Effectiveness of surface protection for resin-modified glass-ionomer materials

Objective: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of various surface treatments for resin-modified glass-ionomer restorative materials by determining dye uptake spectrophotometrically. Method and materials: Two hundred twenty-four specimens, 4.1 mm in diameter and 2.0 mm thick, were made of 3 materials: Vitremer, Fuji II LC, and Photac-Fil Aplicap. Specimens were divided into 15 groups. The positive and negative control specimens remained unprotected, while the experimental specimens were protected with Heliobond light-activated bonding resin, Colorama nail varnish, or surface coatings indicated by the manufacturers of the glass-ionomer materials. Finishing Gloss for Vitremer, Fuji Varnish for Fuji II LC, and Ketac Glaze for Photac-Fil. The disks were immersed in 0.05% methylene blue for 24 hours except for the negative control group, which was immersed in deionized water. After 24 hours, the disks were removed, washed, and individually placed in 1 mL of 65% nitric acid for 24 hours. The solutions were centrifuged and the spectrophotometric absorbance was determined at 606 nm. The dye uptake was expressed in micrograms of dye per milliliter, and the results were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: There were no differences in dye uptake among the 3 resin-modified glass-ionomer restorative materials, however, all of them required surface protection. Conclusion: the best surface protection for the 3 evaluated materials was obtained with Heliobond light-activated bonding resin.

Upconversion fluorescence spectroscopy of Er3+/Yb3+-doped heavy metal Bi2O3-Na2O-Nb2O5-GeO2 glass

Upconversion fluorescence emission of Er3+/Yb3+-doped Bi2O3-Na2O-Nb2O5-GeO2 heavy metal glass samples excited at 1.06 mu m is experimentally investigated. The results reveal the existence of intense emission bands centered around 520, 545, and 655 nm. The germano-niobate based host glass presents high transparency in the region of 400-2700 nm, the capability of incorporating high dopant concentrations, high melting temperature, and large resistance to atmospheric moisture. The observed intensity of the green fluorescence emission, suggested that the niobium based host glass material plays an important role in the efficiency of the upconversion process. Emission lines centered at 425, 483, 503, 608, and 628 nm were also observed. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Evidence of room temperature charge-density wave behavior and glass-like states in pressed pellets of lightly doped poly (3-methyl thiophene)

We show room temperature charge-density wave (CDW) characteristics in d.c. and a.c. electric data in pressed pellets of lightly doped poly(3-methylthiophene). The possibility of a Peierls glass is discussed and metastables states are observed. D.C. and A.C. data also show a state with negative differencial resistance.

Local order around of germanium atoms in Ga10Ge25S65 glass by EXAFS

Irreversible photoexpansion effect has been observed in amorphous Ga10Ge2S65 glasses when its surface was exposed to light with energy greater than the band gap, 3.52 eV. A volume change of about 5% was reached in bulk samples by controlling illumination time and the laser power density. To understand the atomic scale processes of the photoexpansion effect, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy has been used as a local probe of the germanium environment in the glass samples before and after illumination. Modifications are observed in the average coordination shell around Ge atoms in the illuminated sample compared to the non-illuminated one. For the non-illuminated sample, the Ge coordination shell is described by a distorted tetrahedron of sulfur atoms at around 2.20 Angstrom. After illumination, the EXAFS signal can be explained by introducing an additional contribution to this average environment. Based on an analysis of the EXAFS data we proposed a two-shell model of 0.5 oxygen atoms at 2.01 Angstrom and 3.6 sulfur atoms at a 2.20 Angstrom. The existence of Ge-O bonds in the glass after illumination was confirmed by infrared measurements. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Thermally enhanced cooperative energy-transfer frequency upconversion in terbium and ytterbium doped tellurite glass

Infrared-to-visible frequency upconversion through cooperative energy-transfer and thermal effects in Tb3+/Yb3+-codoped tellurite glasses excited at 1.064 mum is investigated. Bright luminescence emission around 485, 550, 590, 625 and 65 nm, identified as due to the D-5(4) --> F-7(J) (J= 6, 5, 4, 3, and 2) transitions of the terbium ions, respectively, was recorded. The excitation of the D-5(4) emitting level of the Tb3+ ions is assigned to cooperative energy-transfer from pairs of ytterbium ions.. The effect of temperature on the upconversion process was examined and the results revealed a fourfold upconversion enhancement in the 300-500 K interval. The enhancement of the upconversion process is due to the temperature dependence of the Yb3+-sensitizer absorption cross-section under anti-Stokes excitation. A rate-equation. model using multiphonon-assisted absorption for the ytterbium excitation combined with the energy migration effect between Yb-Yb pair, and Tb3+ ground-state depopulation via multiphonon excitation of the F-7(J) excited states describes quite well the experimental results. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Upconversion luminescence in transparent glass ceramics containing beta-PbF2 nanocrystals doped with erbium

Frequency upconversion luminescence in erbium-doped PbGeO3-PbF2-CdF2-based transparent glass ceramics (TGC) under 980 nm infrared excitation is investigated. Upconversion emission signals around 410, 525, 550, 660, and 850 nm were generated and identified as due to the H-2(9/2) H-2(11/2), S-4(3/2), and F-4(9/2) transitions to the I-4(15/2) ground-state, and S-4(3/2)-I-4(13/2), respectively. The erbium ions excited-state emitting levels were populated via a combination of stepwise ground-state absorption (GSA), excited-state absorption (ESA), and cross-relaxation processes. The results also disclosed that both blue (410 nm) and red (660 nm) upconversion emission signals in the transparent glass ceramic sample presented twice as much intensity as compared to its vitreous counterpart. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Structural organization and thermal properties of the Sb2O3-SbPO4 glass system

The structural organization of Sb2O3-SbPO4 glasses has been studied by FTIR, Raman, P-31 MAS and spin echo NMR, Mossbauer and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS and XANES at K and L-3,L-1-Sb edges). The combined results can be explained in terms of two potential mechanisms describing the change of the Sb(m) local environment upon incorporation of Q((4))-type phosphate. The formation of the latter species requires anionic compensation that may be adjusted by (a) formation of non bridging oxygen or (b) formation of SbO4E- groups (E = non-bonding electron pair). The second model is favored.

Influence of ceramic surface conditioning and resin cements on microtensile bond strength to a glass ceramic

Statement of problem. It is not clear how different glass ceramic surface pretreatments influence the bonding capacity of various luting agents to these surfaces.Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (mu TBS) of 3 resin cements to a lithia disilicate-based ceramic submitted to 2 surface conditioning treatments.Material and methods. Eighteen 5 X 6 X 8-mm ceramic (IPS Empress 2) blocks were fabricated according to manufacturer's instructions and duplicated in composite resin (Tetric Ceram). Ceramic blocks were polished and divided into 2 groups (n=9/treatment): no conditioning (no-conditioning/control), or 5% hydrofluoric acid etching for 20 seconds and silanization for 1 minute (HF + SIL). Ceramic blocks were cemented to the composite resin blocks with I self-adhesive universal resin cement (RelyX Unicem) or 1 of 2 resin-based luting agents (Multilink or Panavia F), according to the manufacturer's instructions. The composite resin-ceramic blocks were stored in humidity at 37 degrees C for 7 days and serially sectioned to produce 25 beam specimens per group with a 1.0-mm(2) cross-sectional area. Specimens were thermal cycled (5000 cycles, 5 degrees C-55 degrees C) and tested in tension at 1 mm/min. Microtensile bond strength data (MPa) were analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey multiple comparisons tests (alpha=.05). Fractured specimens were examined with a stereomicroscope (X40) and classified as adhesive, mixed, or cohesive.Results. The surface conditioning factor was significant (HF+SIL > no-conditioning) (P<.0001). Considering the unconditioned groups, the mu TBS of RelyX Unicem was significantly higher (9.6 +/- 1.9) than that of Multilink (6.2 +/- 1.2) and Panavia F (7.4 +/- 1.9). Previous etching and silanization yielded statistically higher mu TBS values for RelyX Unicem (18.8 +/- 3.5) and Multilink (17.4 +/- 3.0) when compared to Panavia F (15.7 +/- 3.8). Spontaneous debonding after thermal cycling was detected when luting agents were applied to untreated ceramic surfaces.Conclusion. Etching and silanization treatments appear to be crucial for resin bonding to a lithia disilicate-based ceramic, regardless of the resin cement used.

Energy upconversion luminescence in neodymium-doped tellurite glass

Infrared-to-visible upconversion luminescence emission in Nd3+-doped 60TeO(2)-10GeO(2)-10K(2)O-10Li(2)O-10Nb(2)O(5) tellurite glasses under cw excitation around 800 nm is investigated. Blue (430, and 475 nm), green (5 0 nm) and yellow-orange (590 nm) energy upconversion emission owing to the P-2(1/2) --> I-4(j) (j=9/2, 11/2, 13/2 and 15/2) transitions of the Nd3+ ions, respectively, was recorded. The dependence of the upconversion intensity upon the excitation wavelength and pump power is also studied. The upconversion excitation mechanism responsible for the observed emission signals is attributed to stepwise multiphoton absorption. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Study of the most suitable new glass laser to incorporate ytterbium: alkali niobium tellurite, lead fluorborate or heavy metal oxide

Diode-pumped Yb-doped glass lasers have received considerable attention for applications such as high-power beam production or femtosecond pulses generation. In this paper, we evaluate the laser potential of three different glass families doped with Yb3+ : alkali lead fluorborate (PbO-PbF2-B2O3), heavy metal oxide (Bi2O3-PbO-Ga2O3) and niobium tellurite (TeO2-Nb2O5-K2O-Li2O). Spectroscopic properties were studied for the samples and calculations of the minimum laser pump intensity (I-min), saturation fluence (U-sat) and the theoretical limit of peak power (P-max) are also presented. A comparison of laser properties of these three different glasses and their importance is shown and analyzed. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.