The impact of labour market status on second and higher-order births. A comparative study of Denmark, Italy, Spain and United Kingdom

This paper investigates the effects of women‘s labour force participation on fertility, as well as the effects of the combined labour force participation of both members of a couple. It specifically focuses on such dimensions as unemployment, earnings, temporary contracts and part-time jobs, and it shows that their effects differ in accordance with national institutions and labour market regulations. Event-history methods and a longitudinal sample of the European Community Household Panel are used in the analyses, concerning the years 1993-2000. The results show that labour market insecurity of one or both members of a couple has a particularly strong impact in reducing birth rates in the Southern European countries studied. The more conventional model of men’s employment combined with housewifery has a positive impact on second or higher order births in United Kingdom, Spain and Italy, while in Denmark the effect is the opposite. These differences are consistent with different national models of combining parental responsibilities and participation by gender across the life course.

Predictors of political orientation among US-born Mexican Americans: cultural identification, acculturation attitudes and socioeconomic status

With each passing election, U.S. political campaigns have renewed their efforts in courting the “Latino vote,” yet the Latino population is not a culturally homogenous voting bloc. This study examined how cultural identifications and acculturation attitudes in U.S. born Mexican Americans interacted with socioeconomic status (SES) to predict political orientation. Individuals who held stronger Mexican identity and supported biculturalism as an acculturation strategy had a more liberal orientation, while belonging to a higher SES group and holding stronger assimilation attitudes predicted a less liberal orientation. Mexican cultural identification interacted with SES such that those who held a weaker Mexican identity, but came from a higher social class were less liberal and more moderate in their political orientation. Weak Mexican identification and higher SES also predicted weaker endorsement of bicultural acculturation attitudes, which in turn, mediated the differences in political orientation. The acceptance of one’s ethnic identity and endorsement of bicultural attitudes predicted a more liberal political orientation. In light of these findings, political candidates should be cautious in how they pander to Latino constituents—referencing the groups’ ethnic culture or customs may distance constituents who are not strongly identified with their ethnic culture.

Epidemiology of incident heart failure in a contemporary elderly cohort: the health, aging, and body composition study.

BACKGROUND: The race- and sex-specific epidemiology of incident heart failure (HF) among a contemporary elderly cohort are not well described. METHODS: We studied 2934 participants without HF enrolled in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study (mean [SD] age, 73.6 [2.9] years; 47.9% men; 58.6% white; and 41.4% black) and assessed the incidence of HF, population-attributable risk (PAR) of independent risk factors for HF, and outcomes of incident HF. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 7.1 years, 258 participants (8.8%) developed HF (13.6 cases per 1000 person-years; 95% confidence interval, 12.1-15.4). Men and black participants were more likely to develop HF. No significant sex-based differences were observed in risk factors. Coronary heart disease (PAR, 23.9% for white participants and 29.5% for black participants) and uncontrolled blood pressure (PAR, 21.3% for white participants and 30.1% for black participants) carried the highest PAR in both races. Among black participants, 6 of 8 risk factors assessed (smoking, increased heart rate, coronary heart disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, uncontrolled blood pressure, and reduced glomerular filtration rate) had more than 5% higher PAR compared with that among white participants, leading to a higher overall proportion of HF attributable to modifiable risk factors in black participants vs white participants (67.8% vs 48.9%). Participants who developed HF had higher annual mortality (18.0% vs 2.7%). No racial difference in survival after HF was noted; however, rehospitalization rates were higher among black participants (62.1 vs 30.3 hospitalizations per 100 person-years, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Incident HF is common in older persons; a large proportion of HF risk is attributed to modifiable risk factors. Racial differences in risk factors for HF and in hospitalization rates after HF need to be considered in prevention and treatment efforts.

Capital cities of federations. On the way to analysing the normative base of their asymmetrical status

Federal Capitals often have special statutes. Compared with member states, they often enjoy a lower degree of self-government and a lesser share in the governing of the federation. Why do actors choose such devices, and how can they be justified in a liberal democracy? Surprisingly, the burgeoning literature on asymmetric federalism (to which our research group has contributed significantly) has overlooked this important feature of a de iure asymmetry, perhaps because political theory up to now has concentrated on cases of multicultural and plurinational federations. However, comparative literature is also rare. This paper is the first step to filling in this gap by comparing some federal capitals. The Federal District model (Washington) is compared to capitals organized as member-states (Berlin and Brussels), and capitals that are cities belonging to a single member state (Ottawa in Ontario). The different features of de iure asymmetry will thereby be highlighted. Some light will be shed on the possible motives, reasons and justifications for the choice of each respective status. The paper opens the door to further research on such status questions by analysing public and parliamentary debates, for example. It paves the way for more thorough research. Sicne the author has been awarded a grant by the Institut d’Estudis Autonòmics, this research will be carried out soon.

Human Rights Status of African Americans Performance Report, FY 2004

Agency Performance Report

Human Rights Status of African Americans Performance Report, FY 2005

Agency Performance Report

Human Rights Status of Women Performance Report, FY 2004

Agency Performance Report

Human Rights Status of Women Performance Report, FY 2005

Agency Performance Report

Midwest Regional Rail Passenger Initiative (MWRRI) Status Report, December 2005

Status report of Midwest Regional Rail Initiative

Age over 40 years increases the failure rate of non-operative management of blunt splenic injuries

Objective: Non-operative management (NOM) of blunt splenic injuries (BSI) is nowadays considered the standard treatment. The study aimed to determine the criteria applied for NOM and to identify risk factors for its failure. Methods: Review of all adult patients with BSI treated at the University Hospital Bern, Switzerland, between 2000 and 2008. Results: There were 206 patients (146 men, 70·9%) with a mean age of 38·2 ± 19·1 years and an Injury Severity Score of 30·9 ± 11·6. The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma classification of the splenic injury was: grade I, n=43 (20·9%); grade II, n=52 (25·2%); grade III, n=60 (29·1%); grade IV, n=42 (20·4%) and grade V, n=9 (4·4%). 47 patients (22·8%) required immediate surgery. Five or more units of red cell transfusions (P<0·001), Glasgow Coma Scale<11 (P=0·009) and age ≥55 years (P=0·038) were associated with primary operative management (OM). 159 patients (77·2%) qualified for NOM, which was successful in 89·9% (143/159). The overall splenic salvage rate was 69·4% (143/206). Multivariate analysis found age ≥40 years to be the only factor independently related to the failure of NOM (P=0·001). Conclusion: Advanced age is associated with an increased failure rate ofNOM in patients with BSI.

Stratification by smoking status reveals an association of CHRNA5-A3-B4 genotype with body mass index in never smokers.

We previously used a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the CHRNA5-A3-B4 gene cluster associated with heaviness of smoking within smokers to confirm the causal effect of smoking in reducing body mass index (BMI) in a Mendelian randomisation analysis. While seeking to extend these findings in a larger sample we found that this SNP is associated with 0.74% lower body mass index (BMI) per minor allele in current smokers (95% CI -0.97 to -0.51, P = 2.00 × 10(-10)), but also unexpectedly found that it was associated with 0.35% higher BMI in never smokers (95% CI +0.18 to +0.52, P = 6.38 × 10(-5)). An interaction test confirmed that these estimates differed from each other (P = 4.95 × 10(-13)). This difference in effects suggests the variant influences BMI both via pathways unrelated to smoking, and via the weight-reducing effects of smoking. It would therefore be essentially undetectable in an unstratified genome-wide association study of BMI, given the opposite association with BMI in never and current smokers. This demonstrates that novel associations may be obscured by hidden population sub-structure. Stratification on well-characterized environmental factors known to impact on health outcomes may therefore reveal novel genetic associations.

Prédiction des durées de séjour en réadaptation en fonction du status fonctionnel

Objectif : En Suisse, la réadaptation est financée en partie par l'assureur qui fixe préalablement à l'admission un nombre de jours (durée garantie) qu'il s'engage à rembourser. Lorsqu'une durée garantie est trop courte, une demande de prolongation est nécessaire, induisant des démarches administratives. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient a) d'étudier le lien entre durées garanties et caractéristiques du patient ; b) d'estimer les coûts liés aux demandes de prolongation ; c) d'évaluer l'impact de l'introduction d'un modèle d'attribution de durée garantie basé sur l'état fonctionnel du patient.¦Méthodes : Les corrélations entre état fonctionnel, durée effective et durée garantie ont été testées sur 208 séjours représentatifs. Des durées garanties fictives ont été calculées à partir de la médiane de durée de séjour de 2 335 patients, groupés selon leur niveau fonctionnel (score des activités de base de la vie quotidienne (BAVQ) 0-1 vs 2-4 vs 5-6), puis comparées aux durées de séjour effectives et garanties.¦Résultats : L'état fonctionnel du patient n'est pas corrélé à la durée garantie, et 69 % des séjours nécessitent au moins une demande de prolongation, représentant 2,6 équivalents temps plein en temps administratif projeté sur le canton. L'application du modèle proposé réduirait de 28 % les demandes de prolongation, et n'augmenterait que marginalement la proportion de jours garantis en surplus (11,2 % contre 6,5 % actuellement).¦Conclusion : L'utilisation systématique d'un modèle d'attribution de durées garanties basées sur l'état fonctionnel du patient permettrait de réduire sensiblement les coûts administratifs liés aux demandes de prolongation, sans entraîner de risque accru d'une augmentation de la durée de séjour.

Jacobus de Vitriaco, Sermones vulgares seu ad omnes status.

Au f. 153, ex-libris lavé, du XIVe s. (lampe de Wood): "Iste liber est Hugoni de Villeni Sancti Ligari [...] quem emit ab exequo (?) defuncti domini Stephani de Susciaco presbiteri". Dans l'obituaire de la cathédrale de Paris, publié par A. Molinier (Obituaires de la province de Sens, I, Paris, 1902, 91-240), le décès de Stephanus de Susiaco [Etienne de Suizy], "presbiter cardinalis", est mentionné à la date du 11 décembre 1311 (p. 208). En-dessous, un second ex-libris du XIVe s. a été gratté: "Iste liber est [...] rectoris [...] Carnotensis dyocesis". Il est suivi par une mention d'achat partiellement lisible, du XIVe s.: "Vendidi [...] ante s. crucem text. sextio casus quosdam decretalium vendedi magister Stephanus de Lugello habuit [...] tamquam (?) de bonis iste [...] + Richardus ad bonum baculum tenetur presens I. et marg. emo [...], debet XXVII s. IIII d. par. medi augusti. Solvi V p. De quibus se [...] Anchi (?) Yvoni X sol. par. IIII d. par." Ce ms. a été acheté par Claude Joly, chantre de Notre-Dame de Paris, à Chaumont-en-Bassigny en 1655, comme l'indique la note de Claude Joly au contreplat sup.: "Cl. Joly M. oct. 1658. J'ay eu ce mss. a Chaumont en Bassigni en 1655". En-dessous de cette note figure l'ex-libris "A la bibliotheque de l'Eglise de Paris", précédé de la cote C18 (fin XVIIe s.-début XVIIIe s.). Notre-Dame.