Discharge Plasma Combined With Bauxite Residue for Biodiesel Exhaust Cleaning: A Case Study on NOx Removal

Experiments were conducted at laboratory level to treat the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) present in raw and dry biodiesel exhaust utilizing a combination of electric discharge plasma and bauxite residue, i. e., red mud, an industrial waste byproduct from the aluminum industry. In this paper, the adsorption and a possible catalytic property of bauxite residue are discussed. Nonthermal plasma was generated using dielectric barrier discharges initiated by ac/repetitive pulse energization. The effect of corona electrodes on the plasma generation was qualitatively studied through NOx cleaning. The plasma reactor and adsorbent reactors were connected in cascade while treating the exhaust. The diesel generator, running on biodiesel fuel, was electrically loaded to study the effectiveness of the cascade system in cleaning the exhaust. Interestingly, under the laboratory conditions studied, plasma-bauxite residue combination has shown good synergistic properties and enhanced the NOx removal up to about 90%. With proper scaling up, the suggested cascade system may become an economically feasible option to treat the exhaust in larger installations. The results were discussed emphasizing the role of bauxite residue as an adsorbent and as a room temperature catalyst.

Single-step synthesis of carbon nanotubes/iron/iron oxide composite films through inert-ambient CVD using ferric acetylacetonate as a precursor

We have developed a unique single-step chemical vapor deposition (CVD) route for the synthesis of composite thin films containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs). CVD was carried out in an inert ambient using only iron(III) acetylacetonate as the precursor. Depositions were conducted at 700 degrees C on stainless steel substrates in argon ambient in the absence of any reactive gases (such as oxygen, hydrogen). By changing the deposition parameters, especially the pressure in the CVD reactor, the form of carbon deposited could be changed from amorphous to carbon nanotubes, the latter resulting in Fe-Fe3O4-CNT films. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron microscopy together confirm the formation of the three-component composite and illustrate the nanoscale mixing of the components. Elemental iron formed in this process was protected from oxidation by the co-deposited carbon surrounding it. Irrespective of the substrate used, a composite coating with CNTs was formed under optimum conditions, as verified by analyses of the film formed on polycrystalline alumina and silicon substrates.

Gasification of wood particles in a co-current packed bed: Experiments and model analysis

This study focuses on addressing the propagation front movement in a co-current downdraft gasification system. A detailed single particle modeling analysis extended to the packed bed reactor is used to compare with the experimental measurement as well those available in the literature. This model for biomass gasification systems considered pyrolysis process, gas phase volatile combustion, and heterogeneous char reactions along with gas phase reactions in the packed bed. The pyrolysis kinetics has a critical influence on the gasification process. The propagation front has been shown to increase with air mass flux, attains a peak and then decreases with further increase in air mass flux and finally approaches negative propagation rate. This indicates that front is receding, or no upward movement() bra her it is moving downward towards the char bed. The propagation rate correlates with mass flux as (m) over dot `'(0.883) during the increasing regimes of the front movement The study clearly identifies that bed movement is an important parameter for consideration in a co-current configuration towards establishing the effective bed movement. The study also highlights the importance of surface area to volume ratio of the particles in the packed bed and its influence on the volatile generation. Finally, the gas composition for air gasification under various air mass fluxes is compared with the experimental results. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Interactions of CO, HCl, and Sox in Pulverised Coal Flames

The effect of HCl and SO_2 on CO oxidation in pulverised coal flames was investigated experimentally and kinetically in an entrained flow combustion reactor. Two bituminous coals (German 'Goettelborn' and a Polish coal) were used as fuels with a feeding rate of 1 or 1.5 kg/h. HCl or SO_2 is introduced into the reactor premixed with the primary air. Experimental results indicate that HCl addition may inhibit CO oxidation in coal flames and increases CO emission. Reducing temperature in the reactor will enhance the inhibitory effect of HCl on CO oxidation. The measured CO profiles along the reactor height clearly show that the addition of HCl may inhibit CO oxidation. In the experimental range of SO_2 addition. The inhibiting effect of SO_2 on CO oxidation is less significant than HCl. A detailed kinetic mechanism is used to model the reactions. And the controlling reactions are analysed.

Estudio del crecimiento del camarón de agua dulce (M rosenbergu), en condiciones semi-intensivas en la comunidad de Alos Encuentros, Municipio de Limay, Esteli

Con el propósito de determinar el comportamiento de rasgos de crecimiento del camarón de agua dulce M. rosenbergii. Se montó un ensayo en la comunidad de los Encuentros, municipio de Limay, Estelí. Para tal efecto se utilizaron tres estanques de tierra de 200m 3 c/u en los que se sembraron 5 post larvas/m2. La alimentación fue a base de concentrado con 35%, 25%, 20% de proteína respectivamente de manera igual para los tres estanques. Se efectuaron muestreos, de talla, peso con respecto a la edad siendo estos el primer muestreo al momento de la siembra el segundo a los 30 días y los restantes cada 20 días, hasta los 190 días que culminó el ensayo, para determinar el crecimiento de los camarones de agua dulce M. rosenhergií mediante análisis estadísticos se empleó el modelo no lineal sugerido por Pearl-read (1923) y = k/1+bea:. Para realizar un menor ajuste de los datos se procedió a linealizarlos por medio de una regresión con la ecuación: Ln (k/y)-1 = Lnb±ax. Para el primer estanque se construyó el modelo Ln(k/y)-1 = 6.69459 = 0.97948 (cm), el error estándar para Lnb y a son de 0.338010.57300 respectivamente, laPr> ltl iguala 1.0001con r2 = 0.976605 y C.V= 29.66412. En el segundo estanque se obtuvo Ln(kly)-1 = 6.53469- 0.89897 (cm) el error standard para Lnb y a son de 0.4235;0.6858. La Pr > ltl para ambos son de 0.0001 con r1 = 0.96084 y C.V= 36.20477, para el tercer estanque se tiene valores de Ln (k/y)-1 = 6.93459- 1.116595 (cm) con error standard de Lnb y a = 1.04923; 0.180752 y para Pr > ltl fue de 0.0003;0.0005 con un r2= 0.8450 y C.V = 126.7102, al hacer un análisis de regresión combinando los tres estanques se obtuvo valores deLn(k/y)-1 = 5.5224-0.8068 (cm) con errores standard de Lnb y a= O.2878; 0.480 y para Pr > ltl fue de 0.0001 con un r2=; 0.9700 y C.V = 31.489, el comportamiento de crecimiento de los camarones de agua dulce M. rosenbergii sometidos a estudio bajo las mismas condiciones de cultivo tuvieron diferencias de talla y peso siendo éstas de 0.331 cm; 2.S02 g. del estanque 2 vs estanque 1; 1.093 cm, 4.3500 g del estanque 2 vs estanque 3 y 0.762 cm; 1.848 g para el estanque 1 vs estanque 3, sin embargo para los estanques en estudio se observó un aumento de talla y peso entre los 110-130 días de edad.

Determinacion de brucelosis en la poblacion canina en ocho barrios del distrito dos de Managua utilizando el metodo de Rosa de Bengala y Rivanol en Septiembre - Diciembre 2007

En Nicaragua se desconoce la situación actual nacional de Brucelosis en la población canina, debido a que solo se ha realizado un estudio en la zona urbana y suburbana de la ciudad de León acerca de esta enfermedad en esta especie. La importancia del estudio consiste en beneficiar a propietarios y criadores de razas caninas, a los profesionales de la medicina veterinaria que se dedican a las especies menores y técnicos de laboratorios, brindándoles información acerca de la situación de esta enfermedad para ser tomada en cuenta en su labor diaria. Con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de brucelosis en caninos con la colaboración del ministerio de salud (MINSA) durante la jornada de vacunación antirrábica se realizó un muestreo serológico en canes en los barrios Bo Monseñor Lezcano, Las Palmas, Santa Ana Norte, San Sebastián, Bóer, San José, Acahualinca y Batahola Norte del Distrito II de Managua en los meses de Septiembre a Diciembre del año 2007. Se recolectó un total de 100 sueros de canes de ambos sexos, sin categorizarlos por su raza y edad en el momento de la toma de las muestras, las cuales se analizaron por el método Rosa de Bengala (antígeno Brucella abortus cepa 1119-3)en el Centro Veterinario de Diagnóstico de investigación, Unidad de Microbiología UNAN -León y como prueba confirmatoria se utilizó Rivanol 1% en el laboratorio del MAGFOR Unidad de Sanidad Animal León. Los resultados obtenidos para el primer método fue de un reactor correspondiente una hembra de 2 meses de edad de raza no definida del barrio Las Palmas que posteriormente resultó negativa a la prueba de Rivanol. La prevalencia encontrada es del 0%.

Influencia de la rotación de cultivos y control de malezas sobre la cenosis y el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento del cultivo de la soya (Glycine max (L) Merr) c.v. cristalina

Con el objetivo de determinar la influencia de dos rotaciones y tres métodos de control de malezas sobre el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de la soya se realizó un estudio en los terrenos de la Hacienda "Las Mercedes" en Managua, sobre un suelo de textura arcillosa. La siembra se realizó el siete de septiembre de 1990, utilizando un diseño en bloques completos al azar en parcelas divididas con cuatro réplicas. Siendo el factor "A": rotación; a3 = maíz, a4 = pepino; y el factor "B": Métodos de control de malezas; b1 = químico, b2 = período crítico, b3=limpia periódica. Los resultados reflejan que el cultivo antecedente maíz representa menor abundancia, cobertura y biomasa de malezas a la cosecha de la soya, siendo la especie más abundante Rottboellia cochinchinensis. El cultivo antecedente pepino presenta la menor diversidad, con mayor abundancia de la especie R. cochinchinensis seguida de Cyperus rotundus. Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas solamente en altura de planta a los 27 y 42 días después de la siembra a favor del cultivo antecedente maíz, también se obtuvo mayor número de plantas 39.4 pta/m2, altura de plantas 63.9 cm, número de vainas por plantas 13.92, número de ramas por planta 1.4, diámetro del tallo 3.98 mm, peso seco de paja 4824.5 kg/ha y rendimiento de grano 2289.42 kg/ha. Respecto a los métodos de control la menor abundancia, cobertura y biomasa de malezas se presentó en limpia periódica y el mayor valor el control químico fomesafén en post-emergencia. La diversidad al momento de la cosecha fue similar en los controles limpia periódica y período crítico. Las variables de crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento presentaron diferencias significativas para altura de plantas 67.3 cm a favor del control químico; número de semillas por vaina 2.80 a favor de periodo crítico; número de nódulos por planta en R5 14.25, número de ramas por planta 2.4, número de vainas 24.75, diámetro del tallo 5.0 mm, peso seco de paja 7645.8 kg/ha, peso de 1000 semillas 153 g y rendimiento del grano 4141.5 kg/ha a favor del control limpia periódica. En el control químico se presentó el menor número de semillas por vaina 2.55, vainas por planta 5.5, peso seco de nódulos: R1=0.15 g/pta y R5=0.34 g/pta y rendimiento con 832 kg/ha.

用于激波控制反应器的原料气加速特性研究

为观察超声速混合过程，设计制造了专用的实验装置．实验结果表明：混合过程的总压损失随两种超声速流的密度比、静温比增大而增加．若密度比、静温比相同或相近时，速度差对总压损失的影响可忽略．但速度差随密度比、静温比增大而增大时总压损失亦随之增大．

A detailed chemistry multi-cycle simulation of a gasoline fueled HCCI engine operated with NVO

A previously developed Stochastic Reactor Model (SRM) is used to simulate combustion in a four cylinder in-line four-stroke naturally aspirated direct injection Spark Ignition (SI) engine modified to run in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) mode with a Negative Valve Overlap (NVO). A portion of the fuel is injected during NVO to increase the cylinder temperature and enable HCCI combustion at a compression ratio of 12:1. The model is coupled with GT-Power, a one-dimensional engine simulation tool used for the open valve portion of the engine cycle. The SRM is used to model in-cylinder mixing, heat transfer and chemistry during the NVO and main combustion. Direct injection is simulated during NVO in order to predict heat release and internal Exhaust Gas Recycle (EGR) composition and mass. The NOx emissions and simulated pressure profiles match experimental data well, including the cyclic fluctuations. The model predicts combustion characteristics at different fuel split ratios and injection timings. The effect of fuel reforming on ignition timing is investigated along with the causes of cycle to cycle variations and unstable operation. A detailed flux analysis during NVO unearths interesting results regarding the effect of NOx on ignition timing compared with its effect during the main combustion. © 2009 SAE International.

ROLE OF CHLORINE AND ALKALI PROMOTERS IN ETHYLENE EPOXIDATION OVER SINGLE CRYSTAL SILVER SURFACES.

Experiments with N//2O were carried out with a view to obtaining additional information about the reactivity of oxygen surface species. On clean Ag, N//2O decomposition was found to be an activated process which led exclusively to the deposition of O(a) species. The presence of preadsorbed oxygen or subsurface oxygen served to enhance the deposition rate of O(a). Subsequent dosing with ethylene at 300 K of such an oxygen-populated surface followed by TPR examination showed it to be active for ethylene oxide formation. Control experiments established that adventitious decomposition of N//2O at the reactor walls or specimen supports followed by possible re-absorption of O//2(a) was an entirely negligible process. ) The oxidation activity of N//2O was also investigated at elevated pressures in the batch reactor.

Modelling soot formation in a DISI engine

In this work, the formation of soot in a Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) engine is simulated using the Stochastic Reactor Model (SRM) engine code. Volume change, convective heat transfer, turbulent mixing, direct injection and flame propagation are accounted for. In order to simulate flame propagation, the cylinder is divided into an unburned, entrained and burned zone, with the rate of entrainment being governed by empirical equations but combustion modelled with chemical kinetics. The model contains a detailed chemical mechanism as well as a highly detailed soot formation model, however computation times are relatively short. The soot model provides information on the morphology and chemical composition of soot aggregates along with bulk quantities, including soot mass, number density, volume fraction and surface area. The model is first calibrated by simulating experimental data from a Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Spark Ignition (SI) engine. The model is then used to simulate experimental data from the literature, where the numbers, sizes and derived mass particulate emissions from a 1.83 L, 4-cylinder, 4 valve production DISI engine were examined. Experimental results from different injection and spark timings are compared with the model and the qualitative trends in aggregate size distribution and emissions match the exhaust gas measurements well. © 2010 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Study on the ions' behavior in an electron cyclotron resonance plasma

The energy, velocity, angle distribution of ions in magnetoactive electron cyclotron resonance plasma have been studied with a two-dimension hybrid mode. The dependence of these distribution functions versus position and pressure are discussed. Our simulation results are in good agreement with many experimental measurements. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.