Ancient DNA from South-East Europe Reveals Different Events during Early and Middle Neolithic Influencing the European Genetic Heritage

The importance of the process of Neolithization for the genetic make-up of European populations has been hotly debated, with shifting hypotheses from a demic diffusion (DD) to a cultural diffusion (CD) model. In this regard, ancient DNA data from the Balkan Peninsula, which is an important source of information to assess the process of Neolithization in Europe, is however missing. In the present study we show genetic information on ancient populations of the South-East of Europe. We assessed mtDNA from ten sites from the current territory of Romania, spanning a time-period from the Early Neolithic to the Late Bronze Age. mtDNA data from Early Neolithic farmers of the Starcevo Cris culture in Romania (Carcea, Gura Baciului and Negrilesti sites), confirm their genetic relationship with those of the LBK culture (Linienbandkeramik Kultur) in Central Europe, and they show little genetic continuity with modern European populations. On the other hand, populations of the Middle-Late Neolithic (Boian, Zau and Gumelnita cultures), supposedly a second wave of Neolithic migration from Anatolia, had a much stronger effect on the genetic heritage of the European populations. In contrast, we find a smaller contribution of Late Bronze Age migrations to the genetic composition of Europeans. Based on these findings, we propose that permeation of mtDNA lineages from a second wave of Middle-Late Neolithic migration from North-West Anatolia into the Balkan Peninsula and Central Europe represent an important contribution to the genetic shift between Early and Late Neolithic populations in Europe, and consequently to the genetic make-up of modern European populations.

Temporal and spatial distribution and abundance of flathead sole (Hippoglossoides elassodon) eggs and larvae in the western Gulf of Alaska

Data from ichthyoplankton surveys conducted in 1972 and from 1977 to 1999 (no data were collected in 1980) by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center (NOAA, NMFS) in the western Gulf of Alaska were used to examine the timing of spawning, geographic distribution and abundance, and the vertical distribution of eggs and larvae of flathead sole (Hippoglossoides elassodon). In the western Gulf of Alaska, flathead sole spawning began in early April and peaked from early to mid-May on the continental shelf. It progressed in a southwesterly direction along the Alaska Peninsula where three main areas of flathead sole spawning were indentified: near the Kenai Peninsula, in Shelikof Strait, and between the Shumagin Islands and Unimak Island. Flathead sole eggs are pelagic, and their depth distribution may be a function of their developmental stage. Data from MOCNESS tows indicated that eggs sink near time of hatching and the larvae rise to the surface to feed. The geographic distribution of larvae followed a pattern similar to the distribution of eggs, only it shifted about one month later. Larval abundance peaked from early to mid-June in the southern portion of Shelikof Strait. Biological and environmental factors may help to retain flathead sole larvae on the continental shelf near their juvenile nursery areas.

Diversidad taxonómica y funcional de invertebrados acuáticos en la Península Ibérica: patrones de distribución espacial

[ES] Las estructuras de las comunidades de agua dulce pueden variar bajo diferentes gradientes de origen natural y antropogénico. En nuestro trabajo testamos la relación entre variables geográficas ambientales y la diversidad, tanto taxonómica como funcional, de macroinvertebrados acuáticos, con la idea de poder definir patrones de distribución espacial a lo largo de los sistemas fluviales de la Península Ibérica. La altitud del punto de muestreo, el tamaño de la cuenca, los usos del suelo, la pluviometría y la geología de las cuencas aguas arriba de los puntos de muestreo fueron usadas como variables predictoras. Encontramos que el grado de cobertura urbana afectaba negativamente a la diversidad taxonómica, reduciendo así mismo la diversidad funcional. Sin embargo, nuestros resultados indicaron un efecto positivo en la diversidad bajo el efecto perturbador de las coberturas agrícolas. A su vez, encontramos una correlación entre la altitud y la cobertura de áreas urbanizadas y agrícolas en la cuenca. La geología de la cuenca tenía una mínima repercusión en las estructuras de las comunidades. En general, nuestros resultados sugieren que la diversidad de macroinvertebrados responde con mayor fuerza a las presiones antrópicas que a los gradientes naturales.

Taxonomía y distribución de las especies ibéricas del género Sabacon Simon 1879 (Arachnida: Opiliones: Sabaconidae)

[ES] El género Sabacon (Arachnida: Opiliones) tiene distribución holártica, y en la Península Ibérica se restringe a Pirineos y Cordillera Cantábrica. Se menciona la presencia de S.viscayanus en la Sierra Cebollera, a partir del hallazgo de una hembra, lo que constituye el primer registro al sur del Ebro. En este trabajo se ha determinado la subespecie a la que pertenece esa población gracias a la captura de un macho, que corresponde a Sabacon viscayanus viscayanus. Con los ejemplares de las colecciones (ZUPV y CRBA) se han redescrito las especies ibéricas y se ha descrito por primera vez el macho de S. franzi. A su vez, se han construido mapas de distribución de todas las especies con datos citados y de las colecciones propias.

Conservation of the Nilgiri rainbow trout in India

Rainbow trout is one of the important exotic species that is well established in the upland waters of India. This paper presents the historical background of its introduction and the present status of the fish in the streams of he Nilgiri peninsula of India. The rainbow trout inhabits natural reservoirs and streams of the region as a self-recruiting population. The growth rate is reported to be relatively low and conflicting views about its taxonomic status have been reported. Successful crossbreeding of the Nilgiri rainbow trout with trout stocks from the Indian State of Himachal Pradesh has indicated the scope for utilizing cryopreserved milt as a mode of introducing new genetic material into the Nilgiri rainbow trout population. This paper outlines the requirement of ecological and genetic data to develop a strategy for management and reintroduction fresh stocks.

Palaeoenvironmental analysis based on alluvial ostracod assemblages of the Cenicero section (lower Miocene, NW Ebro Basin)

In this work we perform for the first time a palaeoenvironmental and biostratigraphic analysis of the lower Miocene alluvial deposits of the Cenicero section (NW sector of the Ebro Basin; N Iberian Peninsula), based on the ostracod and micromammal assemblages. One of the main characteristics of this section is the unusual abundance on non-reworked ostracods present in the studied samples compared to other European sequences of similar age and sedimentary environment. This fact has allowed us to develop precise palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. The variations of the identified ostracod assemblages, defined by species such as Cyclocypris laevis, Ilyocypris bradyi, Ilyocypris gibba, Limnocythere sp. or Pseudocandona parallela, record the development of small, ephemeral and shallow ponds in a distal alluvial and/or floodplain environment. Towards the upper part of the section the ponds appear to be less ephemeral, being the aquatic systems more stable for ostracods development. Variations in the water temperature and salinity have been observed along the section, which are related to changes in the local pluviometric regime. On the other hand, the presence of micromammals in one of the studied samples has allowed the precise dating of this section. Thus, the presence of Armantomys daamsi dates the Cenicero section as Agenian (lower Miocene), local zone Y2 (MN2).

As aves antárticas estão livres de hemoparasitos? Um estudo de caso de pinguins (Pygoscelis spp.) e de skuas (Catharacta spp.) antárticos da Baía do Almirantado, Ilha Rei George, Antártica.

O parasitismo é uma importante força seletiva em populações, assim como a competição e a predação. Os parasitos sanguíneos podem afetar a coloração da plumagem, a seleção sexual e o sucesso reprodutivo em aves. As aves da região Antártica têm sido mencionadas na literatura como livres de hemoparasitos. A Baía do Almirantado, na Ilha Rei George, Península Antártica, é a maior Baía da região, abrigando diferentes espécies de aves durante o período reprodutivo. Dentre elas, estão duas espécies de skuas, as mais frequentes da Antártica, skua-sub-antártica (Catharacta lonnbergi) e skua-polar-do-sul (C. maccormicki) e três espécies de pinguins, pinguim-antártico (Pygoscelis antarctica), pinguim-papua (P. papua) e pinguim-de-adélia (P. adeliae). Skuas e pinguins são aves que se dispersam durante o inverno austral, podendo ser potenciais reservatórios e transmissores de parasitos, embora resultados negativos de hemoparasitos tenham sido encontrados para diversas outras aves marinhas e também para a região Antártica. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar a presença de hemoparasitos em pinguins e skuas antárticos na Baía do Almirantado. Amostras de lâminas de esfregaço sanguíneo e de sangue para análises moleculares de pesquisa de Plasmodium/Haemoproteus foram coletadas em dois períodos reprodutivos, de dezembro de 2010 a março de 2011 e de dezembro de 2011 a fevereiro de 2012. Um total de 185 amostras de aves foram coletadas, incluindo 120 pinguins e 65 skuas. Skuas foram tiveram resultados negativos para hemoparasitos. As três espécies de pinguins foram positivas para Plasmodium/Haemoproteus , via técnica molecular, incluindo dois P. papua,dois P. antarctica etrês P. adeliae. Apenas um indivíduo confirmado positivo pela técnica molecular, pertencente a P. papua, foi positivo utilizando a técnica de esfregaço sanguíneo, com diagnóstico de Plasmodium sp. Não houve diferença significativa entre indivíduos machos e fêmeas das espécies parasitadas, assim como entre adultos e filhotes. As aves parasitadas (n=7), foram categorizadas abaixo do peso (n=5) e acima do peso (n=2). O presente estudo é o primeiro a relatar hemoparasitos na região Antártica e também é o primeiro registro de presença de hemoprotozoários para as três espécies de pinguins analisadas. A ausência de hemoparasitos em aves antárticas tem sido justificada pela ausência de potenciais vetores na região. Portanto, é possível que os pinguins parasitados tenham adquirido a infecção durante a dispersão por ocasião do inverno austral. No entanto, skuas antárticas também são aves migratórias, que podem atingir regiões com potenciais vetores reconhecidos, mas nunca foram diagnosticadas com hemoparasitos, o que foi reforçado pelos resultados negativos do presente estudo. Nesse caso, acredita-se que skuas, podem ter um sistema imune competente ou que a ausência de hemoparasitos nessas aves seja justificada por confinamentos filogenéticos entre parasito-hospedeiro. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a existência de vetores na Antártica, rotas migratórias das aves da região e especificidade parasito-hospedeiro. Os resultados inéditos encontrados no presente estudo devem, portanto, servir como ponto de partida para o entendimento das interações parasito-hospedeiro, de forma a contribuir para a preservação do ambiente antártico.

Elementos-traço (mercúrio total, selênio e cobre) em penas de pinguins do gênero Pygoscelis da Ilha Rei George, Antártica

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a magnitude da exposição de pinguins do gênero Pygoscelis da Antártica ao mercúrio total (HgT), selênio (Se) e cobre (Cu) e verificar a variabilidade destes elementos-traço de acordo com suas características biológicas, para tal foram utilizadas penas do peito de Pygoscelis papua (n=30), P. antarctica (n=21) e P. adeliae (n=48) que corresponderam àquelas coletadas em animais da Ilha Rei George, Antártica. Encontrou-se níveis aparentemente inferiores de HgT e Se em P. papua tendo também sido a espécie que mais se distinguiu das outras duas. Além disto, houve correlação entre os níveis de HgT e Se para as espécies P. antarctica e P. adeliae indicando que é possível que ocorra nos pinguins um processo de destoxificação do mercúrio orgânico por meio do selênio, porém isto não pôde foi confirmado. Ressalta-se que o atual estudo é o primeiro a relatar níveis de HgT em penas do peito da espécie P. antarctica, sendo esta informação relevante para o entendimento e conservação desta espécie de pinguim da Antártica. De modo geral o cobre (8346/32545 ng/g p.s. mín/máx) foi o elemento que apareceu em concentrações maiores se comparado ao selênio (618,7/7923,5 ng/g p.s. mín/máx) e mercúrio total (114,6/1180,2 ng/g p.s. mín/máx). Estas elevadas concentrações de cobre nas penas possivelmente se deve a incorporação via alimentação composta essencialmente de krill, que é um crustáceo de altas concentrações deste elemento essencial. Genericamente foi possível observar que todas as informações reportadas no atual trabalho, tais como as correlações entre os elementos-traço (HgT e Se) e características biológicas, mostram que as três espécies de pinguins analisadas seguem padrões distintos de distribuição de elementos-traço possivelmente porque apresentam dieta diferenciada, além disto, é provável que as características individuais influenciem nestes padrões, e por isto devem ser avaliadas para um melhor entendimento da distribuição dos elementos-traço nestes animais. Observa-se que as concentrações do elemento-traço não essencial HgT aparentemente não constituiu uma ameaça aos pinguins porque foi inferior ao nível considerado prejudicial a aves, enquanto o selênio é um elemento que deve ser constantemente monitorado pois exibiu concentrações próximas àquelas considerada danosa para aves quando incorporadas via dieta. Verificou-se que a presença dos elementos-traço não constitui uma ameaça a saúde dos Pygoscelis da Ilha Rei George, apesar disso, faz-se necessária a realização de um programa de monitoramento constante nesta região, que é uma área ainda considerada como não impactada pela ação antrópica.

Distribution and Abundance of Steller Sea Lions, Eumetopias jubatus, on the Asian Coast, 1720's-2005

We analyzed published and archived records for the past 250 years to assess changes in distribution and abundance of Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus, along the Asian coast from the Bering Strait to the Korean Peninsula. We found that the northern extent of Steller sea lion distribution has not changed but that the southern limit has moved north by some 500–900 km (~300–500 n.mi.) over the past 50 years. Additionally, the number of animals and their distribution has changed on the Commander Islands, Kuril Islands, and Kamchatka Peninsula. We found no changes in the number of rookeries in the northern Sea of Okhotsk, but a new rookery was established at Tuleny Island on the eastern coast of Sakhalin Island. We estimate that the total abundance of Steller sea lions along the Asian coast in the late 19th century was about 115,000 animals; during the 1960’s, the total estimate was about 27,000 (including pups), most of which were in the Kuril Islands. The fewest number of Steller sea lions occurred in the northwestern Pacific in the late 1980’s–early 1990’s when only about 13,000 individuals (including pups) were estimated in the entire region. During the 1990’s, and especially in early 2000, an increasing trend in abundance occurred in most areas. Present estimated abundance of Steller sea lions in Asia is about 16,000 individuals (including about 5,000 pups), about half of which occur in the Kuril Islands. Changes in abundance occurred during all time periods but varied by site and period. Specifically, over the past 150 years Steller sea lion abundance at most sites has changed. There were no rookeries on the Commander Islands between 1850 and 1960 and abundance was low, but by 1977, abundance increased to 4,800 individuals and a rookery was established in the mid 1980’s; abundance there has declined since the early 1980’s and in 2004 only 895 individuals (including 221 pups) were counted during the breeding season. Between 1940 and 2004, abundance along the eastern coast of Kamchatka declined from ~7,000 to ~600 individuals, an overall reduction of 90%. Steller sea lion abundance on the Kuril Islands declined by >90% from the 1800’s to 2005; the most severe decline there occurred during 1969–1981. Steller sea lion numbers in the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk declined during 1930–2002 from 7,200 to 3,100 individuals. Numbers at Tuleny Island have increased since establishment of a rookery there during 1983–2005 and by immigration from other sites.

River Lune the Baulk, Cockersand Abbey Lighthouse 1949

Cockersand Abbey Lighthouse, in River Lune the Baulk, River Lune estuary on the Lancashire Fylde peninsula in the North West of England, UK. This photo is part of a Photo Album that includes pictures from 1935 to 1954.

Characterizing Jobos Bay, Puerto Rico: a watershed modeling analysis and monitoring plan

Land-based pollution is commonly identified as a major contributor to the observed deterioration of shallow-water coral reef ecosystem health. Human activity on the coastal landscape often induces nutrient enrichment, hypoxia, harmful algal blooms, toxic contamination and other stressors that have degraded the quality of coastal waters. Coral reef ecosystems throughout Puerto Rico, including Jobos Bay, are under threat from coastal land uses such as urban development, industry and agriculture. The objectives of this report were two-fold: 1. To identify potentially harmful land use activities to the benthic habitats of Jobos Bay, and 2. To describe a monitoring plan for Jobos Bay designed to assess the impacts of conservation practices implemented on the watershed. This characterization is a component of the partnership between the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) established by the Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP) in Jobos Bay. CEAP is a multi-agency effort to quantify the environmental benefits of conservation practices used by private landowners participating in USDA programs. The Jobos Bay watershed, located in southeastern Puerto Rico, was selected as the first tropical CEAP Special Emphasis Watershed (SEW). Both USDA and NOAA use their respective expertise in terrestrial and marine environments to model and monitor Jobos Bay resources. This report documents NOAA activities conducted in the first year of the three-year CEAP effort in Jobos Bay. Chapter 1 provides a brief overview of the project and background information on Jobos Bay and its watershed. Chapter 2 implements NOAA’s Summit to Sea approach to summarize the existing resource conditions on the watershed and in the estuary. Summit to Sea uses a GIS-based procedure that links patterns of land use in coastal watersheds to sediment and pollutant loading predictions at the interface between terrestrial and marine environments. The outcome of Summit to Sea analysis is an inventory of coastal land use and predicted pollution threats, consisting of spatial data and descriptive statistics, which allows for better management of coral reef ecosystems. Chapters 3 and 4 describe the monitoring plan to assess the ecological response to conservation practices established by USDA on the watershed. Jobos Bay is the second largest estuary in Puerto Rico, but has more than three times the shoreline of any other estuarine area on the island. It is a natural harbor protected from offshore wind and waves by a series of mangrove islands and the Punta Pozuelo peninsula. The Jobos Bay marine ecosystem includes 48 km² of mangrove, seagrass, coral reef and other habitat types that span both intertidal and subtidal areas. Mapping of Jobos Bay revealed 10 different benthic habitats of varying prevalence, and a large area of unknown bottom type covering 38% of the entire bay. Of the known benthic habitats, submerged aquatic vegetation, primarily seagrass, is the most common bottom type, covering slightly less than 30% of the bay. Mangroves are the dominant shoreline feature, while coral reefs comprise only 4% of the total benthic habitat. However, coral reefs are some of the most productive habitats found in Jobos Bay, and provide important habitat and nursery grounds for fish and invertebrates of commercial and recreational value.

Reproduction in the protogynous black grouper Mexico (Mycteroperca bonaci (Poey)) from the southern Gulf of Mexico

An analysis was made of sexual pattern, spawning season, sizes at sexual maturation, and sex change in black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci) from the southern Gulf of Mexico. Samples were taken between 1996 and 2000, from industrial and small-craft commercial fi sheries, in offshore and inshore waters of the continental shelf of the Yucatan Peninsula (Campeche Bank), including the shallow waters of National Marine Park Alacranes Reef. For all collected specimens (n=1229), sex and maturation condition were determined by histological analysis of the gonads. The offshore sample consisted of 75.1% females, 24.3% males, and 0.6% transitional-stage fish. All individuals collected from inshore waters were females. Gonadal structure and population structure characteristics for Campeche Bank black grouper were consistent with the characteristics of monandric protogynous hermaphrodism for a serranid fish. Sexually active males and females were observed year-round, although ripening females, with stage-III, -IV, and -V vitellogenic oocytes in the ovaries, dominated in samples taken between December and March. In addition, peak occurrence of ripe-running females with hyaline oocytes or postovulatory follicles (or both) in the ovaries was recorded in January and February. A few precocious females began spawning in October and November, and others were still in spawning condition in May and June. Fifty percent maturity of females was attained at 72.1 cm fork length (FL). Median size at sexual inversion was 103.3 cm FL, and 50% of the females measuring 111.4 cm FL had transformed into males. The southern Gulf of Mexico grouper fishery was considered deteriorated and lacked a well-defined management strategy. Results of the present study provide helpful information on black grouper reproduction in this area and could help Mexican authorities choose appropriate management strategies for this fishery, such as minimum size limit, closed fishing season, and protection of spawning aggregations.

Population structure of king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) around peninsular Florida, as revealed by microsatellite DNA

A total of 1006 king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) representing 20 discrete samples collected between 1996 and 1998 along the east (Atlantic) and west (Gulf) coasts of Florida and the Florida Keys were assayed for allelic variation at seven nuclear-encoded microsatellites. No significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations were found for six of the microsatellites, and genotypes at all microsatellites were independent. Allele distributions at each microsatellite were independent of sex and age of individuals. Homogeneity tests of spatial distributions of alleles at the microsatellites revealed two weakly divergent “genetic” subpopulations or stocks of king mackerel in Florida waters—one along the Atlantic coast and one along the Gulf coast. Homogeneity tests of allele distributions when samples were pooled along seasonal (temporal) boundaries, consistent with the temporal boundaries used currently for stock assessment and allocation of the king mackerel resource, were nonsignificant. The degree of genetic divergence between the two “genetic” stocks was small: on average, only 0.19% of the total genetic variance across all samples assayed occurred between the two regions. Cluster analysis, assignment tests, and spatial autocorrelation analysis did not generate patterns that were consistent with either geographic or spatial-temporal boundaries. King mackerel sampled from the Florida Keys could not be assigned unequivocally to either “genetic” stock. The genetic data were not consistent with current spatial-temporal boundaries employed in stock assessment and allocation of the king mackerel resource. The genetic differences between king mackerel in the Atlantic versus those in the Gulf most likely stem from reduced gene flow (migration) between the Atlantic and Gulf in relation to gene flow (migration) along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of peninsular Florida. This difference is consistent with findings for other marine fishes where data indicate that the southern Florida peninsula serves (or has served) as a biogeographic boundary.

Introduction

In 1984, a workshop was held on "climatic variability of the eastern North Pacific and western North America." From it has emerged an annual series of workshops held each spring at the Asilomar Conference Center, Monterey Peninsula, California. These annual gatherings have come to be called PACLIM (Pacific Climate) Workshops, reflecting broad interests in the climatologies associated with the Pacific Ocean. Participants in the six workshops that have convened since 1984 have included atmospheric scientists, hydrologists, geologists, glaciologists, oceanographers, limnologists, and both marine and terrestrial biologists.

Introduction

In 1984, a workshop was held on "Climatic variability of the eastern North Pacific and western North America". From it has emerged an annual series of workshops held each spring at the Asilomar Conference Center, Monterey Peninsula, California. These annual gatherings have come to be called PACLIM (Pacific Climate) Workshops, reflecting broad interests in the climatologies associated with the Pacific Ocean.