Early transplantation of human immature dental pulp stem cells from baby teeth to golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dogs: Local or systemic?

Background:The golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dogs represent the best available animal model for therapeutic trials aiming at the future treatment of human Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We have obtained a rare litter of six GRMD dogs (3 males and 3 females) born from an affected male and a carrier female which were submitted to a therapeutic trial with adult human stem cells to investigate their capacity to engraft into dogs muscles by local as compared to systemic injection without any immunosuppression. Methods Human Immature Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hIDPSC) were transplanted into 4 littermate dogs aged 28 to 40 days by either arterial or muscular injections. Two non-injected dogs were kept as controls. Clinical translation effects were analyzed since immune reactions by blood exams and physical scores capacity of each dog. Samples from biopsies were checked by immunohistochemistry (dystrophin markers) and FISH for human probes. Results and Discussion We analyzed the cells' ability in respect to migrate, engraftment, and myogenic potential, and the expression of human dystrophin in affected muscles. Additionally, the efficiency of single and consecutive early transplantation was compared. Chimeric muscle fibers were detected by immunofluorescence and fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) using human antibodies and X and Y DNA probes. No signs of immune rejection were observed and these results suggested that hIDPSC cell transplantation may be done without immunosuppression. We showed that hIDPSC presented significant engraftment in GRMD dog muscles, although human dystrophin expression was modest and limited to several muscle fibers. Better clinical condition was also observed in the dog, which received monthly arterial injections and is still clinically stable at 25 months of age. Conclusion Our data suggested that systemic multiple deliveries seemed more effective than local injections. These findings open important avenues for further researches.

In adults: 47.2% have periodontitis! How about in orthodontic patients?

The occurrence of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease due to dental plaque in adults over 30 years of age was noticed in 47.2% of the 3,742 subjects studied, representing a 64.7 million people population in the 50 states of the U.S. and the District of Columbia. The methods used by the authors were uniquely precise and the results brought us to great insight on the correlation between orthodontic treatment and periodontal health, which is described below.

The phenotype of Floating-Harbor syndrome: clinical characterization of 52 individuals with mutations in exon 34 of SRCAP

Background Floating-Harbor syndrome (FHS) is a rare condition characterized by short stature, delays in expressive language, and a distinctive facial appearance. Recently, heterozygous truncating mutations in SRCAP were determined to be disease-causing. With the availability of a DNA based confirmatory test, we set forth to define the clinical features of this syndrome. Methods and results Clinical information on fifty-two individuals with SRCAP mutations was collected using standardized questionnaires. Twenty-four males and twenty-eight females were studied with ages ranging from 2 to 52 years. The facial phenotype and expressive language impairments were defining features within the group. Height measurements were typically between minus two and minus four standard deviations, with occipitofrontal circumferences usually within the average range. Thirty-three of the subjects (63%) had at least one major anomaly requiring medical intervention. We did not observe any specific phenotype-genotype correlations. Conclusions This large cohort of individuals with molecularly confirmed FHS has allowed us to better delineate the clinical features of this rare but classic genetic syndrome, thereby facilitating the development of management protocols.

Study of the morphologic variants of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a Brazilian report

INTRODUCTION: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is the most frequent primary glomerulopathy in Brazil and its incidence is increasing worldwide. Pathogenesis is related to podocyte injury, which may be due to several factors including viruses, drugs, genetics and immunological factors. In 2004, the Columbia classification of FSGS identified five histological variants of the disease: collapsing (COL), usual (NOS), tip lesion (TIP), perihilar (PHI) and cellular variant (CEL). The objective of this study was to classify the FSGS biopsies in these morphological variants. METHODS: One hundred thirty-one cases of renal biopsies with primary FSGS diagnosis, which had been performed at a Brazilian reference center from 1996 to 2006, were classified according to the Columbia criteria. RESULTS: FSGS cases were distributed as follows: 38.2% NOS variant, 36.6% COL, 14.5% TIP, 6.9% PHI and 3.8% CEL. CONCLUSION: COL variant of FSGS seems to be more prevalent in Brazil in comparison with other centers worldwide, which may be related to environmental and socioeconomic factors.

The use of remote sensing imagery for monitoring recovery in the aftermath of a natural disaster: the Hurricane Katrina Case

Although Recovery is often defined as the less studied and documented phase of the Emergency Management Cycle, a wide literature is available for describing characteristics and sub-phases of this process. Previous works do not allow to gain an overall perspective because of a lack of systematic consistent monitoring of recovery utilizing advanced technologies such as remote sensing and GIS technologies. Taking into consideration the key role of Remote Sensing in Response and Damage Assessment, this thesis is aimed to verify the appropriateness of such advanced monitoring techniques to detect recovery advancements over time, with close attention to the main characteristics of the study event: Hurricane Katrina storm surge. Based on multi-source, multi-sensor and multi-temporal data, the post-Katrina recovery was analysed using both a qualitative and a quantitative approach. The first phase was dedicated to the investigation of the relation between urban types, damage and recovery state, referring to geographical and technological parameters. Damage and recovery scales were proposed to review critical observations on remarkable surge- induced effects on various typologies of structures, analyzed at a per-building level. This wide-ranging investigation allowed a new understanding of the distinctive features of the recovery process. A quantitative analysis was employed to develop methodological procedures suited to recognize and monitor distribution, timing and characteristics of recovery activities in the study area. Promising results, gained by applying supervised classification algorithms to detect localization and distribution of blue tarp, have proved that this methodology may help the analyst in the detection and monitoring of recovery activities in areas that have been affected by medium damage. The study found that Mahalanobis Distance was the classifier which provided the most accurate results, in localising blue roofs with 93.7% of blue roof classified correctly and a producer accuracy of 70%. It was seen to be the classifier least sensitive to spectral signature alteration. The application of the dissimilarity textural classification to satellite imagery has demonstrated the suitability of this technique for the detection of debris distribution and for the monitoring of demolition and reconstruction activities in the study area. Linking these geographically extensive techniques with expert per-building interpretation of advanced-technology ground surveys provides a multi-faceted view of the physical recovery process. Remote sensing and GIS technologies combined to advanced ground survey approach provides extremely valuable capability in Recovery activities monitoring and may constitute a technical basis to lead aid organization and local government in the Recovery management.

Design and Performance Evaluation of Network-on-Chip Communication Protocols and Architectures

The scale down of transistor technology allows microelectronics manufacturers such as Intel and IBM to build always more sophisticated systems on a single microchip. The classical interconnection solutions based on shared buses or direct connections between the modules of the chip are becoming obsolete as they struggle to sustain the increasing tight bandwidth and latency constraints that these systems demand. The most promising solution for the future chip interconnects are the Networks on Chip (NoC). NoCs are network composed by routers and channels used to inter- connect the different components installed on the single microchip. Examples of advanced processors based on NoC interconnects are the IBM Cell processor, composed by eight CPUs that is installed on the Sony Playstation III and the Intel Teraflops pro ject composed by 80 independent (simple) microprocessors. On chip integration is becoming popular not only in the Chip Multi Processor (CMP) research area but also in the wider and more heterogeneous world of Systems on Chip (SoC). SoC comprehend all the electronic devices that surround us such as cell-phones, smart-phones, house embedded systems, automotive systems, set-top boxes etc... SoC manufacturers such as ST Microelectronics , Samsung, Philips and also Universities such as Bologna University, M.I.T., Berkeley and more are all proposing proprietary frameworks based on NoC interconnects. These frameworks help engineers in the switch of design methodology and speed up the development of new NoC-based systems on chip. In this Thesis we propose an introduction of CMP and SoC interconnection networks. Then focusing on SoC systems we propose: • a detailed analysis based on simulation of the Spidergon NoC, a ST Microelectronics solution for SoC interconnects. The Spidergon NoC differs from many classical solutions inherited from the parallel computing world. Here we propose a detailed analysis of this NoC topology and routing algorithms. Furthermore we propose aEqualized a new routing algorithm designed to optimize the use of the resources of the network while also increasing its performance; • a methodology flow based on modified publicly available tools that combined can be used to design, model and analyze any kind of System on Chip; • a detailed analysis of a ST Microelectronics-proprietary transport-level protocol that the author of this Thesis helped developing; • a simulation-based comprehensive comparison of different network interface designs proposed by the author and the researchers at AST lab, in order to integrate shared-memory and message-passing based components on a single System on Chip; • a powerful and flexible solution to address the time closure exception issue in the design of synchronous Networks on Chip. Our solution is based on relay stations repeaters and allows to reduce the power and area demands of NoC interconnects while also reducing its buffer needs; • a solution to simplify the design of the NoC by also increasing their performance and reducing their power and area consumption. We propose to replace complex and slow virtual channel-based routers with multiple and flexible small Multi Plane ones. This solution allows us to reduce the area and power dissipation of any NoC while also increasing its performance especially when the resources are reduced. This Thesis has been written in collaboration with the Advanced System Technology laboratory in Grenoble France, and the Computer Science Department at Columbia University in the city of New York.

Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of the Late Cretaceous Wapiti Formation, west-central Alberta, Canada

A complete stratigraphic assessment and revision of the middle Campanian to upper Maastrichtian Wapiti Formation in north-western Alberta and north-eastern British Columbia is the main aim of this research project. The study area encompasses an area of approximately 200X180 km in the Grande Prairie County (west-central Alberta) and easternmost British Columbia, Canada. Results presented here indicate that the 1300m thick succession currently reported in the literature as “undifferentiated lithostratigraphic unit”, consists of five lithostratigraphic units and four unconformity-bounded depositional sequences; their study and description have been documented integrating several geological disciplines, including sequence stratigraphic methods, well-log signatures, facies analysis, and fossil associations. On the whole, particular attention has been given to 1) age and nature of both basal and upper contacts of the Wapiti Formation, 2) effective mappability of lithostratigraphic units and depositional sequences in western Alberta, and 3) the identification of previously undetermined maximum flooding surface of the Bearpaw seaway and Drumheller Marine Tongue, which are reference marine unit in central and southern Alberta. A second, but not less important, guideline for the project has been the rich paleontological record of the Wapiti deposits. Detailed paleoenvironmental and taxonomical information on old and new finds have been the base for correlation with well known associations of Alaska, southern Alberta, and Montana. Newly discovered rich fossil localities documented an extraordinarily diverse fauna during the latest Cretaceous, including dinosaurs, squamates, and fresh-water fishes and reptiles. Lastly, in order to better characterize the Wapiti Formation, major marker beds were described: these include several bentonites (altered volcanic ash deposits) which have been documented over an area of almost 30.000 km2, as well as four major coal zones, characterized by tabular coal seams with an overall thickness of 2 meters. Such marker beds represent a formidable tool for high-resolution chronology and regional correlations within the Late Cretaceous Alberta foreland basin.

Studio e modellazione numerica della propagazione di colate detritiche in ambiente appenninico

Il presente studio ha come obiettivi l’analisi, la modellazione numerica e la caratterizzazione del rischio idrogeologico di due siti dell’Appennino bolognese interessati negli ultimi due anni da colate detritiche, Serraglio (Comune di Castiglione dei Pepoli) e Chiapporato (Comune di Camugnano). Lo studio è stato condotto in collaborazione con il Servizio Tecnico di Bacino Reno della Regione Emilia-Romagna, che ha reso disponibile la documentazione relativa ai due eventi analizzati. I predetti eventi possono esser definiti “anomali” in relazione sia alla loro collocazione – essendo il fenomeno delle colate detritiche diffuso principalmente in aree montuose caratterizzate da un’altitudine media rilevante, come l’arco alpino – sia al fatto che non sono né catalogati né ricordati a memoria d’uomo eventi, in tali località, precedenti a quelli in esame. Il rischio idrogeologico, indotto dalla possibilità non remota di nuovi eventi, è dato non dal volume o dall’area interessata dai fenomeni, ma piuttosto dall’estrema velocità caratterizzante le colate detritiche, appunto definite come manifestazioni parossistiche lungo la rete idrografica secondaria con trasporto in massa di sedimenti. L’analisi effettuata ha anche fornito l’occasione per effettuare un confronto tra due realtà, quella di Serraglio e quella di Chiapporato, accomunate dalla stessa tipologia di evento, ma differenti in relazione all’uso del suolo, alle caratteristiche geomorfologiche e alle modalità di propagazione nel corso dell’evento. L’abitato di Serraglio, sito nella frazione di Baragazza, è stato colpito da una colata detritica il 20 gennaio 2009. Da un punto di vista geologico e geomorfologico la località è sovrastata da un versante boscato notevolmente acclive, caratterizzato dall’affioramento della cosiddetta Formazione di Cervarola: tali rocce, appartenenti alla categoria delle arenarie e solitamente presenti in strati compatti, in seguito alla naturale degradazione dovuta agli agenti atmosferici hanno dato luogo ad un detrito composto da blocchi e ciottoli di varia dimensione immersi in una matrice sabbiosa. Il distacco è avvenuto proprio in questo materiale detritico, reso instabile dal notevole apporto pluviometrico verificatosi nei giorni precedenti. La colata, sviluppatasi in seguito alla fluidificazione del materiale coinvolto in uno scivolamento di detrito di ridotta volumetria, si è incanalata in uno dei rii effimeri che drenano il versante con traiettorie tra loro pseudo parallele. Il debris flow, accelerato da un dislivello complessivo di 125 m, ha poi raggiunto due abitazioni, fortunatamente non abitate al momento dell’evento, depositando uno spessore detritico di oltre 1,5 m nella zona di transito prima di proseguire verso valle nella sua frazione più fine, incanalandosi di fatto lungo lo stradello asfaltato di accesso alle abitazioni e interessando la strada provinciale che collega Castiglione dei Pepoli all’uscita autostradale di Roncobilaccio. Da un punto di vista meteo-climatico il mese di gennaio 2009 è stato caratterizzato da precipitazioni fortemente superiori alla media, accompagnate da una ridotta insolazione. La continua oscillazione dello zero termico tra 0 e 900 m ha dato luogo alla formazione di uno spessore nivale al suolo di circa 20 cm tre giorni prima dell’evento e poi al suo rapido scioglimento contestualmente all’aumento termico, dato dalla risalita di aria calda umida di origine africana, accompagnata da quella perturbazione che ha poi di fatto innescato il fenomeno. Nelle 48 ore precedenti l’evento sono stati registrati apporti nivo-pluviometrici corrispondenti ad oltre 130 mm, che hanno causato la completa saturazione del detrito superficiale, l’innesco dello scivolamento di detrito e la sua successiva fluidificazione. Il distacco del materiale detritico, la sua movimentazione e la notevole erosione che ha caratterizzato l’alveo del rio durante il fenomeno – quantificata mediamente in 20 cm – sono state favorite dalle mediocri condizioni di salute del castagneto che copre il versante interessato dall’evento: la totale assenza di manutenzione e l’abbandono della coltivazione “a pali” del bosco hanno inibito la naturale funzione stabilizzante del boscato, trasformatosi da fattore inibente a fattore predisponente il fenomeno. La seconda colata detritica analizzata ha invece interessato la strada comunale che collega la frazione di Stagno all’abitato di Chiapporato, splendida borgata cinquecentesca, frequentata soprattutto da turisti ed escursionisti durante la stagione estiva. Il versante sede della colata, occorsa in data 8 novembre 2010, è caratterizzato da numerosi affioramenti della cosiddetta Formazione di Stagno, arenarie intervallate da strati marnoso-pelitici. Tale litotipo, soggetto alla naturale degradazione indotta dagli agenti atmosferici, origina un detrito composto da massi e ciottoli, raccoltisi, nell’area in esame, in un canalone posto ai piedi di una scarpata pseudo verticale delimitante il pianoro di “Val di Sasso”. Tale materiale detritico è stato poi fluidificato dalle abbondanti piogge, depositando, dopo oltre 320 metri di dislivello, circa un metro di detrito sul piano stradale per poi proseguire la sua corsa verso il Torrente Limentra e il Bacino di Suviana. L’evento è stato innescato da precipitazioni intense e persistenti che hanno depositato al suolo oltre 69 mm di pioggia in 25 ore. Nel mese precedente il fenomeno sono stati misurati oltre 530 mm di pioggia, quantitativi superiori alla media climatologica, che hanno sicuramente accelerato anche la degradazione della scarpata e l’accumulo di detriti nell’area sorgente. Le colate sopra descritte sono state poi simulate utilizzando il modello DAN-W (Dynamic ANalysis) del prof. Oldrich Hungr della University of British Columbia (Canada). Tale modello si basa su una discretizzazione della massa movimentata tramite il metodo degli “elementi di contorno” e sulla soluzione alle differenze finite di tipo Lagrangiano dell’equazione di De Saint Venant. L’equazione del moto, integrata verticalmente, è applicata a colonne strette di flusso (elementi di contorno). L’equazione di continuità è invece risolta riferendosi agli elementi di massa delimitati dai predetti elementi di contorno. Il numero di incognite principali eguaglia il numero di equazioni disponibili ed il problema è quindi completamente determinato. Gli altri parametri caratterizzanti la colata sono determinati tramite interpolazioni basate sull’ipotesi che sia la superficie del flusso sia quella della traiettoria siano ragionevolmente lisce. La soluzione è esplicita ed avviene per step temporali successivi. Al fine della determinazione dei parametri l’utilizzatore ha la possibilità di scegliere tra vari modelli reologici, quantificanti il termine di resistenza caratterizzante il moto. Su indicazione dell’autore del modello sono stati utilizzati il modello frizionale e quello di Voellmy, che, in casi simili, forniscono risultati più realistici (in relazione alla modellizzazione di colate di detrito). I parametri utilizzati per la calibrazione sono lo spessore di detrito depositato sul piano stradale, nel caso di Chiapporato, e a tergo della prima abitazione investita dalla colata nel caso di Serraglio, unitamente alla massima distanza raggiunta dai detriti. I risultati ottenuti utilizzando il modello reologico frizionale mostrano profili di velocità scarsamente rappresentativi, con una costante sovrastima della stessa, a fronte di una migliore capacità descrittiva degli spessori accumulatisi. Il modello di Voellmy ha invece prodotto andamenti di velocità più realistici, confrontabili con i valori forniti dalla letteratura internazionale, riuscendo al contempo a quantificare con precisione l’accumulo di detrito rilevato a seguito degli eventi. I valori dei parametri utilizzati nella modellazione sono stati ricavati dalle indicazioni dell’autore del modello affiancate dai range resi disponibili dalla letteratura. Entrambe le caratterizzazioni reologiche sono poi state oggetto di un’analisi di sensitività ai fini di quantificare il peso dei parametri utilizzati. Il modello frizionale si è rivelato particolarmente sensibile all’andamento del coefficiente di attrito basale e al coefficiente di pressione dei pori, con un lieve preponderanza del primo, mentre il modello reologico di Voellmy si è mostrato fortemente influenzato dal coefficiente di turbolenza e dal coefficiente di attrito, pressoché paritari nell’effettivo condizionamento dei risultati. Gli output ottenuti simulando l’evento di Serraglio sono risultati generalmente meno realistici di quelli ricavati nel caso di Chiapporato: ciò è probabilmente dovuto alle caratteristiche reologiche proprie del fenomeno occorso a Serraglio, classificabile come un ibrido tra un mud flow e un debris flow. Sono state infine avanzate proposte di intervento e di monitoraggio dei siti indagati, al fine di una mitigazione del rischio idrogeologico gravante sulle aree esaminate. Il caso di Serraglio presenta, a parere dello scrivente, un rischio idrogeologico più elevato, se paragonato a quello presente a Chiapporato, dati la vicinanza ad un centro abitato e lo status quo caratterizzante il versante sede del dissesto. Nei circa 18 mesi trascorsi dopo l’evento è stato possibile rilevare un progressivo ampliamento della nicchia di distacco dello scivolamento, poi evolutosi in colata con andamento tipicamente retrogressivo. Lo stato della vegetazione permane in condizioni problematiche, con frequenti ribaltamenti e sradicamenti (processi noti in letteratura come chablis) dei castagni presenti, con un conseguente aumento dell’erosione superficiale del versante e l’apporto detritico all’interno del rio. Tale detrito è poi trattenuto all’interno dell’alveo da una serie di briglie naturali formatesi a seguito della caduta di varie piante all’interno del canale stesso a causa del passaggio del debris flow o a fenomeni di chablis. La forte sovraescavazione occorsa in occasione della colata ha poi favorito l’innesco di una serie di piccoli scivolamenti superficiali confluenti nel rio stesso, anch’essi apportatori di detrito, ingrediente principale per un nuovo debris flow. È inoltre da notare come la zona di runout è tuttora parzialmente occupata dal detrito depositatosi a seguito dell’evento: tale configurazione, causando di fatto una riduzione della potenziale area di “sfogo” di un nuovo debris flow, acuisce il rischio di un’estensione areale verso valle degli effetti di un nuovo fenomeno, con un conseguente possibile maggior coinvolgimento dell’abitato di Serraglio. È stato quindi proposto di attuare un’adeguata regimazione dell’area boschiva caratterizzante il versante, unitamente ad una regimazione fluviale del rio, tramite la realizzazione di briglie in legno e pietrame – essendo l’area non cantierabile – e la rimozione degli accumuli detritici in seno all’alveo stesso. La nicchia di distacco principale e le nicchie secondarie dovranno poi essere oggetto di opportuna stabilizzazione. Più a valle è stata suggerita la rimozione dell’accumulo detritico presente nell’area di runout e la realizzazione di un’adeguata opera di ricezione delle acque del rio e di eventuali nuove colate: a tal fine si è ipotizzato il ripristino dell’antico alveo, successivamente deviato e tombato per permettere l’edificazione dell’abitazione poi investita dalla colata. È stato inoltre proposto un monitoraggio attraverso l’installazione di un pluviometro, tarato con opportune soglie di allarme, dotato di datalogger e modem GPRS al fine di comunicare in tempo reale, ai tecnici incaricati e agli abitanti, un eventuale superamento della soglia di allarme. Il caso di Chiapporato è invece caratterizzato da problematiche connesse al rischio idrogeologico meno rilevanti di quelle presenti a Serraglio. Ciò è dovuto allo scarso traffico caratterizzante la strada comunale e all’assenza di altri edifici o infrastrutture potenzialmente coinvolgibili da un nuovo evento. La probabilità del verificarsi di una nuova colata è però concreta, considerata la forte erosione caratterizzante il versante: trascorsi sei mesi dall’evento, è stato possibile rilevare nell’area sorgente un accumulo medio di detrito di circa mezzo metro di spessore. Le cause del dissesto, a differenza di Serraglio, non sono in alcun modo imputabili all’azione antropica: si tratta infatti della naturale evoluzione del versante sovrastante il piano stradale. Si propone quindi la collocazione di cartelli stradali indicanti il pericolo di caduta massi e colate detritiche agli automobilisti e ai pedoni, unitamente all’installazione di un cavo a strappo posto lungo l’alveo torrentizio collegato ad un semaforo dislocato nei pressi del guado della strada comunale sul rio Casale. L’eventuale verificarsi di un nuovo evento comporterebbe la lacerazione del cavo installato e l’attivazione del semaforo – e di un eventuale allarme acustico – con conseguente inibizione del traffico stradale in occasione del transito del debris flow. Nel contesto geologico e geomorfologico dell’Appennino tosco-emiliano i debris flow rappresentano una tipologia di dissesto da frana poco diffusa, ma comunque potenzialmente presente nelle aree dove i processi di alterazione e degradazione degli ammassi rocciosi affioranti generino accumuli di detrito e in condizioni morfologiche caratterizzate da elevate pendenze dei versanti. Questo studio ha permesso di approfondire la conoscenza di questi fenomeni, che presentano una magnitudo notevolmente inferiore rispetto al contesto alpino, ma la cui interferenza con l’attività antropica acuisce notevolmente il rischio idrogeologico nelle zone interessate. Si sottolinea, inoltre, che nell’attuale contesto climatico caratterizzato da sempre più frequenti piogge brevi ed intense ed eventi cosiddetti di rain on snow, la frequenza sia temporale che spaziale di tali fenomeni di dissesto appare destinata ad aumentare, anche in aree in precedenza non interessate.

Design and development of new green catalytic methodologies for the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched molecules

The following Ph.D work was mainly focused on catalysis, as a key technology, to achieve the objectives of sustainable (green) chemistry. After introducing the concepts of sustainable (green) chemistry and an assessment of new sustainable chemical technologies, the relationship between catalysis and sustainable (green) chemistry was briefly discussed and illustrated via an analysis of some selected and relevant examples. Afterwards, as a continuation of the ongoing interest in Dr. Marco Bandini’s group on organometallic and organocatalytic processes, I addressed my efforts to the design and development of novel catalytic green methodologies for the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched molecules. In the first two projects the attention was focused on the employment of solid supports to carry out reactions that still remain a prerogative of omogeneous catalysis. Firstly, particular emphasis was addressed to the discovery of catalytic enantioselective variants of nitroaldol condensation (commonly termed Henry reaction), using a complex consisting in a polyethylene supported diamino thiopene (DATx) ligands and copper as active species. In the second project, a new class of electrochemically modified surfaces with DATx palladium complexes was presented. The DATx-graphite system proved to be efficient in promoting the Suzuki reaction. Moreover, in collaboration with Prof. Wolf at the University of British Columbia (Vancouver), cyclic voltammetry studies were reported. This study disclosed new opportunities for carbon–carbon forming processes by using heterogeneous, electrodeposited catalyst films. A straightforward metal-free catalysis allowed the exploration around the world of organocatalysis. In fact, three different and novel methodologies, using Cinchona, Guanidine and Phosphine derivatives, were envisioned in the three following projects. An interesting variant of nitroaldol condensation with simple trifluoromethyl ketones and also their application in a non-conventional activation of indolyl cores by Friedel-Crafts-functionalization, led to two novel synthetic protocols. These approaches allowed the preparation of synthetically useful trifluoromethyl derivatives bearing quaternary stereocenters. Lastly, in the sixth project the first γ-alkylation of allenoates with conjugated carbonyl compounds was envisioned. In the last part of this Ph.D thesis bases on an extra-ordinary collaboration with Prof. Balzani and Prof. Gigli, I was involved in the synthesis and characterization of a new type of heteroleptic cyclometaled-Ir(III) complexes, bearing bis-oxazolines (BOXs) as ancillary ligands. The new heteroleptic complexes were fully characterized and in order to examine the electroluminescent properties of FIrBOX(CH2), an Organic Light Emitting Device was realized.

Research on the vocal culture of Orcinus orca in the Loro Parque, Tenerife: a pilot study

This research is focussed on the study of Orcinus orca's communication system. The analysis of vocalizations emitted by marine mammals has started in the '80s and most studies have been carried out in the wild. In this regard the most studied animal has been common dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) as the numerous presence of captive individuals worldwide made researches easier to be carried out. Studies about Orcinus orca's vocalizations have mainly been carried out in the wild (most in British Columbia) because its maintenance in a controlled environment results to be very difficult, only 17 among parks and oceanaria worldwide have some Orcinus orca (45 overall among which 64% born in captivity). These researches showed that Orcinus orca emit three main different types of sounds, classified as: whistles, clicks and calls. Besides, it was discovered that different groups (pods) produce sounds belonging only to the relevant pod (dialects). It is rare to find two pods sharing some calls. The two pods usually live in adjacent areas and can form a clan. This study was carried out in a controlled environment in the Orca ocean structure (Loro Parque, Tenerife, Spain) where, at the moment (March 2012) 6 individuals are hosted. Here it was developed an automatic sound recording system. Thanks to the use of suitable mathematical algorithms that allow to isolate only "interesting" sound events that differ from the "background noise", it was possible to create a database. The visualization of the sound events collected in the database is carried out with the use of a software. By looking at this output and at the observation register we could match the animal to the sound produced. Three situations were detected and studied: 1) Chosen alone: the animal chooses to go to the recording pool but it is free to move to another pool with other individuals. 2) Put alone: the animal is put alone in the recording pool. 3) With other orcas: more animals are together in the recording pool. The statistic analysis show that animals emit more vocalizations when they are in the situation "Chosen alone". The research will continue in order to observe eventual differences in the individual repertoire of each Orcinus orca.

Operational Modal Analysis: the CEME Skywalk at UBC, Vancouver

Slender and lighter footbridges are becoming more and more popular to meet the transportation demand and the aesthetical requirements of the modern society. The widespread presence of such particular structures has become possible thanks to the availability of new, lightweight and still capable of carrying heavy loads material . Therefore, these kind of structure, are particularly sensitive to vibration serviceability problems, especially induced by human activities. As a consequence, it has been imperative to study the dynamic behaviour of such slender pedestrian bridges in order to define their modal characteristics. As an alternative to a Finite Element Analysis to find natural frequencies, damping and mode shape, a so-called Operational Modal Analysis is a valid tool to obtain these parameters through an ambient vibration test. This work provides a useful insight into the Operational Modal Analysis technique and It reports the investigation of the CEME Skywalk, a pedestrian bridge located at the University of British Columbia, in Vancouver, Canada. Furthermore, human-induced vibration tests have been performed and the dynamic characteristics derived with these tests have been compared with the ones from the ambient vibration tests. The effect of the dynamic properties of the two buildings supporting the CEME Skywalk on the dynamic behaviour of the bridge has been also investigated.

Weathering of Fe-bearing minerals under extraterrestrial conditions, investigated by Mössbauer spectroscopy

The weathering of Fe-bearing minerals under extraterrestrial conditions was investigated by Mössbauer (MB) spectroscopy to gain insights into the role of water on the planet Mars. The NASA Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity each carry a miniaturized Mössbauer spectrometer MIMOS II for the in situ investigation of Martian soils and rocks as part of their payload. The MER flight instruments had to be modified in order to work over the Martian diurnal temperature range (180 K – 290 K) and within the unique electronic environment of the rovers. The modification required special calibration procedures. The integration time necessary to obtain a good quality Mössbauer spectrum with the MIMOS II flight instruments was reduced by 30 % through the design of a new collimator. The in situ investigation of rocks along the rover Spirit's traverse in Gusev crater revealed weakly altered olivine basalt on the plains and pervasively altered basalt in the Columbia Hills. Correlation plots of primary Fe-bearing minerals identified by MB spectroscopy such as olivine versus secondary Fe-bearing phases such as nanophase Fe oxides showed that olivine is the mineral which is primarily involved in weathering reactions. This argues for a reduced availability of water. Identification of the Fe-oxyhydroxide goethite in the Columbia Hills is unequivocal evidence for aqueous weathering processes in the Columbia Hills. Experiments in which mineral powders were exposed to components of the Martian atmosphere showed that interaction with the atmosphere alone, in the absence of liquid water, is sufficient to oxidize Martian surface materials. The fine-grained dust suspended in the Martian atmosphere may have been altered solely by gas-solid reactions. Fresh and altered specimens of Martian meteorites were investigated with MIMOS II. The study of Martian meteorites in the lab helped to identify in Bounce Rock the first rock on Mars which is similar in composition to basaltic shergottites, a subgroup of the Martian meteorites. The field of astrobiology includes the study of the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the universe. Water is a prerequisite for life. The MER Mössbauer spectrometers identified aqueous minerals such as jarosite and goethite. The identification of jarosite was crucial to evaluate the habitability of Opportunity's landing site at Meridiani Planum during the formation of the sedimentary outcrop rocks, because jarosite puts strong constrains on pH levels. The identification of olivine in rocks and soils on the Gusev crater plains provide evidence for the sparsity of water under current conditions on Mars. Ratios of Fe2+/Fe3+ were obtained with Mössbauer spectroscopy from basaltic glass samples which were exposed at a deep sea hydrothermal vent. The ratios were used as a measure of potential energy for use by a microbial community. Samples from Mars analogue field sites on Earth exhibiting morphological biosignatures were also investigated.

Buone pratiche e Tecnologie Appropriate per la gestione delle risorse idriche ed il risparmio energetico in ambito urbano e rurale

Questa tesi di dottorato tratta il tema delle Tecnologie Appropriate e delle Buone Pratiche per la gestione delle risorse idriche ed il risparmio energetico nell’ambito dell’abitato urbano e rurale. Viene fatta una breve panoramica sulle principali teorie e metodologie che fino ad oggi hanno fatto da linee guida per la progettazione sostenibile e il corretto utilizzo delle risorse. Questa visione d'insieme servirà per esprimere delle valutazioni e trovare dei comuni dominatori per proporre una nuova metodologia d'approccio alla gestione delle risorse con particolare attenzione rivolta alla condizione presente e alla zona d’intervento. Site specific sustainability Approach (S3A). I casi studio: • Un progetto di approvvigionamento idrico e di desalinizzazione delle acque per un’oasi del Sahara marocchino. • Un progetto di ricerca della Columbia University e della NASA legato alla sostenibilità urbana di New York che analizza i benefici apportati dall'installazione di coperture verdi nell'area di Manhattan da un punto di vista della gestione delle risorse idriche, energetiche e delle componenti ambientali. • Un progetto di verde verticale e giardino pensile a Milano. • Un progetto di approvvigionamento idrico sostenibile e gestione del verde per la città di Porto Plata in Repubblica Domenicana. Approfondimenti e sperimentazioni. • E’ stato approfondito il tema della distillazione solare per la dissalazione e potabilizzazione delle acque in zone rurali desertiche ed isolate. • E’ stato progettato e realizzato un prototipo innovativo di distillatore tubolare con collettore solare parabolico. Il prototipo è stato testato nei laboratori della Columbia University di New York. • Sono state approfondite le Khettaras o Qanat, tunnel sotterranei per l’approvvigionamento idrico nelle zone aride. • Infine sono stati approfonditi i benefici apportati dalle coperture a verde (tetti verdi) e dal verde verticale nelle zone urbane dal punto di vista della gestione delle risorse idriche ed il risparmio energetico.

High-resolution reconstruction of Holocene climate variability and environmental changes in the North Pacific using bivalve shells

Bivalve mollusk shells are useful tools for multi-species and multi-proxy paleoenvironmental reconstructions with a high temporal and spatial resolution. Past environmental conditions can be reconstructed from shell growth and stable oxygen and carbon isotope ratios, which present an archive for temperature, freshwater fluxes and primary productivity. The purpose of this thesis is the reconstruction of Holocene climate and environmental variations in the North Pacific with a high spatial and temporal resolution using marine bivalve shells. This thesis focuses on several different Holocene time periods and multiple regions in the North Pacific, including: Japan, Alaska (AK), British Columbia (BC) and Washington State, which are affected by the monsoon, Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Such high-resolution proxy data from the marine realm of mid- and high-latitudes are still rare. Therefore, this study contributes to the optimization and verification of climate models. However, before using bivalves for environmental reconstructions and seasonality studies, life history traits must be well studied to temporally align and interpret the geochemical record. These calibration studies are essential to ascertain the usefulness of selected bivalve species as paleoclimate proxy archives. This work focuses on two bivalve species, the short-lived Saxidomus gigantea and the long-lived Panopea abrupta. Sclerochronology and oxygen isotope ratios of different shell layers of P. abrupta were studied in order to test the reliability of this species as a climate archive. The annual increments are clearly discernable in umbonal shell portions and the increments widths should be measured in these shell portions. A reliable reconstruction of paleotemperatures may only be achieved by exclusively sampling the outer shell layer of multiple contemporaneous specimens. Life history traits (e.g., timing of growth line formation, duration of the growing season and growth rates) and stable isotope ratios of recent S. gigantea from AK and BC were analyzed in detail. Furthermore, a growth-temperature model based on S. gigantea shells from Alaska was established, which provides a better understanding of the hydrological changes related to the Alaska Coastal Current (ACC). This approach allows the independent measurement of water temperature and salinity from variations in the width of lunar daily growth increments of S. gigantea. Temperature explains 70% of the variability in shell growth. The model was calibrated and tested with modern shells and then applied to archaeological specimens. The time period between 988 and 1447 cal yrs BP was characterized by colder (~1-2°C) and much drier (2-5 PSU) summers, and a likely much slower flowing ACC than at present. In contrast, the summers during the time interval of 599-1014 cal yrs BP were colder (up to 3°C) and fresher (1-2 PSU) than today. The Aleutian Low may have been stronger and the ACC was probably flowing faster during this time.

Wählen im räumlichen Kontext : eine empirische Untersuchung zum Einfluss der sozialen Komposition des Wahlkreises auf die individuelle Wahlentscheidung bei der Bundestagswahl 2009

Die meisten Studien der empirischen Wahlforschung führen das Wählverhalten bei deutschen Bundestagswahlen gemäß den bewährten Erklärungsansätzen (Columbia School, Cleavage-Theorie, Michigan School, …) auf Faktoren der Individualebene zurück. Nur wenige analysieren darüber hinaus den Einfluss räumlicher Kontextmerkmale. Diese Beiträge gelangen zudem zu widersprüchlichen Befunden, z.B. darüber, welcher Anteil der Gesamtvarianz überhaupt durch Kontextfaktoren erklärt werden kann. Daher will die vorliegende Arbeit klären, inwiefern die soziale Komposition des räumlichen Kontexts über individuelle Merkmale der Wähler hinaus ihre individuelle Wahlentscheidung bei der Bundestagswahl 2009 beeinflusst hat. Dazu wird zunächst ein räumliches Mehrebenen-Modell des individuellen Wahlverhaltens entwickelt, das den Einfluss von Kontextmerkmalen u.a. auf soziale Interaktionsmechanismen innerhalb der Kontexteinheiten zurückführt. Zudem werden die zentralen individuellen Erklärungsfaktoren der oben genannten Theorien (Parteiidentifikation, Kandidaten-, Sachfragen-Orientierung, soziale Gruppenzugehörigkeit) in das Modell integriert. Auf Grundlage von Daten der German Longitudinal Election Study werden anschließend logistische Mehrebenen-Modelle für die alten und erstmals auch für die neuen Bundesländer und Deutschland geschätzt. Erstmals werden zudem Wahlkreise als relevante Kontexteinheiten untersucht. Es zeigt sich, dass ein kleiner Teil der Varianz der individuellen Wahlentscheidung allein auf Merkmale des Wahlkreises zurückgeführt werden kann. Es treten sowohl direkte Kontexteffekte als auch Mehrebenen-Interaktionseffekte auf, die sich jedoch in ihrer Wirkung zwischen den Regionen und auch zwischen den Parteien erheblich unterscheiden.