Amerika-yi şimali kıtʾası haritasıdır.

Covers the continent of North America.

Kʻristʻian tʻalimatʻě, yani, Kʻristʻian tinin pashlěcha tʻalimatʻě iwzērinē siwal u chēvaplēr [sic] vē miwlahazalar.

Mode of access: Internet.

Polityka Turcji wobec mniejszości muzułmańskich i niemuzułmańskich w świetle standardów Unii Europejskiej

Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa

"Europe-as-hegemony" and discourses in Turkey after 1999: Dialogue with the Europeanisation literature

It is not a prophecy to say that one of the most common concepts that those working on "Europe" would encounter at various points in different capacities would be "Europeanisation". This buzzword has also been crucial in understanding and explaining for Turkey's European orientation path, which acquired a new dimension and has been carried to a more substantive and institutional level with the Helsinki European Council in December 1999 when Turkey was granted formal candidacy status in its application to join the EU. Especially after this date, the concept of "Europeanisation" and the literature attached to it have almost automatically been employed to assess the relationship between Turkey and different aspects of European integration. For this aim, firstly, I present a tri-fold picture of the European studies. According to this categorisation, the studies dealing with the notion of „Europe‟ could be categorised into three groups: the studies which takes "Europe" as a fixed concept ("Europe-as-fixity"), those which subscribe to a notion of "Europe" solely as a construct ("Europe-as-construct") and the studies which take "Europe" as a contestation ("Europe-as-contestation"). After critically locating the Europeanisation literature within this categorisation, I argue that there is both a historical and epistemological need for the Europeanisation literature to address to the conflictual nature of the notion by focusing on how the discourses on "Europe" hegemonised the Turkish political terrain after 1999 and I introduce the notion of "Europe-as-hegemony". The overall argument is that the hegemony of "Europe" does not originate from the automaticity of the relationship between the European and domestic level as stipulated by the Europeanisation literature, but rather from the power of discourses on "Europe" and their ability to hegemonise the political realm. In this respect, this paper offers a novel approach to the Europeanisation literature with a particular focus on the Turkish context where the political is not only given and constructed but is also reflexive and open to contestation and negotiation.

Determining phosphine resistance in rust red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) populations from Turkey

Fumigation with phosphine gas is the primary method of controlling stored grain pests. In Turkey, phosphine has been used extensively since the 1950's. Even though high levels of phosphine resistance have been detected in several key stored products pests across the world, it has never been studied in Turkey despite this long history of phosphine use. High-level phosphine resistance has been detected and genetically characterised previously in the rust red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum in other countries. Since this pest is also a common problem in stored grain environment in Turkey, the current study was undertaken for the first time, to investigate the distribution and strength of phosphine resistance in T. castaneum. Four strains of T. castaneum were tested through bioassays for determining the weak and strong phosphine resistance phenotypes on the basis of the response of adults to discriminating phosphine concentrations of 0.03 mg/L and 0.25 mg/L, for 20 hour exposures respectively. Phenotype testing showed all strains exhibited some level of phosphine resistance with a maximum level of 196 fold. Sequencing and genetic testing of seven field-collected strains showed that all of them carried a strong resistance allele in at the rph2 locus similar to the one previously reported. Our results show that strong resistance to phosphine is common in Turkish strains of T. castaneum.

The effect of anxiety and depression scores of couples who underwent assisted reproductive techniques on the pregnancy outcomes.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of anxiety and depression scores of couples who underwent Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART) on pregnancy outcomes. Method: This study was conducted as a prospective and comparative study with 217 couples. The study data was collected by using a semi-structured questionnaire and the Turkish version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The questionnaire, STAI and BDI were applied to couples who initiated ART treatment. Couples’ state anxiety scores were re-evaluated after embryo transfer (ET). Results: A significant relationship was found between the depression score of women and pregnancy outcome (p < 0.05). It was determined that anxiety scores for both men and women were higher before the ART procedure, but their anxiety scores decreased after ET (p < 0.05). Spouses of women with a negative pregnancy outcome had higher trait and state anxiety mean scores (p > 0.05) and lower depression scores (p <0.05) than spouses of women with a positive pregnancy outcome. Conclusion: Study results indicated that the anxiety and depression scores of couples who had achieved a positive pregnancy result were lower than for couples with a negative result. The results of this study will contribute to the health professionals especially to the nurses who spend the most time with couples in providing consulting services and supporting psychological status of couples during ART process in Turkey.

Réactions des bébés au chant et à la parole : impacts sur l’attention et l’affect

Les parents à travers le monde chantent et parlent à leurs bébés. Ces deux types de vocalisations aux enfants préverbaux partagent plusieurs similarités de même que des différences, mais leurs conséquences sur les bébés demeurent méconnues. L’objectif de cette thèse était de documenter l’efficacité relative du chant et de la parole à capter l’attention des bébés sur de courtes périodes de temps (Étude 1) ainsi qu’à réguler l’affect des bébés en maintenant un état de satisfaction sur une période de temps prolongée (Étude 2). La première étude a exploré les réactions attentionnelles des bébés exposés à des enregistrements audio non familiers de chant et de parole. Lors de l’expérience 1, des bébés de 4 à 13 mois ont été exposés à de la parole joyeuse s’adressant au bébé (séquences de syllabes) et des berceuses fredonnées par la même femme. Ils ont écouté significativement plus longtemps la parole, qui contenait beaucoup plus de variabilité acoustique et d’expressivité que les berceuses. Dans l’expérience 2, des bébés d’âges comparables n’ont montré aucune écoute différentielle face à une version parlée ou chantée d’une chanson pour enfant turque, les deux versions étant exprimées de façon joyeuse / heureuse. Les bébés de l’expérience 3, ayant entendu la version chantée de la chanson turque ainsi qu’une version parlée de façon affectivement neutre ou s’adressant à l’adulte, ont écouté significativement plus longtemps la version chantée. Dans l’ensemble, la caractéristique vocale joyeuse plutôt que le mode vocal (chanté versus parlé) était le principal déterminant de l’attention du bébé, indépendamment de son âge. Dans la seconde étude, la régulation affective des bébés a été explorée selon l’exposition à des enregistrements audio non familiers de chant ou de parole. Les bébés ont été exposés à du chant ou de la parole jusqu’à ce qu’ils rencontrent un critère d’insatisfaction exprimée dans le visage. Lors de l’expérience 1, des bébés de 7 à 10 mois ont écouté des enregistrements de paroles s’adressant au bébé, de paroles s’adressant à l’adulte ou du chant dans une langue non familière (turque). Les bébés ont écouté le chant près de deux fois plus longtemps que les paroles avant de manifester de l’insatisfaction. Lors de l’expérience 2, des bébés ont été exposés à des enregistrements de paroles ou de chants issus d’interactions naturelles entre la mère et son bébé, dans une langue familière. Comme dans l’expérience 1, le chant s’adressant au bébé était considérablement plus efficace que les paroles pour retarder l’apparition du mécontentement. La construction temporelle du chant, avec notamment son rythme régulier, son tempo stable et ses répétitions, pourrait jouer un rôle important dans la régulation affective, afin de soutenir l’attention, rehausser la familiarité ou promouvoir l’écoute prédictive et l’entraînement. En somme, les études présentées dans cette thèse révèlent, pour la première fois, que le chant est un outil parental puissant, tout aussi efficace que la parole pour capter l’attention et plus efficace que la parole pour maintenir les bébés dans un état paisible. Ces découvertes soulignent l’utilité du chant dans la vie quotidienne et l’utilité potentielle du chant dans des contextes thérapeutiques variés impliquant des bébés.

Campanha de Galípoli O Estreito de Dardanelos no contexto político-militar internacional

A Campanha de Galípoli foi uma operação ofensiva conduzida pela Grã-Bretanha, que teve como cenário a península de Galípoli, na Turquia (que fazia parte do Império Otomano, na época) entre fevereiro de 1915 e janeiro de 1916. Considerada uma das campanhas mais desgastantes da Grande Guerra. Envolveu uma combinação de forças Britânicas, Francesas, Australianas e Neozelandesas, numa tentativa de dominar o estreito de Dardanelos e subjugar o império Otomano, a fim de obrigar as forças Alemãs a estenderem-se para mais uma frente de guerra e obter uma rota segura com a Rússia através do Mar Negro, para ligar por sul os Aliados, cuja comunicação só podia fazer-se através do estreito. Do lado dos defensores, os Turcos, esta batalha foi uma grande vitória no aspeto militar, que ergueu o orgulho e valor patriótico do povo turco, que eram vistos como um oponente fraco durante o conflito mundial, subestimados pelas suas capacidades de defender o estreito de Dardanelos. Um dos aspetos preponderantes, no resultado, seria que na época a tecnologia utilizada no campo de batalha favorecia maioritariamente o defensor.

Assessment of sea cucumber populations from the Aegean Sea (Turkey): first insights to sustainable management of new fisheries

Sea cucumber stocks have been overfished in many countries. As a consequence, several species (Holothuria polii, Holothuria tubulosa and Holothuria mammata) are now caught in Turkish waters without adequate knowledge on their biology and ecology. Here, we address their morphometry, relationships among gutted length and weight, population dynamics, temporal evolution of catches, and we provide the first insights about technical aspects of their fisheries. The largest size classes of H. polii are missing from our sampling collection, possibly due to the heavy fishery pressure on this species. Significant differences in the eviscerated length and weight were found among the Turkish sampled localities for H. polii and H. tubulosa, respectively. These differences could be explained by higher food availability in some areas and/or differential fishery pressure. The size and weight of H. tubulosa specimens were smaller than those registered for the same species in Greek waters, where this species is not fished. All the studied species showed allometric growth. In the last two years, the sea cucumber fishery in Turkey has been increasing rapidly, reaching a total production of ca. 555 000 kg in 2012 (80% H. polii and 20% H. tubulosa plus H. mammata). For a correct management of these species, we recommend: 1) the reestablishment of species-specific closed fishery season according to the specific reproductive cycle; 2) the assessment of the exploited stocks from the Northern Turkish coasts with estimates of recovery time of their populations; 3) the reduction of fishery efforts, mainly on H. polii and H. tubulosa and 4) the establishment of protected areas (where sea cucumber fisheries are forbidden) to conserve healthy populations which will favour the recruitment on nearby areas.

Host country nationals' support to expatriates:an investigation in Turkey

Using data from 243 executives in Turkey, we investigate the relationship(s) between perceived values similarity, in-group/out-group categorisation, interpersonal effect and Host Country National (HCN) willingness to offer role information and social support to expatriates. Results of this study confirm that HCNs are more likely to offer support to expatriates whom they categorise as in-group, as well as to those who they perceive as holding similar values. In addition, our data suggest that Turkish HCNs are more likely to offer support to Indian expatriates as compared to expatriates from the USA, and to expatriates who are assigned to work as their supervisors rather than to expatriate subordinates. We discuss implications of our findings for multinational corporations and suggest future research ideas.

La santidad compartida: la encrucijada del Islam y la ortodoxia cristiana en los Balcanes, reflejos en Bulgaria

In this doctoral thesis with the title: “The Shared Holiness: The crossroad of Islam and the Christian Orthodoxy in the Balkans, reflections in Bulgaria”, presented by VLADISLAVA SPASOVA ILIEVA, under the direction of Dr. MONTSERRAT ABUMALHAM MAS, and Dr. PEDRO BÁDENAS DE LA PEÑA, we reflect upon the crossroads between the populations in the Balkans, whose conversion into States was significantly influenced by their belonging to the Byzantine and the Ottoman Empires. Known as the crossroads of several cultures, the area was the destination of a massive influx of pagan Slaves, as well as the meeting point of Islam and Christianity. Considering the bidirectionality of the processes, we shall focus on the mutual enrichment brought about in the encounter between the religiosities of the Balkans, and we will discuss these points from different perspectives. In the common Balkan-Anatolian space, we turn our attention to the ancient hermits, with the aim of showing the complicity in the relations of coexistence, whether Islamic-Christian, Turkish-Byzantine, Turkish-Bulgarian, or Ottoman-Balkan, and a possible scheme, that could be valid for both social and spiritual growth of the person, as well as for the development of an ethnic or religious community, when sharing the same space with other populations, communities or ethnicities...

Les Turcs turcophones de France : langues, identités et enjeux culturels

Dans le cadre du projet «Représentations des langues et des identités en Méditerranée en contexte plurilingue» (EA 739 Dipralang), nous avons interrogé les représentations sociolinguistiques de la communauté turque du sud de la France (travailleurs et étudiants), communauté qui continue de pratiquer sa langue maternelle en contexte migratoire. Nous avons plus particulièrement cherché à cerner le rapport à la langue maternelle minorée (le turc) et celui à la langue dominante du pays d’accueil (le français) pour mettre en lumière les liens entre l’attachement à la langue/aux langues et le sentiment d’appartenance au(x) groupe(s). Afin de mieux comprendre la construction des altérités culturelles, nous avons également tenté d’identifier les implications que les représentations sociolinguistiques peuvent avoir sur les plans linguistique et identitaire.

Normative reference values for the 20-meter shuttlerun test in a population-based sample of schoolchildren in Bogota, Colombia: The FUPRECOL Study

Our aim was to determine the normative reference values of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and to establish the proportion of subjects with low CRF suggestive of future cardio-metabolic risk.

Impacto de la resiliencia en pacientes con Artritis Reumatoide

Introducción: La artritis reumatoide (AR) es una enfermedad autoinmune-inflamatoria, que compromete las articulaciones diartrodiales. Tiene una importante repercusión sistémica que incluye la depresión; por lo tanto, tiene un severo impacto sobre la calidad de vida. Es posible que mecanismos de defensa, tales como la resiliencia, puedan amortiguar dicho impacto. Metodología: estudio de corte transversal, multicéntrico (análisis inicial dentro del grupo AR, con muestra no probabilística de 66 pacientes, posterior selección aleatoria simple de 16 pacientes de la muestra inicial y selección de 16 individuos sanos pareados). Posteriormente, se comparó la resiliencia entre sujetos con AR y sujetos sanos, mediante las escalas RS y CD-RISC25. Adicionalmente, se aplicaron las escalas EEAE, EADZ, SF-36 y PANAS. Los datos fueron evaluados mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman, las pruebas U Mann-Whitney, Kruskall-Wallis, T de Student y análisis de varianza. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias significativas en las estrategias de afrontamiento no espirituales en grupos de resiliencia baja, media y alta; diferencias en las medianas de resiliencia en los grupos de depresión por EAZD en los pacientes. No se encontraron resultados significativos en las variables clínicas de la AR ni en la comparación con sujetos sanos. Conclusiones: el uso de estrategias de afrontamiento no espirituales y la ausencia de depresión, se asoció a mayores niveles de resiliencia en los pacientes con AR, por lo cual, los componentes emocionales y cognitivos se asocian a la resiliencia.