Designing hospital bedside systems for use by patients with a visual impairments

This paper describes the development of an interface to a hospital portal system for information, communication and entertainment such that it can be used easily and effectively by all patients regardless of their age, disability, computer experience or native language. Specifically, this paper reports on the work conducted to ensure that the interface design took into account the needs of visually impaired users.

Which drugs cause preventable admissions to hospital? A systematic review

Aim: Previous systematic reviews have found that drug-related morbidity accounts for 4.3% of preventable hospital admissions. None, however, has identified the drugs most commonly responsible for preventable hospital admissions. The aims of this study were to estimate the percentage of preventable drug-related hospital admissions, the most common drug causes of preventable hospital admissions and the most common underlying causes of preventable drug-related admissions. Methods: Bibliographic databases and reference lists from eligible articles and study authors were the sources for data. Seventeen prospective observational studies reporting the proportion of preventable drug-related hospital admissions, causative drugs and/or the underlying causes of hospital admissions were selected. Included studies used multiple reviewers and/or explicit criteria to assess causality and preventability of hospital admissions. Two investigators abstracted data from all included studies using a purpose-made data extraction form. Results: From 13 papers the median percentage of preventable drug-related admissions to hospital was 3.7% (range 1.4-15.4). From nine papers the majority (51%) of preventable drug-related admissions involved either antiplatelets (16%), diuretics (16%), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (11%) or anticoagulants (8%). From five studies the median proportion of preventable drug-related admissions associated with prescribing problems was 30.6% (range 11.1-41.8), with adherence problems 33.3% (range 20.9-41.7) and with monitoring problems 22.2% (range 0-31.3). Conclusions: Four groups of drugs account for more than 50% of the drug groups associated with preventable drug-related hospital admissions. Concentrating interventions on these drug groups could reduce appreciably the number of preventable drug-related admissions to hospital from primary care.

Causes of preventable drug-related hospital admissions: a qualitative study

Objective: To explore the causes of preventable drug-related admissions (PDRAs) to hospital. Design: Qualitative case studies using semi-structured interviews and medical record review; data analysed using a framework derived from Reason's model of organisational accidents and cascade analysis. Participants: 62 participants, including 18 patients, 8 informal carers, 17 general practitioners, 12 community pharmacists, 3 practice nurses and 4 other members of healthcare staff, involved in events leading up to the patients' hospital admissions. Setting: Nottingham, UK. Results: PDRAs are associated with problems at multiple stages in the medication use process, including prescribing, dispensing, administration, monitoring and help seeking. The main causes of these problems are communication failures ( between patients and healthcare professionals and different groups of healthcare professionals) and knowledge gaps ( about drugs and patients' medical and medication histories). The causes of PDRAs are similar irrespective of whether the hospital admission is associated with a prescribing, monitoring or patient adherence problem. Conclusions: The causes of PDRAs are multifaceted and complex. Technical solutions to PDRAs will need to take account of this complexity and are unlikely to be sufficient on their own. Interventions targeting the human causes of PDRAs are also necessary - for example, improving methods of communication.

Designing Hospital Bedside Systems for use by Patients with Visual Impairments

This paper describes the development of an interface to a hospital portal system for information, communication and entertainment such that it can be used easily and effectively by all patients regardless of their age, disability, computer experience or native language. Specifically, this paper reports on the work conducted to ensure that the interface design took into account the needs of visually impaired users.

Acidentes perfurocortantes e avaliação do impacto de um dispositivo de segurança para a sua prevenção em um hospital geral terciário do Rio de Janeiro (2001-2011)

Introdução Os trabalhadores da saúde estão expostos a riscos biológicos no exercício da profissão, particularmente os agentes transmitidos por sangue e secreções, através de acidentes perfurocortantes. A maioria dos países implantou normatizações ou leis visando proteger estes profissionais, entre outros através da introdução de dispositivos de segurança. Desde a publicação da NR.32 em novembro 2005, as novas diretrizes vêm sendo implementadas nas unidades de saúde brasileiras, com dificuldades. Objetivos: (1) Principal: Verificar as alterações na incidência e no perfil dos acidentes perfurocortantes após a introdução de dispositivos de segurança (lanceta retrátil e catéteres para punção venosa periférica) no Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado a partir de 2009 em relação ao período anterior (2001-2008). (2) Secundários: \2013 Determinar os tipos de acidentes que sofreram redução. - Determinar a(s) categoria(s) profissional (is) beneficiadas pela introdução do(s) dispositivo(s) \2013 Estimar a relação entre os acréscimos de custos devidos à aquisição do(s) dispositivo(s) e a redução teórica das despesas obtida com diminuição dos acidentes. Métodos. Análise retrospectiva de um arquivo contendo os dados dos acidentes biológicos registrados entre janeiro de 2001 e dezembro de 2011 quanto a natureza do acidente, categoria profissional, tempo de profissão, tipo de instrumento, causa e/ou circunstância. Foram comparados os índices ao longo do tempo, particularmente até 2008 e de 2009 a 2011. Estimou-se também, com a ajuda de um modelo teórico, o impacto eventual de uma lanceta retrátil para coleta da glicemia capilar no orçamento da instituição Resultados. A proporção dos acidentes perfurocortantes diminuiu a partir de 2009 em comparação com o período anterior (P<0,001). Evidenciou-se uma relação inversa entre a média do tempo de experiência dos profissionais e o número absoluto dos acidentes perfurocortantes. A equipe de enfermagem teve uma redução significativa nos acidentes perfurocortantes por 100 equivalentes a tempo integral (ETI) de 2007 a 2011 (P<0,001), enquanto os residentes de medicina tiveram o maior índice no mesmo período. Observou-se uma redução dos acidentes perfurocortantes por agulhas de pequeno calibre desde 2009 e os acidentes durante a medida da glicemia capilar caíram bruscamente em 2010 e 2011 à medida que aumentava o número de lancetas retráteis adquiridas pelo hospital (P<0,001). Não se observaram reduções de acidentes envolvendo agulhas maiores ou vasos sanguíneos. Conclusões A adoção de um único dispositivo seguro e fácil de usar, uma lanceta retrátil, reduziu significativamente os acidentes perfurocortantes na equipe de enfermagem com provável vantagem custo-benefício. Ressalta-se a importância do treinamento dos recém-contratados e da educação continuada

Understanding stakeholder requirements on an NHS hospital project: application of semiotics-rooted theories.

Hospitals represent complex and difficult contexts for AEC (architecture, engineering and construction) professionals to engage with due to their functional complexity and diversity of stakeholder interests (i.e. patient, visitor, medical specialist). Hospital designers need to take note of changing NHS policy contexts (e.g. the possible empowerment of general practitioners to shape services), technological advances in medical equipment design and the potential health needs of future generations. It is imperative for hospital designers and architects to align their processes and methodologies (e.g. briefing and requirements capture) to the needs and desires of their clients so that a medical facility design is produced which is truly aligned to the requirements of the hospital stakeholders. Semiotics, the “study” or “discipline” of signs aims to investigate the nature of signs (their inception, representation and meaning), whilst semiotics-rooted theories are concerned with investigating how meaning and understanding is mobilized between persons and between organisations. This paper details a semiotics-rooted research approach for investigating the interactions between hospital designers and stakeholders on a forthcoming NHS hospital project in the UK. A semiotics grounded study will potentially provide a deeper understanding of how meaning and understanding is established between hospital project stakeholders and construction professionals.

Variability of starch-based thickened drinks for patients with dysphagia in the hospital setting

Starch-based thickening agents may be prescribed for patients with dysphagia. Thickened fluids alter variables of the swallow reflex, allowing more time for bolus manipulation without compromising airway closure. This investigation explored the variation in viscosity and physical characteristics of thickened drinks prepared in different media under laboratory conditions and compared the results with those of thickened drinks presented to dysphagic patients in one hospital. The rheological characteristics were tested on a simple plastometer and a Bohlin CVOR rheometer (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK). Samples prepared to “syrup” consistency both in the laboratory and in the hospitalwere significantly different from each other (P < 0.0001). This was also the case for samples prepared to “custard” consistency. Differences existed not only in viscosity, but drinks prepared in different media produced different rheological matrices. This signifies different viscoelastic behaviors that may effect manipulation in the mouth. From this study, preparation of thickened drinks using starch-based instant thickening powders appears to be a highly variable practice.