Water quality assessment of Sonbolrood River by using hylsenhof index

This research investigates the quality of sonbolrood river by using Hylsenhof HFBI indicators and identified Macroinvertebrates invertebrates community in the family level. This study took place during 1388-1389 with four sampling season in four stations respectively in the forests of Kalyj kheyl village in Savadkuh (first station), industrial area of Islamabad (second Station), earth dam of Sonbolrood (third station) and the Place crosses Sonbolrood with Babolrood river (fourth Station). Macroinvertebrates invertebrates collected by quantitative sampler of Sorbr and they were isolated in laboratory by loop and they were identified in the family level. Generally, Macroinvertebrates of Sonbolrood river were formed three branches: Arthropods and flat worms and mollusks, including 3 tiers, 6 orders and 14 families that showed the maximum diversity and density in autumn and the least diversity and density in summer at all stations, also the third and fourth stations respectively were highest and lowest diversity and density. The water quality of Sonbolrood river based on the water quality Guide(Hylsenhof) is evaluated with excellent condition for all stations except third station. Sonbolrood river with having high slope, rocky and sandy bed, with self-refining act, completely is a proper ecosystem for aquatic organisms, but it is done due to increased organic matter and sewage factory located in industrial zone in the third station and then the increased water pollution caused by nurturing the water warm fish in the earth dam of Sonbolrood. (because of this, the water quality at third station based on the water quality Guide(Hylsenhof) are evaluated in a fairly good condition) and adding domestic sewages of adjacent villages like Seyedkola village and Shirdarkola caused increased pollution and increased trophy of Macroinvertebrates that are resistant to pollution and affect upon Macroinvertebrates community.

Assessment of pelagic primary and secondary production in Sefidrud River estuary

Sefid-Rood River Estuary (SRE) is the most important riverine ecosystem in the south Caspian Sea along the Iranian coast lines. The aim of this study was to examine spatial and temporal variability in Phytoplankton and Zooplankton abundance and diversity in SRE. Variability of Chlorophyll a and inorganic nutrient concentration were determined during a year (November 2004– October 2005) in five sampling stations. Primary and secondry production were determined during a year. Total chlorophyll a concentration during the investigation ranged between zero to 22.8 μgl-1 and the highest levels were consistently recorded during summer and the lowest during winter with a annual mean concentration 4.48 μgl-1. Nutrient concentration was seasonally related to river flow with annual mean concentration: NO2 0.05±0.2 mgl-1, NO3 1.13±0.57 mgl-1, NH4 0.51±0.66 mgl-1, total phosphate 0.13±0.1mgl-1 and SiO2 5.68±1.91 mgl-1. Bacillariophytes, Cyanophytes, Chlorophytes, Pyrophytes and Euglenophytes were the dominant phytoplankton groups in this shallow and turbid estuary. The diversity and abundance of phytoplankton had a seasonal pattern while Diatomas and Chrysophytes were dominant throughout the year but Cyanophytes observed only during the summer. Zooplankton community structure was dominated by copepods which 68% of the total zooplankton. In the winter and summer seasons two increased in the number of zooplankton community and usually toward the sea had occurred. Zooplankton also showed a significant spatial and temporal variation. The high turbidity and temperature prime characteristics of SRE seem to be determining factors acting directly on phytoplankton and zooplankton temporal variability and nutrient fluctuations. Everywhere in this estuary nutrients appeared to be in excess of algal requirement and did not influence a phytoplankton and zooplankton composition. Also there was a positive correlation between chlorophyll a and temperature and a negative one with DIN and TP. Primary production determined in this estuary by dark and light butter method and G.P.P. 38.27±34.12 mgcm-2h-1 and N,PP 201.6±289.9 mgcm-2d-1. secondry production determined 15/128 mgc/m3/year. Everywhere in this estuary nutrients appeared to be in excess to algal requirement and did not influence in Chl. a and primary production. The most important factor influence on Chl. a was water temperature.

Temporal and spatial distribution of phytoplankton with emphasis on Skeletonema costatum in the Mathamuhuri river – estuary (Chakaria mangrove ecosystem), Bangladesh

A total of 91 species under 44 genera were identified among the phytoplankton community during the course of one year's investigation between May 1982 and April 1983. Bacillariophyta was the most dominant group with 72 specie, Chlorophyta 11 spp, Cyanophyta 6 spp and Pyrrophyta was represented by 2 species. The yearly percentage composition of 4 groups of phytoplankton in order of abundance were Bacillariophyta 50.77%, Cyanophyta 47.70%, Chlorophyta 1.5% and Pyrrophyta 0.02%. The highest densities of phytoplankton were recorded in monsoon months (June-July) with a peak in July (31550 cells/l) and the minimum in February (770 cells/1). Higher concentration of phytoplankton was recorded at station 2, nearer to the Chakaria Sundarbans (mangroves), but abundance of phytoplankton showed no significant difference in the two stations (Mann Whitney U test, P=0.64, Z=-0.642, U=64). Phytoplankton population in this area were positively correlated with rainfall (r=0.655, P=<0.5, df.22) and water temperature (r=0.523, P=<0.05). Skeletonema costatum was the dominant member of phytoplankton and occupied 35.23% of the annual population and occurred throughout the period of study except in September and January. Its abundance was recorded during the monsoon months (April- July) with a maximum density (24185 cells/l) in July. No significant correlation was found between abundance of S. costatum and the hydro-meteorological parameters recorded in the Chakaria mangrove area.

Recognizing of Ichthyophon and investigation of feeding and effects of water temperature, salinity and electrical conductivity on the population dynamic of Barbus grypus in the Dalaki and Helle river

This study was carried out for recognized ichthyophon and investigation of feeding and effects of water temperature, salinity and electrical conductivity on the population dynamic of Barbus grypus in the Dalaki and Helle river. In the study period, 2949 Barbus grypus was cached. The most of total length frequency was 200 to 300 mm and 2 to 3 years old. The oldest fish was8 years old with 756 mm total length. Fecundity was 950 upto 57400 oocyt per fish. Station no. 6 and 7 showed more temperature, fecundity and GSI than other stations. Females adulated before then males. Multiple stepwise regression of fecundity and RE (reproduction effort) showed significant correlation. Fishes of the upper parts of stream was more L than down stream stations. Condition factor of males was more than female, and for down stream stations was better than the other stations. Barbus grypus is omnivorous. Ichthyophon of Dalaki river include 4 family and 9 species that Capoeta capoeta intermadia was more than others species, but in the Helle river was 5 family and 9 species, that Liza abu zarudni was more than others.

Supply of Astaxanthin and its combinations through live feed (Moina micrura) enrichment affects the growth, survival and fatty acid profile of Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae

A study was carried out with three replicates to determine the effects of feeding Moina micrura enriched with astaxanthin alone (M1) or astaxanthin in combination with either vitamin E (M2), vitamin D (M3) or Cod Liver oil (M4) on the growth, survival and fatty acid composition of giant fresh water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) larvae. Growth rate was expressed as the time taken to the settlement of 95% post larvae. Maximum growth, the lowest time taken to the 95% PL settlement (38.5±0.50 days), was observed in larvae fed with M3 Moina. The highest survival rate (66.0±1.00%) was observed in those fed with M4 Moina and the second highest survival (61.0±1.00%) and growth rates (40.0±0.00 days) were shown with M2 Moina. The minimum values for both growth (42.5±0.50 days) and survival (33.0±1.50%) were observed in the group fed un-enriched Moina. Results also showed that the survival of prawn larvae increased as the quantities of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increased in the dietary Moina. The highest levels of EPA (5.57±0.21%), DHA (3.50±0.21%) and highest total Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (HUFA) (13.87±0.68%) were seen in the Moina fed on astaxanthin and Cod Liver Oil (CLO). The results of the study showed that the nutritive quality of Moina, with respect to important fatty acids, can be increased by enrichment and will influence the growth, survival and the fatty acid composition of fresh water prawn larvae fed on them.

Morphometric and meristic studies of the spotted estuarine prawn, Macrobrachium equidens (Dana) of Vembanad Lake, Kerala State

The paper reports on the statistical analysis of growth pattern and meristic studies of body parts of the spotted estuarine prawn, Macrobrachium equidens (Dana) of Vembanad Lake, Kerala State. The results showed that the growth pattern of carapace length, telson length, ischium length and dactylus length in relation to total length were significantly different between the sexes at slope itself (at 1% level) and growth pattern of abdominal length, merus length, carpus length, propodus length and palm length were significant at elevations (5%, 1% levels). The average sizes of all these characters were greater in males than in females. Regression equations have been calculated for the characters and presented in the text. Among the characters of the carapace, rostrum length, post-orbital length showed significant difference between sexes at 1% level (slope value) and width of carapace at 1% level (elevations). The average sizes of all these characters were higher in males. Among the meristic characters studied, the species exhibited sexual dimorphism with regard to dorsal teeth, post-orbital teeth and ventral teeth. The fundamental data generated is essential for establishing the species status as well as it is useful for making comparison with other species.

Histoarchitecture, seasonal variation and reproductive function of the neuroendocrine organ, brain of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium gangeticum

Histoarchitecture, seasonal variation and reproductive function of the neuroendocrine structure, brain of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium gangeticum were studied. Three types of NSCs - 'B', 'C' and 'D' were found to be concentrated in four groups in brain. These cells showed larger diameters and higher activity during breeding season. In case of females, the 'C' cells were more active during vitellogenic period. Brain extracts were found to induce gonadal maturation of both males and females.

The residue measurment of pesticide in water and biota of the Sorkhrood River in the south of the Caspian Sea

Pesticide residue is considered as a crucial factor in the fresh water ecosystem pollution of north Iran (Esp. Gillan and Mazandaran provinces). It is also regarded dangerous to the health of human being and animals. In this research , pesticide residue in 3 species of fish was gauged in stations of the Haraz river , the Sorkhrood river , and the Caspian sea. The sampeles were taken during 27 mounths (started in April 97 and ended to June 99). The maximum level of pesticide in water was found in July 98 for lindine at 12.4 ppb. The level of chlorinated pesticide residue recorded at 63 ppb in April 98. The level of. organophosphorus pesticides residue in water was at 1.75 ppb in Aug 97. The toxicity of the mentioned pesticide and bioaccomulation were taken into account in conducting this researched.

Predation on giant flying squirrels (Petaurista philippensis) by black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, China

Predation on vertebrates is infrequent in gibbons. In a 14-month field study of the central Yunnan black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, China, we observed gibbons attacking, killing and eating giant flying squirre

A New Species of the Genus Garra from Nujiang River Basin, Yunnan, China (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

2003年4月,于怒江二级支流镇康县境内的大叉河中采获一批墨头鱼属(Garra)鱼类标本,经鉴定为一新种,命名为怒江墨头鱼(G.nujiangensis Chen and Yang,sp.nov.).该新种主要鉴别特征:围尾柄鳞12～14:侧线鳞48～50:在小个体中有一对微小的吻须;背鳍分支鳍条8～9;侧线上鳞5～6,侧线下鳞3～4;体高小于头长;臀鳍起点处的小于眼后至吻端的距离;腹鳍前长为体长的50.0%～53.7%;肛门前长为体长的58.9%～63.9%:体宽为体长的16.7%～19.6%:体高为体长的19.2%～22.6%.本研究证实,在缺须的墨头鱼属的一些物种中,如高体墨头鱼(G.alticorpora)和怒江墨头鱼(G.nujiangensis),其幼体中往往具有一对很小的吻须.

XDistribution and Length2weight Relationships of Glyptosternoid Fishes in the Drung River Basin , Yunnan

鱼类主要分布于青藏高原周边, 是一群适合于急流生活的　科鱼类。在独龙江流域7 个点共采 集271 号　　鱼类标本(隶属　属、　属和异齿　属) , 结合各采集点数据绘制大鳍异齿　、藏　和扁头　的分布 直方图, 结果显示, 藏　( E. labiatum) 在流速较快的独龙江下游各采集点的种群数量较上游高, 更适应急流生 境。同时研究了这3 种　　鱼类的体长与体重的关系, 参数b (W = aLb) 的范围在218201 和310131 之间, 均为异 速生长; 藏　的生长类型最接近等速生长。