O efeito da adubação foliar na variedade de batata (Solanum tuberosum) de indústria “LADY ROSETTA”

A batata está sujeita a stresses bióticos (doenças, pragas, infestantes) e abióticos (condições climáticas, secura, excesso de água, ou fitotoxicidade provocada por herbicidas, entre outros). Os adubos foliares contendo nutrientes (macro e micronutrientes) poderão contribuir para uma melhor nutrição da planta, para além de exercer uma ação benéfica ao nível do potencial hídrico da folha e sua proteção contra os diversos inimigos bióticos. Instalou-se um ensaio em Marinhais na variedade de batata de indústria Lady Rosetta, para avaliar o efeito da adubação foliar de uma gama de adubos foliares “Humigel”, contendo, entre outros nutrientes, o enxofre e o potássio, numa situação de fitotoxidade causada pela aplicação de um herbicida. O ensaio foi instalado com um dispositivo experimental de parcelas totalmente aleatórias, com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram a aplicação de “Humigel” e sem aplicação (testemunha). A produção comercial nas parcelas com “Humigel” foi significativamente mais elevada (48 192 kg/ha) do que nas parcelas testemunha (43 458 kg/ha). Não se registaram diferenças significativas ao nível do número de tubérculos (comercial e total) por planta, nem ao nível dos parâmetros de qualidade (peso específico e teste de fritura).

Effect of foliar application of Cu, Zn, and Mn on yield and quality indicators of winter wheat grain

Micronutrients are part of many crucial physiological plant processes. The combined application of N and micronutrients helps in obtaining grain yield with beneficial technological and consumer properties. The main micronutrients needed by cereals include Cu, Mn, and Zn. The subject of this study was to determine yield, quality indicators (protein content and composition, gluten content, grain bulk density, Zeleny sedimentation index, and grain hardness), as well as mineral content (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe) in winter wheat grain ( Triticum aestivum L.) fertilized by foliar micronutrient application. A field experiment was carried out at the Educational and Experimental Station in Tomaszkowo, Poland. The application of mineral fertilizers (NPK) supplemented with Cu increased Cu content (13.0%) and ω, α/β, and γ (18.7%, 4.9%, and 3.4%, respectively) gliadins in wheat grain. Foliar Zn fertilization combined with NPK increased Cu content (14.9%) as well as high (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) glutenins (38.8% and 6.7%, respectively). Zinc fertilization significantly reduced monomeric gliadin content and increased polymeric glutenin content in grain, which contributed in reducing the gliadin:glutenin ratio (0.77). Mineral fertilizers supplemented with Mn increased Fe content in wheat grain (14.3%). It also significantly increased protein (3.8%) and gluten (4.4%) content, Zeleny sedimentation index (12.4%), and grain hardness (18.5%). Foliar Mn fertilization increased the content of ω, α/β, and γ gliadin fractions (19.9%, 9.5%, and 2.1%, respectively), as well as HMW and LMW glutenins (18.9% and 4.5%, respectively). Mineral NPK fertilization, combined with micronutrients (Cu + Zn + Mn), increased Cu and Zn content in grain (22.6% and 17.7%, respectively). The content of ω, α/β, and γ gliadins increased (20.3%, 10.5%, and 12.1%, respectively) as well as HMW glutenins (7.9%).

Estimativa da área foliar do antúrio com o uso de funções de regressão

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar quais variáveis dimensionais da folha são mais adequadas para utilização na estimativa da área foliar do antúrio (Anthurium andraeanum), cv. Apalai, por meio de equação de regressão linear, e comparar o desempenho de diferentes funções de regressão obtidas com o uso de aprendizado de máquina (AM). A variável que melhor estimou a área foliar foi o produto das dimensões lineares (comprimento e largura), CxL, sendo a equação proposta Af = 0.9672 *C x L, com coeficiente de determinação (R²) de 0,99. Verificou-se, também, com o uso de AM, que as funções lineares são mais adequadas para a estimação da área foliar dessa espécie vegetal.

Combinación de diferentes estrategias de aplicación de hongos entomopatógenos para el control de Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) y Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera:Aleyrodidae)

Los ascomicetos mitospóricos entomopatógenos, que actúan por vía tegumentaria, han sido utilizados para el control microbiano de plagas mediante distintas estrategias que permiten el contacto de sus conidios con los insectos diana. Sin embargo, se conocen nuevos aspectos sobre su función ecológica tales como su capacidad secretora de compuestos con actividad insecticida, así como su sorprendente comportamiento como endófitos, que complementan su empleo clásico y que pueden pantag ermitir el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias de control de plagas. El empleo conjunto de estos hongos y sus extractos para el control de un insecto polífago de importancia mundial Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) es abordado en el capítulo II, donde se pone de manifiesto la existencia de variación intra- e interespecífica en la virulencia y estrategias patogénicas de las cepas de Beauveria bassiana y Metarhizium brunneum evaluadas frente a larvas del noctuido. La aplicación conjunta de cepas con distintas estrategias patogénicas junto con sus extractos a larvas del lepidóptero tuvo efecto aditivo, y alguno antagónico, de lo que depende su empleo conjunto. Los capítulos III y IV revelan la existencia de colonización endofítica transitoria tras la aplicación foliar de suspensiones de conidios de cepas de las especies mencionadas en alfalfa, tomate y melón, así como el impacto de esta colonización sobre dos fitófagos con diferentes hábitos de alimentación, uno masticador S. littoralis y otro picador-suctor Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). El capítulo III muestra la contribución aditiva de la mortalidad causada por la alimentación de larvas de S. littoralis a expensas de material vegetal colonizado endofíticamente por cepas de B. bassiana y M. anisopliae con la debida al tratamiento tópico de las mismas con las suspensiones fúngicas. El origen de la mortalidad iniciada a través de la vía digestiva en larvas de este lepidóptero permanece incierto para las cepas de B. bassiana, pero podría estar asociado a la presencia en la planta de metabolitos fúngicos en las cepas de M. brunneum como denota la presencia de destruxina (dtx) A en el 11,0% de los cadáveres. El capítulo IV revela que cepas de ambas especies fúngicas pueden iniciar ciclos de infección en insectos picadores-suctores cuando se alimentan a expensas de sustrato vegetal colonizado endofíticamente, si bien, ambas especies presentan estrategias diferentes. Así, B. bassiana muestra una gran capacidad para colonizar el melón, incluso con efecto traslaminar, que causa la infección de ninfas de B. tabaci por contacto con el tegumento. Sin embargo, la mortalidad de las mismas causada por M. brunneum, de crecimiento mucho más localizado en la hoja, está relacionada una vez mas con la presencia de dtx A en el 43,0% de los cadáveres. Estos resultados deben ser considerados para la evaluación del impacto real de los tratamientos con hongos entomopatógenos, y abren nuevas vías en el control de plagas.

Regimes of spray vaporization and combustion in counterflow configurations

This article addresses the problem of spray vaporization and combustion in axisymmetric opposed-jet configurations involving a stream of hot air counterflowing against a stream of nitrogen carrying a spray of fuel droplets. The Reynolds numbers of the jets are assumed to be large, so that mixing of the two streams is restricted to a thin mixing layer that separates the counterflowing streams. The evolution of the droplets in their feed stream from the injection location is seen to depend fundamentally on the value of the droplet Stokes number, St, defined as the ratio of the droplet acceleration time to the mixing layer strain time close to the stagnation point. Two different regimes of spray vaporization and combustion can be identified depending on the value of St. For values of St below a critical value, equal to 1/4 for dilute sprays with small values of the spray liquid mass loading ratio, the droplets decelerate to approach the gas stagnation plane with a vanishing axial velocity. In this case, the droplets located initially near the axis reach the mixing layer, where they can vaporize due to the heat received from the hot air, producing fuel vapor that can burn with the oxygen in a diffusion flame located on the air side of the mixing layer. The character of the spray combustion is different for values of St of order unity, because the droplets cross the stagnation plane and move into the opposing air stream, reaching distances that are much larger than the mixing layer thickness before they turn around. The vaporization of these crossing droplets, and also the combustion of the fuel vapor generated by them, occur in the hot air stream, without significant effects of molecular diffusion, generating a vaporization-assisted nonpremixed flame that stands on the air side outside the mixing layer. Separate formulations will be given below for these two regimes of combustion, with attention restricted to the near-stagnation-point region, where the solution is self-similar and all variables are only dependent on the distance to the stagnation plane. The resulting formulations display a reduced number of controlling parameters that effectively embody dependences of the structure of the spray flame on spray dilution, droplet inertia, and fuel preferential diffusion. Sample solutions are given for the limiting cases of pure vaporization and of infinitely fast chemistry, with the latter limit formulated in terms of chemistry-free coupling functions that allow for general nonunity Lewis numbers of the fuel vapor.

Application of Lidocaine Spray for Tracheal Intubation in Neonates - A Clinical Trial Study

Background: Tracheal intubation is extremely distressing, painful, and may influence heart rate and blood pressure. Sedatives, analgesics, and muscle relaxants are not commonly used for intubation in neonates. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of lidocaine spray as a non-intravenous drug before neonatal intubation on blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation and time of intubation. Patients and Methods: In a randomized, controlled study each neonate was randomly assigned to one of the two study groups by staffs who were not involved in the infant's care. The allocation concealment was kept in an opaque sealed envelope, and the investigators, the patient care team, and the assessors were blinded to the treatment allocation. The selected setting was NICU unit of a teaching hospital in Ilam city, Iran and participants were 60 neonates with indication of tracheal intubation with gestational age >30 weeks. Patients in the treatment group received lidocaine spray and the placebo group received spray of normal saline prior to intubation. Main outcome measurements were the mean rates of blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, intubation time and lidocaine side effects were measured before and after intubation. Results: Totally 60 newborns including 31 boys and 29 girls were entered into the study (drug group n = 30; placebo group n = 30). Boy/girl ratio in treatment and placebo groups were 1.3 and 0.88, respectively. Mean age ± SD of participants was 34.1 ± 24.8 hours (treatment: 35.3 ± 25.7; placebo: 32.9 ± 24.3; P < 0.0001). Mean weight ± SD of neonates was 2012.5 ± 969 g. Application of lidocaine spray caused a significant reduction of mean intubation time among treatment group compared with placebo group (treatment: 15.03 ± 2.2 seconds; placebo: 18.3 ± 2.3 seconds; P < 0.0001). Mean blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen saturation rate, among neonates in treatment group was reduced after intubation compared with their relevant figures before intubation; however, their differences were not statistically significant except for mean oxygen saturation rate that was reduced significantly in placebo group. No side effects were observed during study. Conclusions: Though the current study revealed some promising results in the application of lidocaine spray during neonatal intubation without any considerable side effects; however, the current investigation could only be considered as a pilot study for further attempts in different locations with higher sample sizes and in different situations.

Current Legal Rules Benefit Spray Applicators When It Comes to Pesticide Drift

Homeowners, landowners, pesticide applicators, and farmers are concerned about pesticide drift. It may injure a homeowner’s garden or flowers or ruin a neighboring farmer’s crop. While no Maryland court has considered the issue of liability from pesticide drift, courts in other states have. These decisions provide some guidance on how a Maryland court might handle the issue. Depending on the facts of the drift case, pesticide applicators and farmers could owe damages for nuisance or trespass case, or for uses inconsistent with the pesticide label.

Teor de clorofila e produtividade do trigo em razão da adubação foliar com boro na presença de aminoácidos.

O trigo é uma cultura de ciclo anual cultivada no inverno. Nas culturas de arroz, trigo, aveia e milho, foram evidenciados boas correlações entre a leitura SPAD e a produtividade de grãos. O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da adubação foliar com boro (B) na presença de aminoácidos (AAs) no teor de clorofila e produtividade de grãos do trigo, assim como na sua correlação. O experimento foi realizado na Embrapa Soja (Londrina - PR), no ano de 2014. O solo da área experimental é classificado como Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos com doses de ácido bórico na presença de aminoácidos, exceto a testemunha. As doses estudadas foram: T1- 0 kg ha-1 de H3BO3 sem aminoácidos (Testemunha); T2- 0 kg ha-1 de H3BO3; T3- 1 kg ha-1 de H3BO3; T4- 2 kg ha-1 de H3BO3; T5- 4 kg ha-1 de H3BO3; T6- 8 kg ha-1 de H3BO3. O plantio da cultivar BRS Pardela foi realizado com semeadora com sistema de plantio direto, com espaçamento entre linha de 50 cm e a densidade de semeadura utilizada foi ajustada para atingir 250.000 plantas ha-1. A adubação de semeadura foi realizada com 40 kg ha-1 de N (ureia), 60 kg ha-1 de P2O5 (superfosfato triplo) + 40 kg ha-1 K2O (KCl) + 2,0 kg ha-1 de Cu (sulfato de cobre 24,5%), 2,0 kg ha-1 de Mn (sulfato de manganês 30%) e 2,0 kg ha-1 de Zn (sulfato de zinco 21%). A adubação em cobertura foi realizada aos 40 dias após o plantio com 20 kg ha-1 K2O (KCl). A adubação foliar com boro e AAs (2 L ha-1) foi realizada na fase final de alongamento e início de pré-espigamento. Foi utilizado o ácido bórico (17%B) e os aminoácidos na concentração (1/200, v/v) com 6,8% de glicina, 4,4% de prolina, 3,3% de ácido glutâmico, 2,7% de alanina, 1,9% de arginina, 1,7% de ácido aspártico, 1,3% de lisina, 1,3% de histidina e 1,0% de leucina. As práticas de proteção de plantas via controle químico de pragas, doenças e plantas daninhas foram realizadas conforme as indicações técnicas para a cultura de trigo a fim de não interferirem nos resultados obtidos. Avaliou-se a produtividade de grãos de trigo e o teor de clorofila, determinado indiretamente no terço médio da folha bandeira de cinco plantas por parcela, no florescimento, por meio de leituras SPAD com auxílio de um clorofilômetro digital (Minolta 502). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F. A comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey e as correlações foram feitas em nível de 5% de significância. Não houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos no teor de clorofila (SPAD) e na produtividade de grãos de trigo. A produtividade média de grãos foi de 4.266 kg ha-1 e 40 SPAD. Não houve correlação entre a leitura SPAD e a produtividade de grãos. Conclui-se que a adubação foliar com boro na presença de aminoácidos não modificou o teor de clorofila e a produtividade de grãos do trigo, bem como não houve correlação entre os fatores.

Tin Oxide Based Composites Derived Using Electrostatic Spray Deposition Technique as Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries

Recent advances in the electric & hybrid electric vehicles and rapid developments in the electronic devices have increased the demand for high power and high energy density lithium ion batteries. Graphite (theoretical specific capacity: 372 mAh/g) used in commercial anodes cannot meet these demands. Amorphous SnO2 anodes (theoretical specific capacity: 781 mAh/g) have been proposed as alternative anode materials. But these materials have poor conductivity, undergo a large volume change during charging and discharging, large irreversible capacity loss leading to poor cycle performances. To solve the issues related to SnO2 anodes, we propose to synthesize porous SnO2 composites using electrostatic spray deposition technique. First, porous SnO2/CNT composites were fabricated and the effects of the deposition temperature (200,250, 300 oC) & CNT content (10, 20, 30, 40 wt %) on the electrochemical performance of the anodes were studied. Compared to pure SnO2 and pure CNT, the composite materials as anodes showed better discharge capacity and cyclability. 30 wt% CNT content and 250 oC deposition temperature were found to be the optimal conditions with regard to energy capacity whereas the sample with 20% CNT deposited at 250 oC exhibited good capacity retention. This can be ascribed to the porous nature of the anodes and the improvement in the conductivity by the addition of CNT. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies were carried out to study in detail the change in the surface film resistance with cycling. By fitting EIS data to an equivalent circuit model, the values of the circuit components, which represent surface film resistance, were obtained. The higher the CNT content in the composite, lower the change in surface film resistance at certain voltage upon cycling. The surface resistance increased with the depth of discharge and decreased slightly at fully lithiated state. Graphene was also added to improve the performance of pure SnO2 anodes. The composites heated at 280 oC showed better energy capacity and energy density. The specific capacities of as deposited and post heat-treated samples were 534 and 737 mAh/g after 70 cycles. At the 70th cycle, the energy density of the composites at 195 °C and 280 °C were 1240 and 1760 Wh/kg, respectively, which are much higher than the commercially used graphite electrodes (37.2-74.4 Wh/kg). Both SnO2/CNTand SnO2/grapheme based composites with improved energy densities and capacities than pure SnO2 can make a significant impact on the development of new batteries for electric vehicles and portable electronics applications.

Condutância estomática, potencial hídrico foliar e emissão de folhas e inflorescência em três genótimpos de coqueiro anão.

1999

Evolução do índice de área foliar e índice SPAD da soja em função da densidade de semeadura.

2016