the disc equation, because only about half the foraging time was spent in successfully or unsuccessfully attacking and handling prey, the rest being devoted to searching. A review of 30 functional responses showed that intake rate in free-living shorebirds varied independently of prey density over a wide range, with the asymptote being reached at very low prey densities (< 150/m(-2)). Accordingly, most of the many studies of shorebird intake rate have probably been conducted at or near the asymptote of the functional response, suggesting that equations that predict intake rate should also predict the asymptote. A multivariate analysis of 468 'spot' estimates of intake rates from 26 shorebirds identified ten variables, representing prey and shorebird characteristics, that accounted for 81 % of the variance in logarithm-transformed intake rate. But four-variables accounted for almost as much (77.3 %), these being bird size, prey size, whether the bird was an oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus eating mussels Mytilus edulis, or breeding. The four variable equation under-predicted, on average, the observed 30 estimates of the asymptote by 11.6%, but this discrepancy was reduced to 0.2% when two suspect estimates from one early study in the 1960s were removed. The equation therefore predicted the observed asymptote very successfully in 93 % of cases. We conclude that the asymptote can be reliably predicted from just four easily measured variables. Indeed, if the birds are not breeding and are not oystercatchers eating mussels, reliable predictions can be obtained using just two variables, bird and prey sizes. A multivariate analysis of 23 estimates of the half-asymptote constant suggested they were smaller when prey were small but greater when the birds were large, especially in oystercatchers. The resulting equation could be used to predict the half-asymptote constant, but its predictive power has yet to be tested. As well as predicting the asymptote of the functional response, the equations will enable research workers engaged in many areas of shorebird ecology and behaviour to estimate intake rate without the need for conventional time-consuming field studies, including species for which it has not yet proved possible to measure intake rate in the field.

Ibland ger moskén skydd till slagna kvinnor när samhället svikit

Publicerad 16 maj, 2012 - 11:19 Att många religiösa ledare i moskéer ger uttryck för kvinnoförtryckande idéer innebär inte att alla gör det. I min undersökning ingår kvinnors berättelser om hur de i moskén erbjudits just det som samhället borde garantera, nämligen skyddat boende och stöd för dem som vill komma bort från ett våldspräglat hem, skriver Pia Karlsson Minganti. Kvinnor som vänder sig till rådgivare i moskéer kan få ta emot direktiv som är präglade av manscentrering och rent kvinnohat. Kvällens Uppdrag granskning visar exempel på detta. Utan att själv ha haft möjlighet att se programmet i sin helhet kan jag förutse starka reaktioner och krav på åtgärder. Jag arbetar själv mot könsförtryck, anser att våld och tvång ska polisanmälas och att redan existerande lagstiftning bör tillämpas. Med utgångspunkt i min egen forskning bland medlemmar i muslimska ungdomsföreningar i Sverige tror jag emellertid att debatten nu kan tjäna på att jag bidrar med perspektiv på moskéer som mer än endast arenor för misogyni. Insikten om att kategorin muslim samlar en miljard människor med alla tänkbara ideologiska orienteringar borde idag vara en självklarhet. På samma sätt är muslimska församlingar präglade av variation. Att många (just nu de flesta?) religiösa ledare i moskéer ger uttryck för kvinnoförtryckande idéer innebär inte att alla gör det. Inte heller innebär det att imamerna ifråga har kvinnoförtryck som uttalad målsättning eller aldrig verkar för kvinnors rättigheter. Verkligheten är som bekant komplex. En viktig poäng i sammanhanget är att islamiska rådgivare allt oftare är kvinnor. Internationell forskning visar på en samtida trend där kvinnor etablerar auktoritet i moskéer och organisationer, och virtuellt på internet. Det sker på eget initiativ, men även genom uppmuntran från manliga företrädare och genom statliga initiativ. De flesta bidrar som volontärer, som till exempel de ungdomsledare som runt om i Sverige engagerar ungdomar i allt från islamstudier till läxhjälp och alternativa helgaktiviteter på behörigt avstånd från alkohol och droger. Inom sina föreningar fungerar kvinnorna som beslutsfattare och organisatörer, som styrelseledamöter och ordföranden. De deltar också i andra offentliga sammanhang som föredragshållare och debattörer och samarbetspartners i olika projekt. Många av dessa projekt har till syfte att motverka diskriminering på grundval av kön, hudfärg och religiös tro. Kvinnornas religiösa engagemang kan liknas vid den kristna väckelserörelsen. Kvinnor, ungdomar och andra marginaliserade grupper sluter sig samman och studerar Koranen utan direkt inblandning av konventionella auktoriteter. De islamiska källorna används för att genomdriva förändringar och för att försvara bland annat kvinnors rättigheter. För många framstår våld mot kvinnor som en absurditet, helt oförenlig med islam. Vad jag försöker frammana här är en kontext där kvinnor kan instrueras att inte polisanmäla en misshandlande make, men där samtidigt andra typer av råd ges av olika tongivande personer och även hjälp att fly ut ur akuta våldssituationer. I min undersökning ingår kvinnors berättelser om hur medlemmar i moskéförsamlingar har erbjudit just det som samhället borde garantera, nämligen skyddat boende och stöd för dem som vill komma bort från ett våldspräglat hem. Det är bra att media granskar representanter i moskéer. Kritik kan bidra positivt till utvecklingen av islam i Sverige och motverka att män med destruktiv syn på könsrelationer fortsätter att dominera. Men det är viktigt att kritiken inte är ensidig eller fragmentarisk. När kvinnoförtryck såsom nedtystat våld och sexuellt tvång bland muslimer debatteras är även en annan form av förtryck närvarande: förtrycket mot muslimer som grupp. Det finns en tendens i dagens samhälle att peka ut muslimer som ett exceptionellt hot – mot kvinnor, homosexuella, judar, ”vanligt folk” och samhället i stort. Stigmatisering får flera olyckliga konsekvenser. För det första riskerar kvinnoförtryck i andra sammanhang att osynliggöras. I vilka andra miljöer borde tevereportage med dold kamera göras för att blotta de tänkesätt som leder till kvinnors lidande och död? Det är naturligtvis provocerande i sammanhanget, men erinra etnologen Jesper Fundbergs forskning om hur pojkfotboll fostrar unga i en miljö som knappast har gjort upp med sin sexism, rasism och homofobi. När gav den muslimkritiske debattören senast sitt stöd till en kvinnojour, med ett erkännande ord, praktiskt handtag eller rentav ekonomiskt bidrag? För det andra, politiska entreprenörer i islamofobi slår mynt av att muslimer pekas ut som det primära hotet. Sverigedemokrater hörs plötsligt försvara kvinnors, homosexuellas och judars rättigheter med hjälp av feministiska och antirasistiska argument med udden riktad mot muslimer och islam. För det tredje visar forskning på en tendens bland kvinnor i utsatta minoriteter att sluta upp bakom mansdominerade ledarskikt i syfte att värna gruppens väl, även om de samtidigt är kritiska mot dessa mäns tolkningar och praktiker. Att ensidigt förknippa islam med fenomen som våld mot kvinnor kan alltså få starkt negativa konsekvenser för prioriteringen av muslimska kvinnors välfärd. Våren 2010 debatterades riksorganisationen Sveriges Unga Muslimers val av gästföreläsare till sin årliga konferens. Den tänkta gästen förknippades med homofoba yttranden och debatten resulterade i att Ungdomsstyrelsen granskade ett antal bidragsberättigade religiösa ungdomsorganisationer för eventuell diskriminering mot homosexuella. Förutom Sveriges Unga Muslimer prövades även Ungdomsinitiativet inom Syrisk-ortodoxa ärkestiftet, Riksförbundet unga katoliker, Evangeliska frikyrkans och Pingstkyrkans ungdomssektioner. Granskningen av gruppernas formella handlingar gav inga skäl till att dra tillbaka deras statsbidrag och ingen fördjupad kontroll av enskilda medlemmars uttalanden gjordes. Exemplet visar att omfattningen av statlig granskning vägs mot människors grundlagsstadgade rättighet att organisera sig efter egna intressen och behov. Enskilda förgrundsgestalter är inte synonyma med sina samfund. I samma anda menar jag att tilltro till muslimers, kvinnor inräknade, förmåga att debattera, förhandla, tänja på och motstå förtryck gör det rimligt att framhålla muslimska församlingar och föreningar, inte bara som arenor för misogyni, utan även som plattformar för aktivt medborgande. En sådan tilltro bottnar också i insikten att det är möjligt att förändra de mest seglivade normer. Det visar inte minst den kriminalisering av våldtäkt inom äktenskapet som till slut skedde i Sverige 1965. Pia Karlsson Minganti, doktor och forskare i etnolog, Stockholms universitet

Fostering team creativity:perspective taking as key to unlocking diversity's potential

Despite the clear importance of team creativity for organizations, the conditions that foster it are not very well understood. Even though diversity, especially diversity of perspectives and knowledge, is frequently argued to stimulate higher creativity in teams, empirical findings on this relationship remain inconsistent. We have developed a theoretical model in which the effect of a team's diversity on its creativity is moderated by the degree to which team members engage in perspective taking. We propose that perspective taking helps realize the creative benefits of diversity of perspectives by fostering information elaboration. Results of a laboratory experiment support the hypothesized interaction between diversity and perspective taking on team creativity. Diverse teams performed more creatively than homogeneous teams when they engaged in perspective taking, but not when they were not instructed to take their team members' perspectives. Team information elaboration was found to mediate this moderated effect and was associated with a stronger indirect effect than mere information sharing or task conflict. Our results point to perspective taking as an important mechanism to unlock diversity's potential for team creativity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Géniuszok párharca. Milton Friedman és J. M. Keynes vitája Tim Congdon és Robert Skidelsky előadásában = War of the geniuses. The debate between Milton Friedman and J. M. Keynes as presented by Tim Congdon and Robert Skidelsky

Tavaly ünnepelte a közgazdász-társadalom Milton Friedman Nobel-díjas közgazdász születésének századik évfordulóját. A jubileumi megemlékezésnek különös aktualitást ad, hogy a 2008 óta tartó pénzügyi világválság hátterében ismét fellobbant a 20. századi közgazdaságtan két meghatározó irányzata - a Friedman nevével fémjelzett monetarizmus és a Keynes és követői által követett keynesizmus - közötti vita. E szerteágazó vitasorozat egyik "gyöngyszeme" két nemzetközileg ismert és elismert közgazdász, Tim Congdon és Robert (Lord) Skidelsky, összecsapása a Standpoint hasábjain 2009-ben. A szerző megmutatja, hogy a vita valójában nem a pénz fontosságáról vagy a mennyiségi pénzelmélet igazságáról folyt, hanem egyrészt egy sokkal elvontabb fogalomról: a bizonytalanság közgazdasági szerepéről, másrészt gyakorlati, gazdaságpolitikai kérdésekről: a monetáris és a fiskális politika lehetséges hatékonyságáról. A máig is tartó vitában "az inga többször kilengett", hol a keynesiánusok, hol a monetaristák javára, de még semmi nem dőlt el. ____ Last year economists marked the centenary of the birth of genius among them, Milton Friedman. The commemoration was especially topical because the world financial crisis that erupted in 2008 has brought sharply into focus again the old division in 20th-century economics between monetarism and Keynesianism. One highlight in this series of disputes was the 2009 clash between two internationally known and appreciated economists Tim Congdon and Robert (Lord) Skidelsky in the columns of Standpoint. The central element in the discussion is the role of money: what kind of economic policy to pursue, monetary or fiscal, to pull troubled economies out of crisis. The question closely resembles a decisive dilemma for Keynes in the 1930s. Though Keynes turned against some basic propositions of neoclassical economics, he never challenged the importance of money to the functioning of the economy, or the validity of the quantity theory of money. The author argues here that the issue is not about the formal category of money or demand for it, but about the far deeper economic concept of the role of uncertainty in economics. Another aspect concerns the relative efficiency of various kinds of economic policy, i. e. the strengths and weaknesses of monetary and fiscal policies.

Data compilation on the biological response to ocean acidification: environmental and experimental context of data sets and related literature

The exponential growth of studies on the biological response to ocean acidification over the last few decades has generated a large amount of data. To facilitate data comparison, a data compilation hosted at the data publisher PANGAEA was initiated in 2008 and is updated on a regular basis (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.149999). By January 2015, a total of 581 data sets (over 4 000 000 data points) from 539 papers had been archived. Here we present the developments of this data compilation five years since its first description by Nisumaa et al. (2010). Most of study sites from which data archived are still in the Northern Hemisphere and the number of archived data from studies from the Southern Hemisphere and polar oceans are still relatively low. Data from 60 studies that investigated the response of a mix of organisms or natural communities were all added after 2010, indicating a welcomed shift from the study of individual organisms to communities and ecosystems. The initial imbalance of considerably more data archived on calcification and primary production than on other processes has improved. There is also a clear tendency towards more data archived from multifactorial studies after 2010. For easier and more effective access to ocean acidification data, the ocean acidification community is strongly encouraged to contribute to the data archiving effort, and help develop standard vocabularies describing the variables and define best practices for archiving ocean acidification data.

Desenvolvimento de novos biolubrificantes hidráulicos derivados dos óleos de maracujá e de moringa in natura e epoxidados

With the increasing environmental awareness, maximizing biodegradability and minimizing ecotoxicity is the main driving force for new technological developments. Thus, can be developed new biodegradable lubricants for use in environmentally sensitive areas. The aim of this study was to obtain new bio-lubricants from passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Degener) and moringa (Moringa oleifera Lamarck) epoxidized oils and develop a new additive package using experimental design for their use as a hydraulic fluid. In the first stage of this work was performed the optimization of the epoxidation process of the oils using fractional experimental design 24-1 , varying the temperature, reaction time, ratio of formic acid and hydrogen peroxide. In the second step was investigated the selectivity, thermodynamics and kinetics of the reaction for obtaining the two epoxides at 30, 50 and 70 °C. The result of the experimental design confirmed that the epoxidation of passion fruit oil requires 2 hours of reaction, 50 °C and a ratio H2O2/C=C/HCOOH (1:1:1). For moringa oil were required 2 hours reaction, 50 °C and a ratio of H2O2/C=C/HCOOH (1:1:1.5). The results of the final conversions were equal to 83.09% (± 0.3) for passion fruit oil epoxide and 91.02 (±0,4) for moringa oil epoxide. Following was made the 23 factorial design to evaluate which are the best concentrations of corrosion inhibitor and anti-wear (IC), antioxidant (BHA) and extreme pressure (EP) additives. The bio-lubricants obtained in this step were characterized according to DIN 51524 (Part 2 HLP) and DIN 51517 (Part 3 CLP) standards. The epoxidation process of the oils was able to improve the oxidative stability and reduce the total acid number, when compared to the in natura oils. Moreover, the epoxidized oils best solubilized additives, resulting in increased performance as a lubricant. In terms of physicochemical performance, the best lubricant fluid was the epoxidized moringa oil with additives (EMO-ADI), followed by the epoxidized passion fruit oil with additives (EPF-ADI) and, finally, the passion fruit in natura oil without additives (PFO). Lastly, was made the investigation of the tribological behavior under conditions of boundary lubrication for these lubricants. The tribological performance of the developed lubricants was analyzed on a HFRR equipment (High Frequency Reciprocating Rig) and the coefficient of friction, which occurs during the contact and the formation of the lubricating film, was measured. The wear was evaluated through optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the addition of extreme pressure (EP) and anti-wear and corrosion inhibitor (CI) additives significantly improve the tribological properties of the fluids. In all assays, was formed a lubricating film that is responsible for reducing the coefficient of metal-to-metal wear. It was observed that the addition of EP and IC additives in the in natura vegetable oils of passion fruit and moringa did not favor a significant reduction in wear. The bio-lubricants developed from passion fruit and moringa oils modified via epoxidation presented satisfactory tribological properties and shown to be potential lubricants for replacement of commercial mineral-based fluids.

Preferência e competição alimentar em um grupo de Sapajus flavius em fragmento de Mata Atlântica em Caaporã – Paraíba – Brasil

Feeding is the primary selective pressure in all forms of animals. Nutritional ecological models predict consequences of preferred and non-preferred food consumption on behavioural, physiological and morphological adaptations. At same time, socioecological models infer socio-organizarion patterns based on feeding competition faced by animals. A list of preferred foods, and inferences regarding the intensity of feeding competition and its behavioural consequences are information of much importance for management of populations in fragments. In this work we observed the feeding behavior and spatial positioning of a group of more than 100 blond capuchin monkeys (Sapajus flavius) that inhabit a fragment of Atlantic forest, surrounded by sugarcane plantation. We compared the consumption of different food items with their monthly availability in the area to define the preferred and fallback food items. We recorded the vocalizations of aggression and the inter-individual distance (area of Minimum Convex Polygon/n individuals) to infer the type of food competition experienced by animals. In the year studied the fruit feeding time correlated with top consumed fruit productivity, indicating preference for fruits. Our data indicate that the species Elaeis sp., Cecropia palmata, Inga spp. and Simarouba amara are the preferred food items in the diet. Available all year round and uniformly distributed, sugarcane was a regular item in the diet and its was characterized as a staple fallback food for this group. Although fruits are preferential food items, direct competition rate did not correlate to fruit productivity in the area, maintaining the high rates throughout the year (2.45 events/ hour). The inter-individual distance index positively correlated with rain fall indicating scramble food competition. The number of neighbours of females carrying infants was smaller when fruit productivity is low, indicating that females carrying infants are suffering increased indirect competition. Our data indicates that blond capuchins in this fragment make use of sugar cane as a staple fallback food, which evidence the importance of sugar cane landscape for the survival of this critically endangered capuchin species in fragmented habitats in Northeast Brazil. A preliminary list of preferred and important foods is offered, and can assist in the choice of trees for reforestation, better fragments to be preserved and areas of release and translocation of animals. We did not observe an increase of contest competition while using preferred foods, but when using staple FBF. This may be due the altered environment, which results in high competition food throughout the year. Both the food preference as the social and behavioral consequences of high food competition experienced by animals in this fragment must be accompanied over the years to ensure the survival of this population.

Preferência e competição alimentar em um grupo de Sapajus flavius em fragmento de Mata Atlântica em Caaporã – Paraíba – Brasil

Feeding is the primary selective pressure in all forms of animals. Nutritional ecological models predict consequences of preferred and non-preferred food consumption on behavioural, physiological and morphological adaptations. At same time, socioecological models infer socio-organizarion patterns based on feeding competition faced by animals. A list of preferred foods, and inferences regarding the intensity of feeding competition and its behavioural consequences are information of much importance for management of populations in fragments. In this work we observed the feeding behavior and spatial positioning of a group of more than 100 blond capuchin monkeys (Sapajus flavius) that inhabit a fragment of Atlantic forest, surrounded by sugarcane plantation. We compared the consumption of different food items with their monthly availability in the area to define the preferred and fallback food items. We recorded the vocalizations of aggression and the inter-individual distance (area of Minimum Convex Polygon/n individuals) to infer the type of food competition experienced by animals. In the year studied the fruit feeding time correlated with top consumed fruit productivity, indicating preference for fruits. Our data indicate that the species Elaeis sp., Cecropia palmata, Inga spp. and Simarouba amara are the preferred food items in the diet. Available all year round and uniformly distributed, sugarcane was a regular item in the diet and its was characterized as a staple fallback food for this group. Although fruits are preferential food items, direct competition rate did not correlate to fruit productivity in the area, maintaining the high rates throughout the year (2.45 events/ hour). The inter-individual distance index positively correlated with rain fall indicating scramble food competition. The number of neighbours of females carrying infants was smaller when fruit productivity is low, indicating that females carrying infants are suffering increased indirect competition. Our data indicates that blond capuchins in this fragment make use of sugar cane as a staple fallback food, which evidence the importance of sugar cane landscape for the survival of this critically endangered capuchin species in fragmented habitats in Northeast Brazil. A preliminary list of preferred and important foods is offered, and can assist in the choice of trees for reforestation, better fragments to be preserved and areas of release and translocation of animals. We did not observe an increase of contest competition while using preferred foods, but when using staple FBF. This may be due the altered environment, which results in high competition food throughout the year. Both the food preference as the social and behavioral consequences of high food competition experienced by animals in this fragment must be accompanied over the years to ensure the survival of this population.