925 resultados para China -- Foreign economic relations


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"February 1981"--V. II-III.

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"The nations, colonies, or territories directly treated in this volume are Australia, the several colonies forming British Malaya, Canada, China proper, French Indo-China, Japan proper, Formosa and Korea, Manchuria, Netherlands India, New Zealand, the Philippine islands, Siam, the Union of soviet socialist republics, continental United States and Hawaii."-Pref.

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"Designed to supplement and bring up to date the key sections of the Economic handbook of the Pacific area, published by the Institute of Pacific relations in 1934."--pt. I, p. V.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the economic effects of illness on individual tuberculosis (TB) cases in rural China and to use a case-control study to show a strong TB-poverty link. SETTING: In 2002-2004 we studied 160 new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases and 320 age- and sex-matched controls living in neighbouring houses in four rural counties of Henan Province. DESIGN: Cases and controls were interviewed 1-3 months after patients were diagnosed. We used matched multivariate logistic regression to compare cases with controls for poverty status using household income, household assets and relative wealth within the village. We conducted follow-up interviews of patients 10-12 months later to assess economic effects by collecting data on treatment costs, income losses, coping strategies and treatment completion. RESULTS: Poverty is strongly associated with TB incidence even after controlling for smoking and other risk factors. Excluding income losses, direct out-of-pocket treatment costs (medical and non-medical) accounted for 55.5 % of average annual household income, and most TB cases fell into heavy debt. The DOTS cure rate was 91 %. When DOTS was incomplete or not done, mortality was high. CONCLUSIONS: Poverty is both a cause and a devastating outcome of TB. Ongoing poverty reduction schemes in China must also include reducing TB.