Antimicrobial and cytotoxic assessment of marine cyanobacteria - synechocystis and synechococcus

Aqueous extracts and organic solvent extracts of isolated marine cyanobacteria strains were tested for antimicrobial activity against a fungus, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and for cytotoxic activity against primary rat hepatocytes and HL-60 cells. Antimicrobial activity was based on the agar diffusion assay. Cytotoxic activity was measured by apoptotic cell death scored by cell surface evaluation and nuclear morphology. A high percentage of apoptotic cells were observed for HL-60 cells when treated with cyanobacterial organic extracts. Slight apoptotic effects were observed in primary rat hepatocytes when exposed to aqueous cyanobacterial extracts. Nine cyanobacteria strains were found to have antibiotic activity against two Gram-positive bacteria, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosum and Cellulomonas uda. No inhibitory effects were found against the fungus Candida albicans and Gram-negative bacteria. Marine Synechocystis and Synechococcus extracts induce apoptosis in eukaryotic cells and cause inhibition of Gram-positive bacteria. The different activity in different extracts suggests different compounds with different polarities.

Antimicrobial activity of pyrazine and quinoxaline N,N’-dioxide heterocyclic compounds

The nitrogen heterocyclic organic compounds 1,4 dioxide pyrazine and quinoxaline derivatives have been widely studied due to their potential use as synthetic drugs. The thermochemical study of three N,N´-dioxides: 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine-1,4-dioxide, tetramethylpyrazine-1,4-dioxide and 6-chloro-2,3-dimethilquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide has been recently developed in order to establish relationships among the energetical, structural and reactivity properties [4,5]. Several studies have reported their pharmacological activity, particularly as antimicrobial agents [1,2,3]. It has also been established a relation between energetical and structural properties and biological activity, once these compounds present N – oxide bonds, increasing their oxidative capacity. The present work reports the study of antimicrobial activity for those compounds against the bacteria Geobacillus stearothermophylus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli and also against the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae PYCC 4072, Candida albicans PYCC3436T, Candida tropicalis PYCC, Issatchenka Orientalis PYCC. The determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), points to an antimicrobial activity and the preliminary results indicate that these compounds may be potential candidates as antimicrobial drugs with clinical, agriculture or food industries applications.

Antifungal activity of Imidazolidin-4-ones of the antimalarial primaquine

The 5-Isopropyl-3-[4-(6-methoxy-quinolin-8-ylamino)-pentyl]-2,2-dimethyl-imidazolidin-4-one (ValPQacet) was sinthesized through acylation of the anti-malarial primaquine with α-valine and subsequent reaction of the resulting -aminoamide with propanone (Sheme 1).Imidazolidin-4-ones of the anti malarial primaquine are being sinthesized to develop new variants in order to improve more effective treatments against malaria . Recently it has been observed that primaquine derivates could have effect in a new kind of yeast . To study the fungicidal activity against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Issatchenkia orientalis, Sacharomyces cerevisae, the ValPQacet was put in the form of the hydrochloride salt. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) could be determined for all yeast in the concentration range assayed. Also was determined MIC’s of primaquine hydrochloride salt for all yeast, and this shows that the parent drug is less active than our compound. Further studies are being performed to determine viability and cellular injury with this drugs.

Fungidal and bacterial activity of N,N-dimethyl-4-(2,2,2-trichloro-1-(phenylamino)ethyl)aniline

N,N-dimethyl-4-((phenylamino)methyl)aniline (1) was prepared by condensation of aniline and 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde [1] N,N-dimethyl-4-(2,2,2-trichloro-1-(phenylamino)ethyl)aniline (2) was synthesized by trichloromethylation of the imine (N,N-dimethyl-4-((phenylimino)methyl)aniline (1)) with trichloroacetic anhydride under microwave irradiation [2] (Sheme 1). The present work reports the study of bacterial and yeast activity for the compound 2. The bacteria used in this study are Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and the yeast are Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Candida albican.The results that we will present are the determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), by means of microdilution by plate method and the specific growth constants for this microorganism. Further studies are being performed to determine viability and cellular injury with this drug.

Efeito da combinação de antibióticos e sinvastatina sobre microrganismos de interesse endodôntico e na expressão de marcadores odontoblásticos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Mould and yeast identification in archival settings: preliminary results on the use of traditional methods and molecular biology options in Portuguese archives

This project was developed to fully assess the indoor air quality in archives and libraries from a fungal flora point of view. It uses classical methodologies such as traditional culture media – for the viable fungi – and modern molecular biology protocols, especially relevant to assess the non-viable fraction of the biological contaminants. Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) has emerged as an alternative to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and has already been applied to the study of a few bacterial communities. We propose the application of DHPLC to the study of fungal colonization on paper-based archive materials. This technology allows for the identification of each component of a mixture of fungi based on their genetic variation. In a highly complex mixture of microbial DNA this method can be used simply to study the population dynamics, and it also allows for sample fraction collection, which can, in many cases, be immediately sequenced, circumventing the need for cloning. Some examples of the methodological application are shown. Also applied is fragment length analysis for the study of mixed Candida samples. Both of these methods can later be applied in various fields, such as clinical and sand sample analysis. So far, the environmental analyses have been extremely useful to determine potentially pathogenic/toxinogenic fungi such as Stachybotrys sp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Fusarium sp. This work will hopefully lead to more accurate evaluation of environmental conditions for both human health and the preservation of documents.

Síntese de acetato de decilo por catálise enzimática em meio supercrítico

Este trabalho teve como objectivo o estudo, em reactor fechado, da produção de ésteres de cadeia longa por catálise enzimática em meio supercrítico com vista ao desenvolvimento de um processo sustentável, tecnologicamente eficiente e limpo e que constitua uma alternativa aos processos químicos tradicionais. Como composto modelo a produzir foi seleccionado o acetato de decilo, um éster com aplicação na indústria de fragrâncias. A reacção estudada foi a transesterificação do acetato de vinilo com o decanol, obtendo-se como principal produto o acetato de decilo. O catalisador escolhido foi a lipase B de Candida antarctica (CALB), imobilizada na resina macroporosa Lewatit B (Novozym 435®). A síntese de acetato de decilo foi estudada numa instalação experimental de alta pressão, equipada com um reactor fechado de volume variável, a operar isotermicamente a 35 ºC e a 100 bar, usando-se como solvente CO2 em condições supercríticas. Fez-se a determinação do conteúdo enzimático por tamanho de partícula de catalisador, tendo-se verificado que as partículas mais pequenas têm uma quantidade específica de enzima mais elevada, havendo uma relação inversamente proporcional entre o conteúdo enzimático e o tamanho de partícula. Verificou-se também que a enzima deve estar localizada numa camada exterior da partícula, seguindo um modelo do tipo “casca de ovo”, sendo a espessura dessa camada de 60 μm (assumindo distribuição uniforme) e independente do tamanho de partícula. Analisaram-se as resistências à transferência de massa, tanto externas como internas. Para as primeiras, fez-se apenas variar a agitação dentro do reactor, mantendo todas as outras condições de operação constantes (temperatura, pressão, quantidade de enzima, tamanho de partícula, concentração de substratos na alimentação). Verificou-se que a partir de 950 r.p.m. as resistências externas à transferência de massa são eliminadas. Relativamente às resistências internas, realizaram-se várias reacções com diferentes tamanhos de partícula, mas com a mesma quantidade de enzima, a mesma concentração dos dois substratos na alimentação, a mesma agitação, temperatura e pressão. Os resultados obtidos mostram que não há influência significativa do tamanho das partículas de catalisador sobre a velocidade inicial de reacção, pelo que as resistências internas à transferência de massa se podem considerar desprezáveis. Estudou-se também o efeito da variação da concentração dos substratos na alimentação sobre as velocidades iniciais de reacção. Observou-se que a partir de uma determinada concentração de decanol em excesso relativamente ao acetato de vinilo, a reacção é inibida pelo álcool. Pelo contrário, a reacção é favorecida quando a alimentação tem excesso de acetato de vinilo, havendo um aumento significativo da sua velocidade inicial. Estes resultados são consistentes com um mecanismo do tipo Ping-pong bi-bi com inibição competitiva por parte do álcool, comum na descrição de reacções enzimáticas de esterificação/transesterificação. Por último, fez-se uma comparação dos resultados obtidos em meio supercrítico (CO2) e em meio orgânico (hexano). Observou-se que as reacções em hexano apresentam uma velocidade inicial significativamente superior.

Prevalencia de deficits nutricionais em criancas menores de cinco anos em Angola

OBJETIVO Estimar a prevalência de déficits nutricionais entre crianças angolanas. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal de base populacional. Para classificação do estado nutricional, foram empregados os critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde (2006). RESULTADOS Observou-se elevada prevalência de déficits de estatura-para-idade, peso-para-estatura e peso-para-idade (22%, 13% e 7%, respectivamente) entre as crianças. CONCLUSÕES Déficits nutricionais de crianças representam sério problema de saúde pública em Bom Jesus, Angola.

Leveduras isoladas de produtos frutícolas: Capacidade fermentativa e estudos sobre a H+-ATPase da membrana plasmática

Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Biologia(especialidade Microbiologia), pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa,Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia

Associação da rifampicina à anfotericina B no tratamento da paracoccidioidomicose: resultados em três pacientes tratados

Trabalhos experimentais demonstraram que a anfotericina B, desorganizando funcionalmente a membrana celular fúngica, permite a penetração da rifampicina no citoplasma e sua conseqüente ação contra Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis e Candida albicans. Com metade das doses habituais' de anfotericina B associada à rifampicina conseguem-se melhores resultados do que com a anfotericina B isoladamente em doses plenas. Os Autores discutem as possíveis aplicações desta associação no tratamento da paracoccidioidomi-cose e apresentam 3 casos desta micose em que a inatividade clínica e micológica só foi obtida após o emprego combinado destas drogas.

Candidose úlcero-vegetante da perna

Os Autores apresentam caso de paciente portadora de lesão única, úlcero-vegetante, localizada no 1/3 inferior da perna direita, causada pela Candida albicans. Submetida à terapêutica com Ketoconazol na dose de 400 mg diários durante o primeiro mês de tratamento e 200 mg diários no segundo mês, evoluiu para cura, sem recidiva e com negativação do título de anticorpos anti Candida albicans (fixação do complemento).

Otomycosis in São Paulo

In view of the lack of researches on otomycoses in Brazil, we have tried to study their incidence, their clinical characteristics and the predisponent factors During one year, 22 suspected cases were seen, 20 of them corresponded to otomycosis infections. The most frequent species were Aspergillus niger (35%) and Candida albicans (20%). The genus Aspergillus represented 75% of the isolates. Itching and hyperaemia (70%), otalgia (65%), hipoacusia (50%) were the commonest signs. Lack of cerumen (70%) chronic otitis (30%) previous antibiotic therapy and eczema (25%) were the most outstanding predisponent factors.

Comparative study of adenoviruses with monoclonal antibodies

The obtainment of monoclonal antibodies for adenovirus species 4(Ad4) is described.The specificities of selected monoclonal antibodies were determined by means of viral neutralization test in cell culture, immunofluorescence and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), in the presence of the following species of human adenovirus: 1, 2, 5 (subgenus C), 4 (subgenus E), 7 and 16 (subgenus B) and 9 (subgenus D). Two monoclonal antibodies species specific to adenovirus 4 (1CIII and 3DIII) and one monoclonal antibody that cross reacted with adenovirus species 4 and 7 (2HIII) were obtained.

Slaughterhouses fungal burden assessment: a contribution for the pursuit of a better assessment strategy

In slaughterhouses, the biological risk is present not only from the direct or indirect contact with animal matter, but also from the exposure to bioaerosols. Fungal contamination was already reported from the floors and walls of slaughterhouses. This study intends to assess fungal contamination by cultural and molecular methods in poultry, swine/bovine and large animal slaughterhouses. Air samples were collected through an impaction method, while surface samples were collected by the swabbing method and subjected to further macro- and micro-scopic observations. In addition, we collected air samples using the impinger method in order to perform real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) amplification of genes from specific fungal species, namely A. flavus, A. fumigatus and A. ochraceus complexes. Poultry and swine/bovine slaughterhouses presented each two sampling sites that surpass the guideline of 150 CFU/m3. Scopulariopsis candida was the most frequently isolated (59.5%) in poultry slaughterhouse air; Cladosporium sp. (45.7%) in the swine/bovine slaughterhouse; and Penicillium sp. (80.8%) in the large animal slaughterhouse. Molecular tools successfully amplified DNA from the A. fumigatus complex in six sampling sites where the presence of this fungal species was not identified by conventional methods. This study besides suggesting the indicators that are representative of harmful fungal contamination, also indicates a strategy as a protocol to ensure a proper characterization of fungal occupational exposure.

Estudio clinico micologico de onimicosis en ancianos

Se realizó examen físico de las uñas a 210 ancianos y a aquellos que presentaron lesiones sugestivas de onicomicosis se les realizó toma de muestra con el objetivo de conocer los principales agentes causales, las características e incidencia de las lesiones. Se confirmó el diagnóstico mediante el aislamiento del agente causal en 74 de los casos procedentes principalmente de las uñas de los pies, para una incidencia de 35,2. La tinea pedis se presentó en el 25,7% de los casos, mientras que la enfermedad asociada más frecuente fue la Diabetes mellitus; entre las características clínicas de las uñas predominaron el engrosamiento, la pérdida del brillo y la aparición de estrías longitudinales. Existió una correspondencia significativa entre el examen microscópico directo y el cultivo. La especie de dermatofito predominate fue Trichophyton rubrum, mientras que Candida parapsilosis fue la más aislada entre las especies de Candida.