Preval��ncia e fatores associados �� infec����o pelo M. tuberculosis entre agentes comunit��rios de sa��de

Introdu����o: A tuberculose �� uma doen��a milenar e que, ainda hoje, constitui grave problema de sa��de p��blica em todo o mundo. Objetivo: Estimar a preval��ncia e os fatores associados �� infec����o latente pelo MTB entre Agentes Comunit��rios de Sa��de atuantes na rede b��sica de sa��de de Munic��pios priorit��rios para o controle de TB ��� Cuiab��/MT, Manaus/AM, Salvador/BA e Vit��ria/ES. M��todos: Estudo de corte transversal no qual os dados foram coletados atrav��s de question��rio, composto de quest��es abertas e fechadas sobre caracter��sticas pessoais; informa����es a respeito da tuberculose; utiliza����o de medidas preventivas, etc. Aplicou-se prova tubercul��nica, com leitura ap��s 48-72h por enfermeiros treinados, considerando como ponte de corte positivo 5 e 10 mm de endura����o. A an��lise m��ltipla foi feita por meio de regress��o log��stica hierarquica. Foram inclu��das no modelo as vari��veis que mostraram associa����o com desfecho com p<0,1. Permaneceram no modelo as vari��veis independentes que mantiveram associa����o com desfecho ap��s ajuste (p<0,05). Este estudo obteve aprova����o do Comit�� de ��tica em Pesquisa com seres humanos do Centro de Ci��ncias da Sa��de da Universidade Federal do Esp��rito Santo, n�� de registro CEP-07/2010 e das Secretarias Municipais de Sa��de, por meio de uma Carta de Apresenta����o. Resultados: 322 Agentes Comunit��rios de Sa��de (ACS) aceitaram participar voluntariamente do estudo por meio da assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Destes, 10 n��o compareceram para leitura, sendo estes considerados como perdas, al��m do que um indiv��duo foi exclu��do pelo fato do teste r��pido para HIV ter resultado positivo, perfazendo uma amostra final de 311 participantes. Ainda em rela����o aos ACS triados, a positividade a Prova Tubercul��nica, levando-se em considera����o o ponto de corte ao teste de 10 mm e de 5 mm de endura����o, foi de 37,30% (IC95%: 0,31-0,42) e de 57,88% (IC95%: 0,52-0,63), respectivamente.Conclus��es: Faz-se necess��rio um programa de realiza����o de Prova Tubercul��nica, de rotina, combinado com interven����es para reduzir o risco de transmiss��o nosocomial, bem como a realiza����o de outros estudos para avaliar a efic��cia de novos testes para detec����o de tuberculose latente.

O paradoxo da cidade monitorada : vigil��ncia limitada e espa��os p��blicos fragilizados a partir do estudo do sistema das c��meras do munic��pio de Vila Velha - ES

A disserta����o aborda a fragiliza����o dos espa��os p��blicos num contexto de utiliza����o de c��meras de vigil��ncia, tem��tica que ser�� problematizada a partir da vigil��ncia exercida pelas c��meras do munic��pio de Vila Velha ��� ES. Partimos da hip��tese de que vivemos cercados por objetos t��cnicos que continuamente produzem informa����es sobre os sujeitos sociais e os seus espa��os como forma de controle. As c��meras representam o exemplo mais conhecido desses objetos, embora sejam apresentadas pelos discursos das administra����es p��blicas como ferramentas de aux��lio �� seguran��a. Utilizando como metodologia a observa����o participante para acompanhamento do trabalho realizado ���por tr��s��� das c��meras, conclu��mos que uma s��rie de fatores desmistificam esses discursos: as c��meras que n��o s��o monitoradas, a aus��ncia de manuten����o dos equipamentos do sistema, os baixos sal��rios e as condi����es trabalhistas daqueles que operam as c��meras, a aus��ncia de articula����o com os demais setores da prefeitura, a falta de credibilidade das c��meras com a pol��cia, etc. Por outro lado, ao fazermos um trabalho ���na frente��� das c��meras, observando o cotidiano de tr��s ��reas vigiadas nos bairros Praia da Costa, Gl��ria e Riviera da Barra, bem como entrevistando transeuntes, moradores e comerciantes, conclu��mos que a maneira surpreendentemente indiferente com que as pessoas lidam com a vigil��ncia �� alimentada quando descobrimos que elas n��o oferecem a seguran��a pretendida. Se as c��meras n��o auxiliam a seguran��a p��blica, a sua utiliza����o tem um efeito perverso na fragiliza����o dos espa��os p��blicos de Vila Velha, considerando que a vigil��ncia representa amea��as potenciais e reais ��s condi����es que o pressup��em: a pluralidade e a liberdade, pois as c��meras atualizam um estado de vigil��ncia permanente alimentando o estigma sobre determinados grupos sociais, que, por sua vez, s��o os alvos favoritos da vigil��ncia, o que permite ��s c��meras, ainda, a potencial fun����o de controle socioespacial direto (fun����o admitida inclusive pelos cidad��os entrevistados) sobre os espa��os vigiados; e a individualidade dos cidad��os, que �� acintosamente violada. As c��meras, portanto, ao pretenderem garantir qualidade de vida �� popula����o (oferecendo seguran��a), produzem o efeito exatamente inverso

A Representa����o de Personagens Virtuais: Como a Tecnologia Obriga �� Cria����o de Estilos e Est��ticas Interdisciplinares na Anima����o Contempor��nea

The evolution of computer animation represents one of the most relevant andrevolutionary aspects in the rise of contemporary digital visual culture (Darlew,2000), in particular, phenomena such as cinema ���spectacular ��� (Ibidem) and videogames. This article analyzes the characteristics of this ���culture of simulation��� (Turkle, 1995:20) relating the multidisciplinary and spectrum of technical and stylistic choices to the dimension of virtual characters acting. The result of these hybrid mixtures and computerized human motion capture techniques - called virtual cinema, universal capture, motion capture, etc. - cosists mainly on the sophistication of ���rotoscoping���, as a new interpretation and appropriation of the captured image. This human motion capture technology, used largely by cinema and digital games, is one of the reasons why the authenticity of the animation is sometimes questioned. It is in the fi eld of 3D computer animation visual that this change is more signifi cant, appearing regularly innovative techniques of image manipulation and ���hyper-cinema��� (Lamarre, 2006: 31) character���s control with deeper sense of emotions. This shift in the culture that Manovich (2006: 27) calls ���photo-GRAPHICS��� - and Mulvey (2007) argue that creates a new form of possessive relationship with the viewer, in that it can analyze in detail the image, it can acquire it and modify it - is one of the most important aspects in the rise of Cubbit���s (2007) ���cinema of attraction���. This article delves intrinsically into the analyze of virtual character animation ��� particularly in the fi eld of 3D computer animation and human digital acting.

Chemical treatment of papaya seeds aiming at long-term storage and control of damping off

Damping off is a nursery disease of great economic importance in papaya and seed treatment may be an effective measure to control. The aim of this work was to evaluate the quality of papaya seeds treated with fungicides and stored under two environmental and packaging conditions. Additionally, the efficiency of fungicide treatments in the control of damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani was evaluated. Papaya seeds were treated with the fungicides Captan, Tolylfluanid and the mixture Tolylfluanid + Captan (all commercial wettable powder formulations). Seeds of the control group were not treated. The seeds were stored for nine months in two conditions: packed in aluminum coated paper and kept at 7 �� 1��C and in permeable kraft paper and kept in non-controlled environment. At the beginning of the storage and every three months the seed quality (germination and vigor tests), emergence rate index, height, dry mass and damping of plants in pre and post-emergence (in contaminated substrate and mycelia-free substrate) were analyzed. Both storage conditions as well as the fungicide treatments preserved the germination and seed vigor. In the infested substrate, seedling emergence was favored by fungicides, but in post-emergence, fungicides alone did not control the damping off caused by R. solani. Symptoms of damping off were not observed in the clean substrate. The results showed that the fungicide treatments may be used to pretreat papaya seed for long-term storage and commercialization.

Automation & control remote laboratory: evaluating a cooperative methodology

This paper presents a study carried out in order to evaluate the students' perception in the development and use of remote Control and Automation education kits developed by two Universities. Three projects, based on real world environments, were implemented, being local and remotely operated. Students implemented the kits using the theoretical and practical knowledge, being the teachers a catalyst in the learning process. When kits were operational, end-user students got acquainted to the kits in the course curricula units. It is the author's believe that successful results were achieved not only in the learning progress on the Automation and Control fields (hard skills) but also on the development of the students soft skills, leading to encouraging and rewarding goals, motivating their future decisions and promoting synergies in their work. The design of learning experimental kits by students, under teacher supervision, for future use in course curricula by enduser students is an advantageous and rewarding experience.

Silicon in plant disease control

All essential nutrients can affect the incidence and severity of plant diseases. Although silicon (Si) is not considered as an essential nutrient for plants, it stands out for its potential to decrease disease intensity in many crops. The mechanism of Si action in plant resistance is still unclear. Si deposition in plant cell walls raised the hypothesis of a possible physical barrier to pathogen penetration. However, the increased activity of phenolic compounds, polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases in plants treated with Si demonstrates the involvement of this element in the induction of plant defense responses. The studies examined in this review address the role of Si in disease control and the possible mechanisms involved in the mode of Si action in disease resistance in plants.

Postharvest biological control of brown rot in peaches after cold storage preceded by preharvest chemical control 1

ABSTRACT Pathogenic fungi cause skin darkening and peach quality depreciation in post harvest. Therefore, alternative techniques to chemical treatment are necessary in order to reduce risks to human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the application of Trichoderma harzianum in association with different fungicides applied before harvest to 'Eldorado' peaches for brown rot control and other quality parameters during storage. The treatments consisted of five preharvest fungicide applications (control, captan, iprodione, iminoctadine and tebuconazole) associated with postharvest application of T. harzianum, after cold storage (with and without application), in three evaluation times (zero, two and four days at 20 ��C), resulting in a 5x2x3 factorial design. The application of T. harzianum only brought benefits to the control of brown rot when combined with the fungicide captan, at zero day shelf life. After two days, there was a greater skin darkening in peaches treated with T. harzianum compared with peaches without the treatment, except for peaches treated with the fungicide iprodione and T. harzianum The application of T. harzianum during postharvest showed no benefits for the control of brown rot, however, the association with fungicides reduced the incidence of Rhizopus stolonifer during the shelf life.

Locus de Control y Ira

La ira se ha relacionado con atribuciones externas en distintos modelos atribucionales, sin embargo, desde los planteamientos de la teor��a del ���locus de control��� (Rotter, 1966) la respuesta emocional de ira no ha sido objeto de estudio con la frecuencia que ser��a deseable (aunque s�� la conducta agresiva). El presente trabajo explora las relaciones del locus de control externo con la emoci��n de ira, as�� como con la expresi��n y control de la misma. Para ello se utiliz�� una muestra de 177 estudiantes universitarios (27 hombres y 150 mujeres) a los que se evalu�� mediante los instrumentos siguientes: Escala de Rotter (Rotter, 1966, versi��n espa��ola de P��rez Garc��a, 1984); el Inventario de Expresi��n de Ira Estado/Rasgo -STAXI-de Spielberger (1988, 1991), versi��n espa��ola de Spielberger, Miguel-Tobal, Cano-Vindel y Casado, 1992); y el Inventario de Control, Defensa y Expresi��n de Emociones -CDE-(Cano Vindel y Miguel Tobal, 1996). Se realiz�� un an��lisis correlacional entre las distintas escalas de los instrumentos y diferencias de medias para dos grupos extremos (altos y bajos) en locus de control (equiparados en la variable sexo). Nuestros resultados muestran una relaci��n positiva y significativa entre el locus de control externo y la respuesta emocional de ira, as�� como una tendencia a expresar externamente la ira y a controlarla menos en sujetos con atribuciones de causalidad externas. Conocer los procesos atribucionales asociados a la ira y a su afrontamiento permitir�� una intervenci��n m��s eficaz sobre la misma.

&iquest;Entes de regulaci��n o control? Imprecisiones del "moderno" esquema de regulaci��n: reflexiones y ense��anzas del caso argentino

Este art��culo analiza las particularidades del "moderno" esquema de regulaci��n de los servicios p��blicos de infraestructura, que se extendi�� a partir de los procesos de privatizaci��n del ��ltimo cuarto del siglo XX. Diferenci��ndose de la arquitectura institucional vigente durante el per��odo de prestaci��n estatal (regulaci��n "end��gena"), los entes reguladores emergen como el elemento neur��lgico de este nuevo esquema. Sin embargo, como se desprende de la experiencia argentina, estos organismos han sido dotados de ambiguas atribuciones regulatorias e inapropiados dise��os institucionales, quedando trunca su capacidad real de regulaci��n. A ra��z de la difusa delimitaci��n de misiones y funciones e - incluso - frente a las imprecisiones te��ricas en la materia, este art��culo precisa el alcance de la intervenci��n de los distintos actores del sistema de prestaci��n y regulaci��n: empresas prestadoras, entes reguladores, poderes del Estado (Ejecutivo y Legislativo) y usuarios y consumidores. En este sentido, trabaja sobre los dise��os institucionales m��s apropiados para que los entes desarrollen efectivas capacidades de regulaci��n. El an��lisis se ejemplifica a partir de la experiencia privatizadora argentina - nacional y subnacional - en los servicios de agua potable y saneamiento y distribuci��n de electricidad.

Predictors of Successful Weight Control: Cross-Cultural Moderators of Treatment Outcomes

Given the heterogeneity of effect sizes within the population for any treatment, identifying moderators of outcomes is critical [1]. In weight management programs, there is a high individual variability in terms of weight loss and an overall modest success [2]. Some people will adopt and sustain attitudes and behaviors associated with weight loss, while others won���t [3]. To predict weight loss outcome just from the subject���s baseline information would be very valuable [4,5]. It would allow to: - Better match between treatments and individuals - Identify the participants with less probability of success (or potential dropouts) in a given treatment and direct them to alternative therapies - Target limited resources to those most likely to succeed - Increase cost-effectiveness and improve success rates of the programs Few studies have been dedicated to describe baseline predictors of treatment success. The Healthy Weight for Life (USA) study is one of the few. Its findings are now being cross-validated in Portuguese samples. This paper describes these cross-cultural comparisons.

Accountability and co-production of information and control: social observatories and their relationship with government agencies

Abstract:Through the development of a proposal to categorize accountability into four stages - classical, cross-sectional, systemic, and diffused -, this article aims to identify characteristics of co-production of information and socio-political control of public administration in the work of Brazilian social observatories in relationship with government control agencies. The study analyses data from 20 social observatories and, particularly, three experiences of co-production of information and control, based on a systemic perspective on accountability and a model with four categories: Political and cultural; valuing; systemic-organizational, and production. The conclusions summarize characteristics of these practices, specific phases in the accountability processes, as well as the potentialities and challenges of co-production of information and control, which not only influences, but it is also influenced by the accountability system.

Chagas' disease and social security: a case-control study in an urban area, Goi��s, Brazil

One hundred and twenty subjects with Chagas' cardiopathy and 120 non-infected subjects were randomly selected from first time claimants of sickness benefits in the National Institute of Social Security (INPS) in Goi��s. Cases of Chagas' cardiopathy were defined based on serological test, history of residence in an endemic area and, clinical and/or electrocardiogram (ECG) alterations suggestive of Chagas' cardiomyopathy. Controls were defined as subjects with at least two negative serological tests. Case and controls were compared in the analysis for age, sex, place of birth, migration history, socio-economic level, occupation, physical exertion at work, age at affiliation and years of contribution to the social security scheme, clinical course of their disease and ECG abnormalities. Chagas' disease patients were younger than other subjects and predominantly of rural origin. Non-infected subjects presented a better socio-economic level, were performing more skilled activities and had less changes of job than cases. No important difference was observed in relation to age at affiliation to INPS. About 60% of cases have claimed for benefits within the first four years of contribution while among controls this proportion was 38.5%. Cases were involved, proportionally more than controls, in "heavy" activities. A risk of 2.3 (95%CL 1.5 - 4.6) and 1.8 (95%CL 1.2- 3.5) was obtained comparing respectively "heavy" and "moderate" physical activity against "light". A relative risk of 8.5 (95%CL 4.9 - 14.8) associated with the presence of cardiopathy was estimated comparing the initial sample of seropositive subjects and controls. A high relative risk was observed in relation to right bundle branch block (RR = 37.1 95%CL = 8.8 - 155.6) and left anterior hemiblock (RR = 4.4, 95%CL = 2.1 - 9.1).