Monte Carlo simulation of complex cohesive fracture in random heterogeneous quasi-brittle materials

A numerical method is developed to simulate complex two-dimensional crack propagation in quasi-brittle materials considering random heterogeneous fracture properties. Potential cracks are represented by pre-inserted cohesive elements with tension and shear softening constitutive laws modelled by spatially varying Weibull random fields. Monte Carlo simulations of a concrete specimen under uni-axial tension were carried out with extensive investigation of the effects of important numerical algorithms and material properties on numerical efficiency and stability, crack propagation processes and load-carrying capacities. It was found that the homogeneous model led to incorrect crack patterns and load–displacement curves with strong mesh-dependence, whereas the heterogeneous model predicted realistic, complicated fracture processes and load-carrying capacity of little mesh-dependence. Increasing the variance of the tensile strength random fields with increased heterogeneity led to reduction in the mean peak load and increase in the standard deviation. The developed method provides a simple but effective tool for assessment of structural reliability and calculation of characteristic material strength for structural design.

An in situ spatially resolved method to probe gas phase reactions through a fixed bed catalyst

A new method to spatially probe heterogeneous catalysed reactions within a packed bed of catalyst has been developed. The spatial resolution is achieved using a stationary perforated capillary coupled to a mass spectrometer while the catalyst bed is moved. The oxidation of CO promoted by H-2 over a Pd catalyst has been used to demonstrate the technique.

Palladium-catalyzed liquid-phase hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis of disulfides

For the first time, the hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis of a range of disulfides has been achieved over a supported palladium catalyst using hydrogen under relatively benign conditions. These unexpected results demonstrate that it is possible to avoid the poisoning of the catalyst by either the nitrogen-containing groups or the sulfur species, allowing both efficient reaction and recycling of the catalyst under the proper conditions (e.g., at low temperatures). A slight loss in activity was found on recycling; however, the catalyst activity can be recovered using hydrogen pretreatment. The reaction mechanism for the hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation of ortho-, meta-, and para-dinitrodiphenyldisulfide to the corresponding aminothiophenol has been elucidated. Density functional theory calculations were used to investigate the adsorption mode of the dinitrodiphenyldisulfides; a clear dependence on adsorption geometry was found regarding whether the molecule is cleaved at the S-S bond before the reduction of the nitro group or vice versa. This study demonstrates the versatility of these catalysts for the hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis of sulfur-containing molecules, which normally are considered poisons, and will extend their use to a new family of substrates. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Emerging asymmetric interactions between forage and predator fisheries impose management trade-offs

A size and trait-based marine community model was used to investigate interactions, with potential implications for yields, when a fishery targeting forage fish species (whose main adult diet is zooplankton) co-occurs with a fishery targeting larger-sized predator species. Predicted effects on the size structure of the fish community, growth and recruitment of fishes, and yield from the fisheries were used to identify management trade-offs among the different fisheries. Results showed that moderate fishing on forage fishes imposed only small effects on predator fisheries, whereas predator fisheries could enhance yield from forage fisheries under some circumstances.

Rational screening low-cost counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells

Dye-sensitized solar cells have attracted intense research attention owing to their ease of fabrication, cost-effectiveness and high efficiency in converting solar energy. Noble platinum is generally used as catalytic counter electrode for redox mediators in electrolyte solution. Unfortunately, platinum is expensive and non-sustainable for long-term applications. Therefore, researchers are facing with the challenge of developing low-cost and earth-abundant alternatives. So far, rational screening of non-platinum counter electrodes has been hamstrung by the lack of understanding about the electrocatalytic process of redox mediators on various counter electrodes. Here, using first-principle quantum chemical calculations, we studied the electrocatalytic process of redox mediators and predicted electrocatalytic activity of potential semiconductor counter electrodes. On the basis of theoretical predictions, we successfully used rust (alpha-Fe2O3) as a new counter electrode catalyst, which demonstrates promising electrocatalytic activity towards triiodide reduction at a rate comparable to platinum.