A century of bovine besnoitiosis: an unknown disease re-emerging in Europe.

Bovine besnoitiosis, which is caused by the cyst-forming apicomplexan parasite Besnoitia besnoiti, is a chronic and debilitating vector-borne disease characterized by both cutaneous and systemic manifestations. In Europe, this parasitic disease appeared in a few restricted areas in France and Portugal since the first recorded cases in the beginning of the 20th century. However, at present, the disease is considered to be re-emerging by the European Food Safety Authority due to an increased number of cases and the geographic expansion of besnoitiosis into cattle herds in several European countries. In this review, we will provide an update of the epidemiology and impact of B. besnoiti infection. Strategies to control this parasitic disease will also be discussed.

Grain size distributions of the Bossons glacier (France)

The study presented in this PhD memory aim at better define and quantify the present timeerosion processes in glacial and proglacial domain. The Glacier des Bossons, situated in theMont-Blanc massif (Haute-Savoie, France), is a good example of a natural and nonanthropizedsystem which allows us to study this topic. This glacier lies on two mainlithologies (the Mont-Blanc granite and the metamorphic bedrock) and this peculiarity is usedto determine the origin of the glacial sediments. The sediments were sampled at the glaciersurface and at the glacier sole and also in the subglacial streams in order to understand themechanisms of mechanical erosion and particle transportation in glacial domain. The study ofthe granulometric distribution and the origin of the sediments were performed by a lithologicanalysis at macro-scale (naked-eye) and a geochemical analysis at micro-scale (U-Pb datingof zircons). These analyses allowed specifying the characteristics of glacial erosion andtransport. (1) the supraglacial sediments derived from the erosion of the rocky valley sides aremainly coarse and the glacial transport does not mix these clasts with those derived from thesub-glacial erosion, except in the lower tongue; (2) the sub-glacial erosion rates areinhomogeneous, erosion under the temperate glacier (0.4-0.8 mm/yr) is at least sixteen timesmore efficient than the erosion under the cold glacier (0.025-0.05 mm/yr); (3) the sub-glacialsediments contain a silty and sandy fraction, resulting from processes of abrasion andcrushing, which is evacuated by sub-glacial streams. The high-resolution temporal acquisitionof hydro-sedimentary data during the 2010 melt season, between the May 5th and theSeptember 17th, allowed defining the seasonal behavior of the hydrologic and sedimentaryfluxes. The sediment exportation occurs mainly during the melt season therefore, quantify thesediment fluxes in the Bossons stream and measure regularly the topographic evolution of thefluvio-glacial system allows to perform a sedimentary balance of the erosion of glacial andnon-glacial domains. During the year 2010, about 3000 tons of sediments were eroded with430 tons settled on the fluvio-glacial system. By analyzing the evolution of suspendedparticulate matter concentrations in the Bossons stream upstream and downstream the fluvioglacialsystem, the part of glacial erosion and non-glacial denudation in the sedimentarybalance could be proportioned. The erosion during the stormy events of the uncoveredmoraines, confining the fluvio-glacial system of the Bossons stream, furnishes at least 59% ofthe sediments exported by the Bossons stream and glacial erosion (41% of the flux) istherefore less efficient comparatively. The long-term evolution of the glacial systems inperiod of global warming would show a sustained erosion of proglacial environments(mountain sides and moraines) recently exposed and therefore an increasing of the detritalfluxes. The Glacier des Bossons protects the summit of the Mont-Blanc, the differentialerosion between zones under the ice and non-glacial could lead to an increase of thedifference of altitude between valleys and summits.

Academie to atelier : the artistic education of American women in nineteenth-century Paris

This paper puts forth an alternate reading of the artistic climate in late nineteenth-century Paris than that which has traditionally been suggested. I propose that the expansion of creative opportunity during this time reveals a climate of communal support, consent, and progressive reform for women artists, rather than a struggle to undermine central (masculine) control, as many scholars have claimed. Specifically, I explore the work of American expatriates living in Paris, including but not limited to Cecilia Beaux, Anna Klumpke, Alice Kellogg, and Ellen Day Hale. The birth of the private academy in Paris offered women the chance to develop their artistic ability and assert their independence. The Académie Julian in particular provided a comparatively accepting and progressive environment where American women studying abroad could study from the nude model, receive proper training, and explore their full creative potential. Through an examination of a) these women’s self-portraits, and b) depictions of them painted by their contemporaries – both male and female – I further investigate the artistic education of American women in the highly-gendered cultural milieu of late nineteenth-century France.

Dissertation sur l'architecture françoise, qui par les paralleles puisés dans la France & dans l'antiquité la plus reculée, tend à démontrer que la nation françoise a atteint le même point de perfection dans la pratique des arts, que les grecs & les romains : project, qui convient à tous les royaumes, suivant lequel il n'y auroit plus de médiocrité dans les arts libéraux & méchaniques, ni de citoyens pauvres ou malheureux : invention d'un ordre françois, très-neuf dans toute sa composition, & propre à tous les genres d'exécution.

Signatures: pi1 a¹² A-E¹² F⁶.

An eighteenth century miscellany; the classics of the eighteenth century which typify and reveal an era: Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, John Gay...[and others]

Swift, Jonathan. The Drapier's letters.--Pope, Alexander. The Dunciad.--Gay, John. The beggar's opera.--Chesterfield, Earl of. Selected letters to his son.-- Sterne, Laurence. A sentimental journey through France and Italy.--Walpole, Horace. The castle of Otranto.--Sheridan, R. B. The school for scandal.--Gibbon, Edward. Memoirs of my life and writings.--Blake, William. Songs of innocence and songs of experience.

Regionalism in France,

"Bibliographical note": p. xi-xii; bibliographical footnotes.

Revue du droit public et de la science politique en France et à l'étranger.

Editor: 1894- F. Larnaude.

The war of Ormuzd and Ahriman in the nineteenth century.

The Holy alliance.--The conspiracy of Laybach and Verona.--The revolt of France and Poland against the holy conspirators.-- The revolt of Europe in 1848 against the holy conspirators. Germany.--The revolt in Europe in 1848 against the holy conspirators. Hungary.--The dictatorship of Russia in Europe.--The relations of American and English librty to the Russian dictatorship.--The American republic and the last war of freedom and despotism.

Annuaire-bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de France.

"Liste des ouvrages publiés par la Société de l'histoire de France depuis sa Fondation en 1834," xvi p., appended to v. 39, 1902.

The new France.

"The first chapter of this book is reprinted, with additions and omissions, from a work entitled ʻChapters in European history,ʼ which has long been out of print. The greater part of the rest of it is reclaimed from the Quarterly review, the Dublin review, the Fortnightly review, and the Nineteenth century."--p.xviii.

Examen des decrets du Concile de Trente, et de la Jurisprudence Françoise sur le mariage : tome second.

Mode of access: Internet.

Le Crédit foncier de France ; son histoire, ses opérations, son avenir /

Mode of access: Internet.

Examen des decrets du Concile de Trente, et de la Jurisprudence Françoise sur le mariage : tome premier.

Mode of access: Internet.

Traité du crédit foncier : ou Explication théorique et pratique de la législation relative au crédit foncier en France... suivi d'un exposé de l'organisation des institutions de crédit foncier dans les divers états de l'Europe /

Mode of access: Internet.