Differential encoding of losses and gains in the human striatum.

Studies on human monetary prediction and decision making emphasize the role of the striatum in encoding prediction errors for financial reward. However, less is known about how the brain encodes financial loss. Using Pavlovian conditioning of visual cues to outcomes that simultaneously incorporate the chance of financial reward and loss, we show that striatal activation reflects positively signed prediction errors for both. Furthermore, we show functional segregation within the striatum, with more anterior regions showing relative selectivity for rewards and more posterior regions for losses. These findings mirror the anteroposterior valence-specific gradient reported in rodents and endorse the role of the striatum in aversive motivational learning about financial losses, illustrating functional and anatomical consistencies with primary aversive outcomes such as pain.

RT-PCR法检测污染物甲基汞对调钙质基因表达的抑制

应用RT -PCR方法 ,通过用不同浓度的甲基汞对Hep2B细胞株进行不同时间长短的处理 ,检测其调钙质的mRNA表达水平 ,发现微量的甲基汞处理就可以引起细胞株细胞损伤 ,同时抑制调钙质mRNA的表达 ,进一步证实了在肝脏损伤的病理状态下调钙质基因的表达减少 ,从而为检测环境中甲基汞的含量提供了一个可能的分子生物学手段 .

原位杂交和原位PCR技术在鱼类基因定位中的应用

国家自然科学基金（项目编号：39730290）

水华蓝藻产毒特性的PCR检测法

特异引物对（ＴＯＸ　１Ｐ／１Ｆ；ＴＯＸ　２Ｐ／２Ｆ）用于检测微囊藻毒素合成酶基因ｍｃｙＢ片段在３８种水华蓝藻中的分布情况。结果显示，所有能产生微囊藻毒素的微囊藻都有特异扩增条带，非产毒株则没有。几种常规的毒性检测方法验证了ＰＣＲ方法所获结果的准确性。本研究发展了以全细胞ＰＣＲ法检测ｍｃｙＢ片断，说明全细胞ＰＣＲ检测法适用于不同来源的蓝藻材料。结果证明以ＤＮＡ为基础鉴别产毒和非产毒微囊藻及其他水华蓝藻的方法是可行和实用的。

集胞藻ORFs侧翼序列的PCR扩增和定向基因插入失活策略

针对集胞藻ＰＣＣ６８０３的１９２７个待定编码基因进行了两侧序列的ＰＣＲ扩增。４个亚株基因组在。ｓｌｌ０２６７－ｓｌｌ０２６８－ｓｌｌ０２６９区域的 ＰＣＲ扩增产物与 Ｋａｚｕｓａ ＤＮＡ数据存在差异。以叶绿素合成基因ｃｈｌＨ和ｃｈｌＬ为例，显示三片段连接ＰＣＲ产物可有效用于集胞藻６８０３基因组定向插入失活。

Transparent oxide semiconductors for advanced display applications

The article discusses the progress and issues related to transparent oxide semiconductor (TOS) TFTs for advanced display and imaging applications. Amorphous oxide semiconductors continue to spark new technological developments in transparent electronics on a multitude of non-conventional substrates. Applications range from high-frame-rate interactive displays with embedded imaging to flexible electronics, where speed and transparency are essential requirements. TOS TFTs exhibit high transparency as well as high electron mobility even when fabricated at room temperature. Compared to conventional a-Si TFT technology, TOS TFTs have higher mobility and sufficiently good uniformity over large areas, similar in many ways to LTPS TFTs. Moreover, because the amorphous oxide semiconductor has higher mobility compared to that of conventional a-Si TFT technology, this allows higher-frame-rate display operation. This would greatly benefit OLED displays in particular because of the need for lower-cost higher-mobility analog circuits at every subpixel.

七株微囊藻系统进化关系的RAPD-PCR分析(英文)

应用RAPD－PCR的方法，选用24个随机引物，分析来自不同地区的7株微囊藻的基因组多态性．结果显示，Microcystis．viridis及M.wesenbergii明显与M．aeruginosa区分开．M．aeruginosa分为两个可视为不同种的异源分类单位．作为对照的Anabaenasp．7120与其他微囊藻株表现出完全不同的基因型及更远的遗传距离．此项研究表明，以基因型而不是表现型为基础，分析蓝藻种内及种间区别是可能的．因此，为解决蓝藻分类问题，特别是在种和属的水平上，提供了重要的线索．结合正在

七株微囊藻系统进化关系的RAPD-PCR分析

应用RAPD-PCR的方法,选用24个随机引物,分析来自不同地区的7株微囊藻的基因组多态性。结果显示,Microcystis.viridis及M.wesenbergii明显与M.aeruginosa区分开。M.aeruginosa分为两个可视为不同种的异源分类单位。作为对照的Anabaena sp.7120与其他微囊藻株表现出完全不同的基因型及更远的遗传距离。 此项研究表明,以基因型而不是表现型为基础,分析蓝藻种内及种间区别是可能的。因此,为解决蓝藻分类问题,特别是在种和属的水平上,提供了重要的线索。结合

PCR技术在环境生物学上的应用

ＰＣＲ技术在环境生物学上的应用邱东茹，吴振斌（中国科学院水生生物研究所武汉４３００７２）水是许多疾病的传播途径之一，为监测水环境、水处理系统和供水系统的卫生学质量，需要对水中的病原菌和病毒作检测，由于直接检查水中各种病原微生物方法复杂，如有些细菌很难...

Thin film coil design considerations for wireless power transfer in flat panel display

Wireless power transfer is experimentally demonstrated by transmission between an AC power transmitter and receiver, both realised using thin film technology. The transmitter and receiver thin film coils are chosen to be identical in order to promote resonant coupling. Planar spiral coils are used because of the ease of fabrication and to reduce the metal layer thickness. The energy transfer efficiency as a function of transfer distance is analysed along with a comparison between the theoretical and the experimental results. © 2012 Materials Research Society.

Differential geometry and design coupling in MDO

The notion of coupling within a design, particularly within the context of Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO), is much used but ill-defined. There are many different ways of measuring design coupling, but these measures vary in both their conceptions of what design coupling is and how such coupling may be calculated. Within the differential geometry framework which we have previously developed for MDO systems, we put forth our own design coupling metric for consideration. Our metric is not commensurate with similar types of coupling metrics, but we show that it both provides a helpful geo- metric interpretation of coupling (and uncoupledness in particular) and exhibits greater generality and potential for analysis than those similar metrics. Furthermore, we discuss how the metric might be profitably extended to time-varying problems and show how the metric's measure of coupling can be applied to multi-objective optimization problems (in unconstrained optimization and in MDO). © 2013 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.