牡丹复合体的分子进化和系统学研究---细胞核核糖体基因变异的分析

牡丹复合体(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. Complex)属芍药属牡丹组，为中国特有的落叶亚灌木，野生类型均为濒危种，仅局限分布于以秦岭为中心的较小区域。由于分布区有限，个体数量少，栽培历史长，育种广泛，种间极易杂交，网状进化的广泛发生，使得该复合体分类混乱。本文选取牡丹复合体6个野生种以及2个近缘类群，采用分别基于核酸印迹杂交和聚合酶链式反应的限制性酶切片段长度多态性分析，对细胞核核糖体基因片段ITS/18s的变异进行了分析，并且结合采用微卫星DNA指纹分析技术。选取18种内切酶对特异片段进行酶切消化。共得149个酶切位点，其中67个为变异位点，占45.0%。其中编码区(2．Okb，含18s，5.8s，26s)有突变位点29个，占该区段长度的1.4%;非编码区(490bp，含ITS-1，ITS-2)有突变位点38个，占该区段长度的7.8%。由此，可明显比较二者进化的保守程度和进化速率。两段间隔区的变异程度也存在差异。ITS-1为6.0%．ITS-2为9.9%。这说明构建系统树时二者的选用应得到综合考虑或加权。在复合体内不存在长度变异，即无缺失或插入发生，暗示了该复合体各种之间亲缘关系的紧密。根据Neighbor-joining法并计算遗传距离构建系统关系图，结果如下：(1)卵叶牡丹（神农架红花类群）与紫斑牡丹分化较早，考虑其与复合体内其它各种之间的遗传距离，支持将其定为新种的观点;(2)神农架白花类群与与卵叶牡丹亲缘关系非常相近，这一结果支持了来自其它分子和表型分析的结果;(3)延安牡丹与紫斑牡丹亲缘关系极近，但与矮牡丹关系较远，是否为上述两个种的杂交种，目前为止尚无充分的证据，作为存疑种处理;(4)川牡丹和矮牡丹进化关系密切，这一结果与ITS序列分析结果完全一致，加之其地理分布式样的不连续性说明了它们的古老和残存性质，这可进而推广至本复合体乃至整个牡丹组。我们认为现存的分布格局可能是地理与气候演化的产物，估计牡丹组的野牡丹复合体从本复合体分化出去的时间约为310 - 750万年前。由于基因间协调进化的不均一作用和该类群杂种的早期起源限制了核糖体基因在追溯其网状进化历程上的作用，这符合基因转换的梯度理论。最后讨论了nrDNA得到的基因树与其它的基因树和种系树之间的关系。

Size-dependent trajectories of DNA macromolecules due to insulative dielectrophoresis in submicrometer-deep fluidic channels.

In this paper, we demonstrate for the first time that insulative dielectrophoresis can induce size-dependent trajectories of DNA macromolecules. We experimentally use lambda (48.5 kbp) and T4GT7 (165.6 kbp) DNA molecules flowing continuously around a sharp corner inside fluidic channels with a depth of 0.4 mum. Numerical simulation of the electrokinetic force distribution inside the channels is in qualitative agreement with our experimentally observed trajectories. We discuss a possible physical mechanism for the DNA polarization and dielectrophoresis inside confining channels, based on the observed dielectrophoresis responses due to different DNA sizes and various electric fields applied between the inlet and the outlet. The proposed physical mechanism indicates that further extensive investigations, both theoretically and experimentally, would be very useful to better elucidate the forces involved at DNA dielectrophoresis. When applied for size-based sorting of DNA molecules, our sorting method offers two major advantages compared to earlier attempts with insulative dielectrophoresis: Its continuous operation allows for high-throughput analysis, and it only requires electric field strengths as low as approximately 10 Vcm.

Saline-saturated DMSO-EDTA as a storage medium for microbial DNA analysis from coral mucus swab samples

The mucus surface layer of corals plays a number of integral roles in their overall health and fitness. This mucopolysaccharide coating serves as vehicle to capture food, a protective barrier against physical invasions and trauma, and serves as a medium to host a community of microorganisms distinct from the surrounding seawater. In healthy corals the associated microbial communities are known to provide antibiotics that contribute to the coral’s innate immunity and function metabolic activities such as biogeochemical cycling. Culture-dependent (Ducklow and Mitchell, 1979; Ritchie, 2006) and culture-independent methods (Rohwer, et al., 2001; Rohwer et al., 2002; Sekar et al., 2006; Hansson et al., 2009; Kellogg et al., 2009) have shown that coral mucus-associated microbial communities can change with changes in the environment and health condition of the coral. These changes may suggest that changes in the microbial associates not only reflect health status but also may assist corals in acclimating to changing environmental conditions. With the increasing availability of molecular biology tools, culture-independent methods are being used more frequently for evaluating the health of the animal host. Although culture-independent methods are able to provide more in-depth insights into the constituents of the coral surface mucus layer’s microbial community, their reliability and reproducibility rely on the initial sample collection maintaining sample integrity. In general, a sample of mucus is collected from a coral colony, either by sterile syringe or swab method (Woodley, et al., 2008), and immediately placed in a cryovial. In the case of a syringe sample, the mucus is decanted into the cryovial and the sealed tube is immediately flash-frozen in a liquid nitrogen vapor shipper (a.k.a., dry shipper). Swabs with mucus are placed in a cryovial, and the end of the swab is broken off before sealing and placing the vial in the dry shipper. The samples are then sent to a laboratory for analysis. After the initial collection and preservation of the sample, the duration of the sample voyage to a recipient laboratory is often another critical part of the sampling process, as unanticipated delays may exceed the length of time a dry shipper can remain cold, or mishandling of the shipper can cause it to exhaust prematurely. In remote areas, service by international shipping companies may be non-existent, which requires the use of an alternative preservation medium. Other methods for preserving environmental samples for microbial DNA analysis include drying on various matrices (DNA cards, swabs), or placing samples in liquid preservatives (e.g., chloroform/phenol/isoamyl alcohol, TRIzol reagent, ethanol). These methodologies eliminate the need for cold storage, however, they add expense and permitting requirements for hazardous liquid components, and the retrieval of intact microbial DNA often can be inconsistent (Dawson, et al., 1998; Rissanen et al., 2010). A method to preserve coral mucus samples without cold storage or use of hazardous solvents, while maintaining microbial DNA integrity, would be an invaluable tool for coral biologists, especially those in remote areas. Saline-saturated dimethylsulfoxide-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (20% DMSO-0.25M EDTA, pH 8.0), or SSDE, is a solution that has been reported to be a means of storing tissue of marine invertebrates at ambient temperatures without significant loss of nucleic acid integrity (Dawson et al., 1998, Concepcion et al., 2007). While this methodology would be a facile and inexpensive way to transport coral tissue samples, it is unclear whether the coral microbiota DNA would be adversely affected by this storage medium either by degradation of the DNA, or a bias in the DNA recovered during the extraction process created by variations in extraction efficiencies among the various community members. Tests to determine the efficacy of SSDE as an ambient temperature storage medium for coral mucus samples are presented here.