Estimativa de consumo de sódio pela população brasileira, 2008-2009

OBJETIVO: Atualizar estimativas sobre consumo de sódio no Brasil.MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009. Realizou-se a conversão em nutrientes dos registros de aquisição de alimentos dos domicílios brasileiros por meio de tabelas de composição de alimentos. Foram calculadas a disponibilidade média de sódio/pessoa/dia e a disponibilidade média ajustada para um consumo energético diário de 2.000 kcal. Calculou-se a contribuição de grupos de alimentos selecionados para o total de sódio disponível para consumo no domicílio e comparou-se com aqueles da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2002-2003.RESULTADOS: A quantidade diária de sódio disponível para consumo nos domicílios brasileiros foi de 4,7 g para ingestão diária de 2.000 kcal, mantendo-se mais de duas vezes superior ao limite recomendado de ingestão desse nutriente. A maior parte do sódio disponível para consumo provém do sal de cozinha e de condimentos à base de sal (74,4%), mas a fração proveniente de alimentos processados com adição de sal aumentou linear e intensamente com o poder aquisitivo domiciliar (12,3% do total de sódio no quinto inferior da distribuição da renda por pessoa e 27,0% no quinto superior). Observou-se redução na contribuição de sal e condimentos à base de sal (76,2% para 74,4%) e dos alimentos in natura ou processados sem adição de sal (6,6% para 4,8%) e aumento dos alimentos processados com adição de sal (15,8% para 18,9%) e dos pratos prontos (1,4% para 1,6%) na comparação com a Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2002-2003.CONCLUSÕES: O consumo de sódio no Brasil mantém-se em níveis acima da recomendação máxima para esse nutriente em todas as macrorregiões e classes de renda brasileiras. Observou-se estabilidade na disponibilidade domiciliar total de sódio e aumento na fração proveniente dos alimentos processados com adição de sal e dos pratos prontos, na comparação de 2008-2009 com 2002-2003.

Wind-CSP short-term coordination by MILP approach

This paper is on the maximization of total profit in a day-ahead market for a price-taker producer needing a short-term scheduling for wind power plants coordination with concentrated solar power plants, having thermal energy storage systems. The optimization approach proposed for the maximization of profit is a mixed-integer linear programming problem. The approach considers not only transmission grid constraints, but also technical operating constraints on both wind and concentrated solar power plants. Then, an improved short-term scheduling coordination is provided due to the more accurate modelling presented in this paper. Computer simulation results based on data for the Iberian wind and concentrated solar power plants illustrate the coordination benefits and show the effectiveness of the approach.

Desigualdades sociais e tuberculose: análise segundo raça/cor, Mato Grosso do Sul

OBJETIVO Analisar características sociodemográficas e clínico-epidemiológicas dos casos de tuberculose e fatores associados ao abandono e ao óbito na vigência do tratamento. MÉTODOS Estudo epidemiológico baseado em dados notificados de tuberculose em indígenas e não indígenas, segundo raça/cor, em Mato Grosso do Sul, entre 2001 e 2009. Realizou-se análise descritiva dos casos de acordo com as variáveis sexo, faixa etária, zona de residência, exames empregados para o diagnóstico, forma clínica, tratamento supervisionado e situação de encerramento, segundo raça/cor. Utilizou-se análise univariada e múltipla por meio de regressão logística para identificar preditores de abandono e óbito, e odds ratio como medida de associação. Foi construída série histórica de incidência, segundo raça/cor. RESULTADOS Registraram-se 6.962 casos novos de tuberculose no período, 15,6% entre indígenas. Houve predomínio em homens e adultos (20 a 44 anos) em todos os grupos. A maior parte dos doentes indígenas residia na zona rural (79,8%) e 13,5% dos registros nos indígenas ocorreram em < 10 anos. A incidência média no estado foi 34,5/100.000 habitantes, 209,0; 73,1; 52,7; 23,0 e 22,4 entre indígenas, amarelos, pretos, brancos e pardos, respectivamente. Doentes de 20 a 44 anos (OR = 13,3; IC95% 1,9;96,8), do sexo masculino (OR = 1,6; IC95% 1,1;2,3) e de raça/cor preta (OR = 2,5; IC95% 1,0;6,3) mostraram associação com abandono de tratamento, enquanto doentes > 45 anos (OR = 3,0; IC95% 1,2;7,8) e com a forma mista (OR = 2,3; IC95% 1,1;5,0) apresentaram associação com óbito. Apesar de representarem 3,0% da população, os indígenas foram responsáveis por 15,6% das notificações no período. CONCLUSÕES Houve importantes desigualdades em relação ao adoecimento por tuberculose entre as categorias estudadas. As incidências nos indígenas foram consistentemente maiores, chegando a exceder em mais de seis vezes as médias nacionais. Entre pretos e pardos, piores resultados no tratamento foram observados, pois apresentaram chance de abandono duas vezes maior que os indígenas. O mau desempenho do programa também esteve fortemente associado ao abandono e ao óbito. Acredita-se que, enquanto não se reduzir a pobreza, as desigualdades nos indicadores em saúde permanecerão.

Eventos adversos a medicamentos em hospital terciário: estudo piloto com rastreadores

OBJETIVO : Estimar a frequência e caracterizar os eventos adversos a medicamentos em hospital de cuidados terciários. MÉTODOS : Revisão retrospectiva de 128 prontuários de hospital do Rio de Janeiro, em 2007, representando 2.092 pacientes. A ferramenta utilizada foi uma lista de rastreadores, como antídotos, análises laboratoriais com resultados anormais, suspensão brusca de medicação e outros. Foi extraída amostra aleatória simples daqueles pacientes com 15 anos ou mais de idade. Foram excluídos pacientes oncológicos e da obstetrícia, e os internados por menos de 48 horas ou na emergência. Os pacientes com e sem eventos adversos a medicamentos foram comparados quanto a características sociais, demográficas e de doenças, para testar as diferenças entre os grupos. RESULTADOS : Cerca de 70,0% dos prontuários apresentaram no mínimo um rastreador. A capacidade dos rastreadores de identificar eventos adversos a medicamentos foi 14,4%. A incidência de eventos adversos a medicamentos foi 26,6/100 pacientes. Foram identificados um ou mais eventos em 15,6% dos pacientes. O tempo mediano de permanência hospitalar foi 35,2 dias para os pacientes com eventos adversos a medicamentos e 10,7 dias para os demais (p < 0,01). As classes de medicamentos mais envolvidos foram as que atuam sobre o aparelho cardiovascular e sobre o sistema nervoso, e os do trato digestivo e metabolismo. Os fármacos mais imputados foram: tramadol, dipirona, glibenclamida e furosemida. Do total de eventos, 82,0% contribuíram ou provocaram danos temporários ao paciente e demandaram intervenção, e 6,0% podem ter contribuído para o óbito do paciente. Estima-se que o hospital apresente, anualmente, 131 eventos de sonolência e lipotimia, 33 quedas e 33 hemorragias potencialmente associados aos medicamentos. CONCLUSÕES : Quase 1/6 dos pacientes internados apresentou um evento adverso a medicamentos (16,0%). A ferramenta estudada pode ser útil como técnica de monitoramento e avaliação do resultado dos cuidados aos pacientes internados. A revisão da terapia com psicotrópicos merece ser feita, dada a frequência de eventos associados, como sedação excessiva, letargia, queda e hipotensão.

Screening for depressive symptoms in older adults in the Family Health Strategy, Porto Alegre, Brazil

OBJECTIVE To analyze the prevalence of depression in older adults and associated factors. METHODS Cross-sectional study using a stratified random sample of 621 individuals aged ≥ 60 from 27 family health teams in Porto Alegre, RS, Southern Brazil, between 2010 and 2012. Community health agents measured depression using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. Scores of ≥ 6 were considered as depression and between 11 and 15 as severe depression. Poisson regression was used to search for independent associations of sociodemographic and self-perceived health with both depression and its severity. RESULTS The prevalence of depression was 30.6% and was significantly higher in women (35.9% women versus 20.9% men, p < 0.001). The variables independently associated with depression were: female gender (PR = 1.4, 95%CI 1.1;1.8); low education, especially illiteracy (PR = 1.8, 95%CI 1.2;2 6); regular self-rated health (OR = 2.2, 95%CI 1.6;3.0); and poor/very poor self-rated health (PR = 4.0, 95%CI 2.9;5.5). Except for education, the strength of association of these factors increases significantly in severe depression. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of depression was observed in the evaluations conducted by community health agents, professionals who are not highly specialized. The findings identified using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale in this way are similar to those in the literature, with depression more associated with low education, female gender and worse self-rated health. From a primary health care strategic point of view, the findings become still more relevant, indicating that community health agents could play an important role in identifying depression in older adults.

H.264/AVC backward compatible Bit-Depth scalable video coding

As high dynamic range video is gaining popularity, video coding solutions able to efficiently provide both low and high dynamic range video, notably with a single bitstream, are increasingly important. While simulcasting can provide both dynamic range videos at the cost of some compression efficiency penalty, bit-depth scalable video coding can provide a better trade-off between compression efficiency, adaptation flexibility and computational complexity. Considering the widespread use of H.264/AVC video, this paper proposes a H.264/AVC backward compatible bit-depth scalable video coding solution offering a low dynamic range base layer and two high dynamic range enhancement layers with different qualities, at low complexity. Experimental results show that the proposed solution has an acceptable rate-distortion performance penalty regarding the HDR H.264/AVC single-layer coding solution.

The influence of health expenditures on household impoverishment in Brazil

OBJECTIVE To analyze the variation in the proportion of households living below the poverty line in Brazil and the factors associated with their impoverishment. METHODS Income and expenditure data from the Household Budget Survey, which was conducted in Brazil between 2002-2003 (n = 48,470 households) and 2008-2009 (n = 55,970 households) with a national sample, were analyzed. Two cutoff points were used to define poverty. The first cutoff is a per capita monthly income below R$100.00 in 2002-2003 and R$140.00 in 2008-2009, as recommended by the Bolsa Família Program. The second, which is proposed by the World Bank and is adjusted for purchasing power parity, defines poverty as per capita income below US$2.34 and US$3.54 per day in 2002-2003 and 2008-2009, respectively. Logistic regression was used to identify the sociodemographic factors associated with the impoverishment of households. RESULTS After subtracting health expenditures, there was an increase in households living below the poverty line in Brazil. Using the World Bank poverty line, the increase in 2002-2003 and 2008-2009 was 2.6 percentage points (6.8%) and 2.3 percentage points (11.6%), respectively. Using the Bolsa Família Program poverty line, the increase was 1.6 (11.9%) and 1.3 (17.3%) percentage points, respectively. Expenditure on prescription drugs primarily contributed to the increase in poor households. According to the World Bank poverty line, the factors associated with impoverishment include a worse-off financial situation, a household headed by an individual with low education, the presence of children, and the absence of older adults. Using the Bolsa Família Program poverty line, the factors associated with impoverishment include a worse-off financial situation and the presence of children. CONCLUSIONS Health expenditures play an important role in the impoverishment of segments of the Brazilian population, especially among the most disadvantaged.

Gender differences in the association between tooth loss and obesity among older adults in Brazil

OBJECTIVE To analyze if differences according to gender exists in the association between tooth loss and obesity among older adults.METHODS We analyzed data on 1,704 older adults (60 years and over) from the baseline of a prospective cohort study conducted in Florianopolis, SC, Southern Brazil. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association between tooth loss and general and central obesity after adjustment for confounders (age, gender, skin color, educational attainment, income, smoking, physical activity, use of dentures, hypertension, and diabetes). Linear regressions were also assessed with body mass index and waist circumference as continuous outcomes. Interaction between gender and tooth loss was further assessed.RESULTS Overall mean body mass index was 28.0 kg/m2. Mean waist circumference was 96.8 cm for males and 92.6 cm for females. Increasing tooth loss was positively associated with increased body mass index and waist circumference after adjustment for confounders. Edentates had 1.4 (95%CI 1.1;1.9) times higher odds of being centrally obese than individuals with a higher number of teeth; however, the association lost significance after adjustment for confounders. In comparison with edentate males, edentate females presented a twofold higher adjusted prevalence of general and central obesity. In the joint effects model, edentate females had a 3.8 (95%CI 2.2;6.6) times higher odds to be centrally obese in comparison with males with more than 10 teeth present in both the arches. Similarly, females with less than 10 teeth in at least one arch had a 2.7 (95%CI 1.6;4.4) times higher odds ratio of having central obesity in comparison with males with more than 10 teeth present in both the arches.CONCLUSIONS Central obesity was more prevalent than general obesity among the older adults. We did not observe any association between general obesity and tooth loss. The association between central obesity and tooth loss depends on gender – females with tooth loss had greater probability of being obese.

Bullying among adolescents in a Brazilian urban center – “Health in Beagá” Study

OBJECTIVE To analyze the prevalence of bullying and its associated factors in Brazilian adolescents.METHODS Data were used from a population-based household survey conducted by the Urban Health Observatory (OSUBH) utilizing probability sampling in three stages: census tracts, residences, and individuals. The survey included 598 adolescents (14-17 years old) who responded questions on bullying, sociodemographic characteristics, health-risk behaviors, educational well-being, family structure, physical activity, markers of nutritional habits, and subjective well-being (body image, personal satisfaction, and satisfaction with their present and future life). Univariate and multivariate analysis was done using robust Poisson regression.RESULTS The prevalence of bullying was 26.2% (28.0% among males, 24.0% among females). The location of most bullying cases was at or on route to school (70.5%), followed by on the streets (28.5%), at home (9.8%), while practicing sports (7.3%), at parties (4.6%), at work (1.7%), and at other locations (1.6%). Reports of bullying were associated with life dissatisfaction, difficulty relating to parents, involvement in fights with peers and insecurity in the neighborhood.CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of bullying among participating adolescents was found, and the school serves as the main bullying location, although other sites such as home, parties and workplace were also reported. Characteristics regarding self-perception and adolescent perceptions of their environment were also associated with bullying, thus advancing the knowledge of this type of violence, especially in urban centers of developing countries.

Synthesis and characterization of COPPER(II) 4´-phenyl-terpyridine compounds and catalytic application for aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols

The reactions between 4'-phenyl-terpyridine (L) and nitrate, acetate or chloride Cu(II) salts led to the formation of [Cu(NO3)(2)L] (1), [Cu(OCOCH3)(2)L]center dot CH2Cl2 (2 center dot CH2Cl2)and [CuCl2L]center dot[Cu(Cl)(mu-Cl)L](2) (3), respectively. Upon dissolving 1 in mixtures of DMSO-MeOH or EtOH-DMF the compounds [Cu(H2O){OS(CH3)(2)}L]-(NO3)(2) (4) and [Cu(HO)(CH3CH2OH)L](NO3) (5) were obtained, in this order. Reaction of 3 with AgSO3CF3 led to [CuCl(OSO2CF3)L] (6). The compounds were characterized by ESI-MS, IR, elemental analysis, electrochemical techniques and, for 2-6, also by single crystal X-ray diffraction. They undergo, by cyclic voltammetry, two single-electron irreversible reductions assigned to Cu(II) -> Cu(I)and Cu(I) -> Cu(0) and, for those of the same structural type, the reduction potential appears to correlate with the summation of the values of the Lever electrochemical EL ligand parameter, which is reported for the first time for copper complexes. Complexes 1-6 in combination with TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl radical) can exhibit a high catalytic activity, under mild conditions and in alkaline aqueous solution, for the aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols. Molar yields up to 94% (based on the alcohol) with TON values up to 320 were achieved after 22 h.

Design and optimization of na ultra wideband and compact microwave antenna for radiometric monitoring of brain temperature

We present the modeling efforts on antenna design and frequency selection to monitor brain temperature during prolonged surgery using noninvasive microwave radiometry. A tapered log-spiral antenna design is chosen for its wideband characteristics that allow higher power collection from deep brain. Parametric analysis with the software HFSS is used to optimize antenna performance for deep brain temperature sensing. Radiometric antenna efficiency (eta) is evaluated in terms of the ratio of power collected from brain to total power received by the antenna. Anatomical information extracted from several adult computed tomography scans is used to establish design parameters for constructing an accurate layered 3-D tissue phantom. This head phantom includes separate brain and scalp regions, with tissue equivalent liquids circulating at independent temperatures on either side of an intact skull. The optimized frequency band is 1.1-1.6 GHz producing an average antenna efficiency of 50.3% from a two turn log-spiral antenna. The entire sensor package is contained in a lightweight and low-profile 2.8 cm diameter by 1.5 cm high assembly that can be held in place over the skin with an electromagnetic interference shielding adhesive patch. The calculated radiometric equivalent brain temperature tracks within 0.4 degrees C of the measured brain phantom temperature when the brain phantom is lowered 10. C and then returned to the original temperature (37 degrees C) over a 4.6-h experiment. The numerical and experimental results demonstrate that the optimized 2.5-cm log-spiral antenna is well suited for the noninvasive radiometric sensing of deep brain temperature.

A high-rate mimo receiver in an FPGA

This paper describes the hardware implementation of a High-Rate MIMO Receiver in an FPGA for three modulations, namely BPSK, QPSK and 16-QAM based on the Alamouti scheme. The implementation with 16-QAM achieves more than 1.6 Gbps with 66% of the resources of a medium-sized Virtex-4 FPGA. This results indicate that the Alamouti scheme is a good design option for hardware implementation of a high-rate MIMO receiver. Also, using an FPGA, the modulation can be dynamically changed on demand.

ERICA: prevalence of healthy eating habits among Brazilian adolescents

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of eating habits considered healthy in adolescents according to sex, age, education level of the mother, school type, session of study, and geographic region. METHODS The assessed data come from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional, national and school-based study. Adolescents of 1,247 schools of 124 Brazilian municipalities were evaluated using a self-administered questionnaire with a section on aspects related to eating behaviors. The following eating behaviors were considered healthy: consuming breakfast, drinking water, and having meals accompanied by parents or legal guardians. All prevalence estimates were presented proportionally, with their respective 95% confidence intervals. The Chi-square test was used to evaluate the differences in healthy eating habits prevalences according to other variables. The module survey of the Stata program version 13.0 was used to analyze complex data. RESULTS We evaluated 74,589 adolescents (72.9% of the eligible students). Of these, 55.2% were female, average age being 14.6 years (SD = 1.6). Among Brazilian adolescents, approximately half of them showed healthy eating habits when consuming breakfast, drinking five or more glasses of water a day, and having meals with parents or legal guardians. All analyzed healthy eating habits showed statistically significant differences by sex, age, type of school, session of study, or geographic region. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that specific actions of intersectoral approach are implemented for the dissemination of the benefits of healthy eating habits. Older female adolescents (15 to 17 years old) who studied in public schools, resided in the Southeast region, and whose mothers had lower education levels, should be the focus of these actions since they present lower frequencies concerning the evaluated healthy habits.

ERICA: prevalences of hypertension and obesity in Brazilian adolescents

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of arterial hypertension and obesity and the population attributable fraction of hypertension that is due to obesity in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS Data from participants in the Brazilian Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), which was the first national school-based, cross-section study performed in Brazil were evaluated. The sample was divided into 32 geographical strata and clusters from 32 schools and classes, with regional and national representation. Obesity was classified using the body mass index according to age and sex. Arterial hypertension was defined when the average systolic or diastolic blood pressure was greater than or equal to the 95th percentile of the reference curve. Prevalences and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of arterial hypertension and obesity, both on a national basis and in the macro-regions of Brazil, were estimated by sex and age group, as were the fractions of hypertension attributable to obesity in the population. RESULTS We evaluated 73,399 students, 55.4% female, with an average age of 14.7 years (SD = 1.6). The prevalence of hypertension was 9.6% (95%CI 9.0-10.3); with the lowest being in the North, 8.4% (95%CI 7.7-9.2) and Northeast regions, 8.4% (95%CI 7.6-9.2), and the highest being in the South, 12.5% (95%CI 11.0-14.2). The prevalence of obesity was 8.4% (95%CI 7.9-8.9), which was lower in the North region and higher in the South region. The prevalences of arterial hypertension and obesity were higher in males. Obese adolescents presented a higher prevalence of hypertension, 28.4% (95%CI 25.5-31.2), than overweight adolescents, 15.4% (95%CI 17.0-13.8), or eutrophic adolescents, 6.3% (95%CI 5.6-7.0). The fraction of hypertension attributable to obesity was 17.8%. CONCLUSIONS ERICA was the first nationally representative Brazilian study providing prevalence estimates of hypertension in adolescents. Regional and sex differences were observed. The study indicates that the control of obesity would lower the prevalence of hypertension among Brazilian adolescents by 1/5.

Produção de biodiesel etílico por via enzimática a partir de óleo de milho transgénico

Mestrado em Engenharia Química