Diagnóstico reproductivo de vacas destinadas al sacrificio en el rastro municipal de Camoapa, Boaco

La investigación se realizó en el rastro municipal del municipio de Camoapa departamento de Boaco. Los objetivos fueron: Diagnosticar el estado reproductivo y patológico de vacas destinadas al sacrificio en el rastro municipal de Camoapa y proponer estrategias que permitan un adecuado control reproductivo de las mismas. Se evaluó una muestra de 145 animales (por un periodo de tres meses y medio) que equivalen al 25 % del total de hembras que son sacrificadas anualmente en el rastro municipal. El trabajo consistió en visitar el rastro municipal para realizar el examen clínico general a las vacas que serían sacrificadas, identificando los diferentes trastornos reproductivos, así como la edad y peso del feto de las vacas preñadas. Se realizó un examen clínico general, en donde se determinó la triada clínica (frecuencias respiratoria, cardiaca y temperatura), revisión de mucosas y condición corporal. También se realizó el diagnóstico de gestación a través de la palpación rectal el día antes de la matanza y la observación directa. post mortem, al aparato reproductor. Al mismo tiempo se utilizó un formulario que permitió obtener información sobre aspectos de importancia que contribuyeron a enriquecer la información, tales como: causa de la venta o descarte del animal (económicos, problemas reproductivos) y otros. La valoración general de los animales evaluados indica que a este rastro municipal llegan animales normalmente sanos sin embargo hay presencia de anímales con altas frecuencias respiratorias, cardiacas y elevadas temperaturas. El 14.5 % y l.4 % se encontraron con la mucosa vaginal de color pálida e ictérica respectivamente resultados que se atribuyen al alto grado de garrapatas observadas en las vacas destinadas al sacrificio. El 79.3 % vacas presentan menos de 4 partos por lo que son considerados como animales jóvenes, aptos a la reproducción. Este dato se atribuye a los motivos de descarte reflejado por los productores, siendo de mayor relevancia los problemas reproductivos (quistes foliculares: 30.55 %), económica; y otros. Además es importante señalar la falta de asistencia técnica a pequeños productores, lo que indica que en las fincas no se lleva ningún control reproductivo del hato. El 48.3 % de las vacas evaluadas resultaron gestadas y el 57.l %. 27.1 %y l5.7% fueron sacrificadas en el segundo, primer y último tercio de la gestación respectivamente, encontrándose un máximo en la edad fetal de 252 días, faltando pocos días para un posible parto, lo que indica un alto porcentaje de vacas sacrificadas culminando su periodo de gestación. Los resultados permiten proponer estrategias de mejora en las condiciones de manejo, sobre el control sanitario antes y post mortem y sobre la higiene general del rastro: disminuir el manejo que provoca estrés en los animales ante mortero, mejorar el control sanitario del animal a sacrificar y de la carne a distribuir al consumidor, mejorar las condiciones básicas de las instalaciones.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 104]

Mulheres opinam sobre o aborto. Narrador descreve dados da Organização das Nações Unidas - ONU, segundo os quais no Brasil são feitos 10% dos abortos do mundo . Aparecida Shumaher, do Conselho Nacional de Defesa da Mulher, diz que o aborto é questão de responsabilidade ética da mulher, cabendo a ela decidir. Dom Antonio C. de Queiroz, Secretário Geral da Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil (CNBB), afirma que a igreja é radicalmente contra o aborto. Leonor Nunes de Paiva, da OAB-RJ, defende que a mulher deve ter o direito de interromper a gestação. Diz também que a OAB-RJ entende o aborto como assunto para a legislação ordinária. Deputados da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC) consideram que o aborto não é matéria constitucional. José Paulo Bisol (PMDB-RS) afirma que o aborto deve ser tratado no Código Penal, não na Constituição. Eunice Michilis (PFL-AM) sugere o aborto apenas nos casos de estupro, gravidez de alto risco e má formação fetal que leve a uma vida vegetativa. Lídice da Mata (PC do B-BA) defende que a descriminalização do aborto refletiria a busca de articular a lei com os acontecimentos da sociedade e que, para evitar o aborto no Brasil, é preciso implementar políticas de planejamento familiar.

Report on Marine Mammal Unusual Mortality Event UMESE0501Sp: Multispecies Mass Stranding of Pilot Whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), and Dwarf Sperm Whales (Kogia sima) in North Carolina on 15-16 January 2005

On 15-16 January 2005, three offshore species of cetaceans (33 short-finned pilot whales, Globicephala macrorhynchus, one minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, and two dwarf sperm whales, Kogia sima) stranded alive on the beaches of North Carolina. The pilot whales stranded near Oregon Inlet, the minke whale in northern North Carolina, and the dwarf sperm whales near Cape Hatteras. Live strandings of three species in one weekend was unique in North Carolina and qualified as an Unusual Mortality Event. Gross necropsies were conducted on 16-17 January 2005 on 27 pilot whales, two dwarf sperm whales, and the minke whale. Samples were collected for clinical pathology, parasitology, gross pathology, histopathology, microbiology and serology. There was variation in the number of animals sampled for each collection type, however, due to carcasses washing off the beach or degradation in carcass condition during the course of the response. Comprehensive histologic examination was conducted on 16 pilot whales, both dwarf sperm whales, and the minke whale. Limited organ or only head tissue suites were obtained from nine pilot whales. Histologic examination of tissues began in February 2005 and concluded in December 2005 when final sampling was concluded. Neither the pilot whales nor dwarf sperm whales were emaciated although none had recently ingested prey in their stomachs. The minke whale was emaciated; it was likely a dependent calf that became separated from the female. Most serum biochemistry abnormalities appear to have resulted from the stranding and indicated deteriorating condition from being on land for an extended period. Three pilot whales had clinical evidence of pre-existing systemic inflammation, which was supported by histopathologic findings. Although gross and histologic lesions involving all organ systems were noted, consistent lesions were not observed across species. Verminous pterygoid sinusitis and healed fishery interactions were seen in pilot whales but neither of these changes were causes of debilitation or death. In three pilot whales and one dwarf sperm whale there was evidence of clinically significant disease in postcranial tissues which led to chronic debilitation. Cardiovascular disease was present in one pilot whale and one dwarf sperm whale; musculoskeletal disease and intra-abdominal granulomas were present in two pilot whales. These lesions were possible, but not definitive, causal factors in the stranding. Remaining lesions were incidental or post-stranding. The minke whale and three of five tested pilot whales had positive morbillivirus titers (≥1:8 with one at >1:256), but there was no histologic evidence of active viral infection. Parasites (nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes) were collected from 26 pilot whales and two dwarf sperm whales. Sites of collection included stomach, nasal/pterygoid, peribullar sinuses, blubber, and abdominal cavity. Parasite species, locations and loads were within normal limits for free-ranging cetaceans and were not considered causative for the stranding event. Gas emboli lesions which were considered consistent with or diagnostic of sonarassociated strandings of beaked whales or small cetaceans were not found in the whales stranded as part of UMESE0501Sp. Twenty-five heads were examined with nine specific anatomic locations of interest: extramandibular fat, intramandibular fat, auditory meatus, peribullar acoustic fat, peribullar soft tissue, peribullar sinus, pterygoid sinus, melon, and brain. The common finding in all examined heads was verminous pterygoid sinusitis. Intramandibular adipose tissue reddening, typically adjacent to the vascular plexus, was observed in some individuals and could represent localized hemorrhage resulting from vascular rete rupture, hypostatic congestion, or erythrocyte rupture during the freeze/thaw cycle. One cetacean had peracute to acute subdural hemorrhage that likely occurred from thrashing on the beach post-stranding, although its occurrence prior to stranding cannot be excluded. Information provided to NMFS by the U.S. Navy indicated routine tactical mid-frequency sonar operations from individual surface vessels over relatively short durations and small spatial scales within the area and time period investigated. No marine mammals were detected by marine mammal observers on operational vessels; standard operating procedure for surface naval vessels operating mid-frequency sonar is the use of trained visual lookouts using high-powered binoculars. Sound propagation modeling using information provided to NMFS indicated that acoustic conditions in the vicinity likely depended heavily on position of the receivers (e.g., range, bearing, depth) relative to that of the sources. Absent explicit information on the location of animals meant that it was not possible to estimate received acoustic exposures from active sonar transmissions. Nonetheless, the event was associated in time and space with naval activity using mid-frequency active sonar. It also had a number of features in common (e.g., the “atypical” distribution of strandings involving multiple offshore species, all stranding alive, and without evidence of common infectious or other disease process) with other sonar-related cetacean mass stranding events. Given that this event was the only stranding of offshore species to occur within a 2-3 day period in the region on record (i.e., a very rare event), and given the occurrence of the event simultaneously in time and space with a naval exercise using active sonar, the association between the naval sonar activity and the location and timing of the event could be a causal rather than a coincidental relationship. However, evidence supporting a definitive association is lacking, and, in particular, there are differences in operational/environmental characteristics between this event and previous events where sonar has apparently played a role in marine mammal strandings. This does not preclude behavorial avoidance of noise exposure. No harmful algal blooms were present along the Atlantic coast south of the Chesapeake Bay during the months prior to the event. Environmental conditions, including strong winds, changes in upwelling- to downwelling-favorable conditions, and gently sloping bathymetry, were consistent with conditions which have been correlated with other mass strandings. In summary, we did not find commonality in gross and histologic lesions that would indicate a single cause for this stranding event. Three pilot whales and one dwarf sperm whale had debilitating conditions identified that could have contributed to stranding, one pilot whale had a debilitating condition (subdural hemorrhage) that could have been present prior to or resulting from stranding. While the pilot and dwarf sperm whale strandings may have had a common cause, the minke whale stranding was probably just coincidental. On the basis of examination of physical evidence in the affected whales, however, we cannot definitively conclude that there was or was not a causal link between anthropogenic sonar activity or environmental conditions (or a combination of these factors) and the strandings. Overall, the cause of UMESE0501Sp in North Carolina is not and likely will not be definitively known. (PDF contains 240 pages)