Evaluation of woman fisherfolks involvement in fisheries activities in Kainji Lake basin

The extent of rural women fisherfolks contribution to fisheries was grossly under estimated and certainly under valued. The basis of their involvement in fisheries activities is to make themselves equal partners to men productive and self reliant participants in the process of improving their own and their family living standard and to enable them realize their full potentials. This survey is informed a system of data collection with the aid of questionnaires and analysis. Ninety-six of the questionnaires were administered to women fisher folks in eight fishing communities selected at random. Thirty seven (97) percent of the women fisher folks are between the ages of 25-35 years, 59.4% of them can only read and write in Arabic language and 21.9% only are literature in western education, which is a general characteristic of the rural population in Nigeria. 24.0% of the respondents are in full time fishing activities while 65-5% are fishmongers. They belong to cooperative societies but only 26% indicated to have benefited from loan and credit facilities. 84.4% of the respondents are sustained by the business. The major problems facing women fisherfolks includes poor market price, fish spoilage, high transport cost and lack of access to loan and credit facilities and extension assistance. Solution to these problems will increase their status benefit and development

Study on the effects of three fishing baits on the catch composition of malian traps in Lake Kainji

The studies on the effects of three fishing baits on the catch composition of Malian traps in Lake Kainji were investigated. The traps were set between Monai and Taafa fishing villages in the Southern basin of the lake, baited with their respective treatment and were inspected daily for twelve days. A total of 218 fish were caught, of which the highest (54.59%) was caught by corn bran, while the lowest (11.01%) was caught by stomach content and rice bran caught 34.4%. The fish caught comprised of 15 species belonging to 8 families. There was no significant different (P>0.05) in the catch of the various baits. The weight also followed the same trend as the number of fish caught. However, both baits showed better efficiency for Alestes baremose. Tilapia zilli, S. galilaeus, Oreochromis niloticus, Labeo coubie and Distichodus rostratus than other species caught. There was a wide range between the inimum and maximum size of species caught, which showed the efficiency of the traps in capturing small size, juveniles and the adult of large fish species due to small mesh size (1") net-cover of the trap. Recommendations were made on the use of corn and rice bran as baits enhancing catch efficiency for fishes such as O.niloticus, T. zilli, T. galilaeus and D. rostratus

The role of women in fish processing: handling and marketing in Kainji Lake basin

The study assessed the contribution of women in fish handling, processing and marketing in Kainji Lake basin. Structured questionnaires were administered to three fishing villages selected at random. The fishing villages were Monai, Yuna, Fakun, and New Bussa market. The study revealed that women play vital roles in fisheries activities as producers, assistants to men preservers, traders and financiers. The notable fishing activity performed by women is processing right from the moment the boats or canoes land at sites. Women assist in emptying nets, sorting gutting and cleaning the catch. In most cases their activities involved salting smoking and drying using traditional processing techniques. Women are also involved in storage and marketing of both fresh and smoked fish. In spite of these important contribution, most women in the various fishing communities are illiterates, have little or no say in decision making in areas that affects their livelihood and are regarded as inferior fedex. Culture and religion also has significant impact on their contribution in fishing activities

Responsible fisheries enhancing poverty alleviation of fishing communities of Lake Kainji

The attributes of responsible fisheries in enhancing Poverty Alleviation of fishing Communities of Lake Kainji were appraised. After impoundment in 1968, the catch per unit effort of fish continued on a downward trend, which suggested a decline in the fish population as a result of improper fishing methods such as the use of small mesh size nets, fish poisoning, destructive fishing gears like beach seine nets. The Nigerian-German (GTZ) Kainji Lake Fisheries Promotion Project intervention brought an increase in yields for the lake in 1996. The estimated annual yield was put at 38.244 metric tones in 1996, an increase of 18 % from the yield recorded in 1995 due to improvement in fishing and conservation methods. The result of catch assessment study carried out in 2003 as a follow up to GTZ intervention is presented. This reveals 15 family and 40 species of fish recorded. Which shows that Lake Kainji still has very high diversity and abundance of fish species. The paper suggests ways to encourage fishing communities to adopt new innovation or strategies by the government and non-governmental organization, which will go a long way in alleviation poverty among the fisher folks

Pathway to poverty alleviation at the fishing communities of Lake Chad basin

Poverty has been variously measured in terms of income, consumption, and access to social and physical infrastructures. It is a multi-component phenomenon that cannot be measured by one single variable. This indicates that poverty alleviation or eradication requires a holistic approach. Because the existing strategies at ensuring poverty alleviation have not made impact at the Lake Chad Basin. Therefore, this study identifies the strategies that are adaptable to the area. Data were obtained on Literacy, income, quality housing, mobility, and access to infrastructure, cultural and socio-economic. The paper develops a pragmatic strategy through which the fishing communities can experience true empowerment and improved standard of living

The role of fishermen cooperative societies in the development of fisheries resources on Kainji Lake basin, Nigeria

Field survey was conducted to evaluate the role of fishermen cooperative in the development of fisheries resources in Kainji Lake. The study was conducted with aid of questionnaires administered in five fishing villages namely Monnai, Yuna, Kaya, Malale and Tunga Danbaba. Ten questionnaires were administered in each fishing village majority of the fishermen interviewed are between the ages of 20-40 years. The results of the educational background revealed that 60% of the respondents were knowledgeable only on Quranic education. Majority of the respondents (86%) was members of fishermen cooperative societies. Only 32% of the respondents indicated to have benefited for loan and credit facilities. Sixty-nine (69) percent of fishermen realized income of between N1, 000-N2, and 000 daily. The major problem facing fishermen cooperative includes lack of capital, lack of access to loan and credit facilities, shortage of adequately trained and well-motivated fisheries extension workers, inadequate fishing inputs and high charge of fishing license fees by Kainji Lake fisheries Management and Conservation Unit (KLFMCU). Recommendation was made on how to improve fishermen cooperative for the development of the lake fisheries resources

The role of women in fisheries activities in some selected fishing villages in the southern zone of Kainji Lake basin

Questionnaires containing 39 questions were prepared and administered to 50 women in ten fishing villages in the Southern Kainji Lake Basin to assess the level of women participation in fisheries activities. Results showed that 100% of the women interviewed were involved in fisheries activities and the following factors were considered. Age group between 20-30 years was 18%; 31-40 years; 30%; and above 40 years had the highest percentage of 40%. Also 98% of the women involve in fisheries activities were married while only 2% were not married. Muslin women constituted 82% while 18% were Christians. About 70% of Hausas were involved: no Igbos and Yorubas, while 30% were other tribes, which included Ijaws, Isokos and Urohobos. The percentage of women without education amounted to 62%, those women with Koranic education accounted for 22%, 14% had primary education while only 2% had secondary education. Few women were directly involved in fishing and statistical analysis showed that there was insignificant difference from village to village. All the women (100%) were involved in fish processing and storage (preservation) before sale. Only 26% of the women were not involved in fish marketing. Also 26% of the women made profits ranging from N500 to N1,000 per week, 24% make N1,000 to N1,500 per week, 12% made N1,500 to N2,000 and 38% made profit above N2,000. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the profit made by the women (P<0.05) from the foregoing, women were actively involved in all fisheries activities

Some aspects of the limnology of Makwaye (Ahmadu Bello University) Lake, Samaru, Zaria

The monthly variations in the physico-chemical parameters and zooplankton abundance were followed from December, 2003 to March 2004 in Makwaye (Ahmadu Bello University Farm) Lake, Samaru, Zaria. In this lake, all physico-chemical parameters investigated showed wide variations within the months except hardness, which exhibited highly significant variation both between stations and within months. Chemical variables including Na, Mg, Zn, Pb, Fe, K and Cu showed significant variations within the months. Three groups namely Cladocera (32.62%), Rotifera (29.33%) and Copepoda (38.05%) were observed. These indicated low species richness

Rents drain in fishery: the case of Lake Victoria Nile Perch fishery

Many fisheries are potentially very valuable. According to a recent report by the World Bank and the FAO (2008), global fisheries rents could be as high as US$ 40-60 billion annually on a sustainable basis. However, according to the report, due to the “common property problem”, most fisheries of the world are severely overexploited and generate no economic rents. The Lake Victoria Nile perch fishery could be among the most valuable fisheries in the world. Unfortunately, also this fishery has fallen prey to the common property problem with excessive fishing effort, dwindling stocks and declining profitability. As a result, there is a large and growing rents loss in this fishery (compared to the optimal) reducing economic welfare and economic growth opportunities in the countries sharing this fishery. As in other fisheries, the biological and economic recovery of this fishery can only come though improved fisheries management

Fish species identification guide for Lake Victoria: enumerator's field guide

This document can be considered as the first step in the direction of a complete fish species catalogue for fisheries purposes of the Lake Victoria. (PDF contains 55 pages)

I. Geology of the Southwest quarter of the Elsinore Quadrangle. II. Geochemical properties of the waters of the Elsinore Quadrangle [= Geology of the Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California. Mineral deposits of Lake Elsinore Quadrangle, California]

The Lake Elsinore quadrangle covers about 250 square miles and includes parts of the southwest margin of the Perris Block, the Elsinore trough, the southeastern end of the Santa Ana Mountains, and the Elsinore Mountains.

The oldest rocks consist of an assemblage of metamorphics of igneous effusive and sedimentary origin, probably, for the most part, of Triassic age. They are intruded by diorite and various hypabyssal rocks, then in turn by granitic rocks, which occupy over 40 percent of the area. Following this last igneous activity of probable Lower Cretaceous age, an extended period of sedimentation started with the deposition of the marine Upper Cretaceous Chico formation and continued during the Paloecene under alternating marine and continental conditions on the margins of the blocks. A marine regression towards the north, during the Neocene, accounts for the younger Tertiary strata in the region under consideration.

Outpouring of basalts to the southeast indicates that igneous activity was resumed toward the close of the Tertiary. The fault zone, which characterizes the Elsinor trough, marks one of the major tectonic lines of southem California. It separates the upthrown and tilted block of the Santa Ana Mountains to the south from the Perris Block to the north.

Most of the faults are normal in type and nearly parallel to the general trend of the trough, or intersect each other at an acute angle. Vertical displacements generally exceed the horizontal ones and several periods of activity are recognized.

Tilting of Tertiary and older Quaternary sediments in the trough have produced broad synclinal structures which have been modified by subsequent faulting.

Five old surfaces of erosion are exposed on the highlands.

The mineral resources of the region are mainly high-grade clay deposits and mineral waters.

Metasomatism and magmatic assimilation at a gabbro-limestone contact, Christmas Mountains, Big Bend region, Texas

A composite stock of alkaline gabbro and syenite is intrusive into limestone of the Del Carmen, Sue Peake and Santa Elena Formations at the northwest end of the Christmas Mountains. There is abundant evidence of solution of wallrock by magma but nowhere are gabbro and limestone in direct contact. The sequence of lithologies developed across the intrusive contact and across xenoliths is gabbro, pyroxenite, calc-silicate skarn, marble. Pyroxenite is made up of euhedral crystals of titanaugite and sphene in a leucocratic matrix of nepheline, Wollastonite and alkali feldspar. The uneven modal distribution of phases in pyroxenite and the occurrence' of nepheline syenite dikes, intrusive into pyroxenite and skarn, suggest that pyroxenite represents an accumulation of clinopyroxene "cemented" together by late-solidifying residual magma of nepheline syenite composition. Assimilation of limestone by gabbroic magma involves reactions between calcite and magma and/or crystals in equilibrium with magma and crystallization of phases in which the magma is saturated, to supply energy for the solution reaction. Gabbroic magma was saturated with plagioclase and clinopyroxene at the time of emplacement. The textural and mineralogic features of pyroxenite can be produced by the reaction 2( 1-X) CALCITE + AN_XAB_l-X = (1-X) NEPHELINE+ 2(1-X) WOLLASTONITE+ X ANORTHITE+ 2(1-X) CO₂. Plagioclase in pyroxenite has corroded margins and is rimmed by nepheline, suggestive of resorption by magma. Anorthite and wollastonite enter solid solution in titanaugite. For each mole of calcite dissolved, approximately one mole of clinopyroxene was crystallized. Thus the amount of limestone that may be assimilated is limited by the concentration of potential clinopyroxene in the magma. Wollastonite appears as a phase when magma has been depleted in iron and magnesium by crystallization of titanaugite. The predominance of mafic and ultramafic compositions among contaminated rocks and their restriction to a narrow zone along the intrusive contact provides little evidence for the generation of a significant volume of desilicated magma as a result of limestone assimilation.

Within 60 m of the intrusive contact with the gabbro, nodular chert in the Santa Elena Limestone reacted with the enveloping marble to form spherical nodules of high-temperature calc-silicate minerals. The phases wollastonite, rankinite, spurrite, tilleyite and calcite, form a series of sharply-bounded, concentric monomineralic and two-phase shells which record a step-wise decrease in silica content from the core of a nodule to its rim. Mineral zones in the nodules vary 'with distance from the gabbro as follows:

0-5 m CALCITE + SPURRITE + RANKINITE + WOLLASTONITE
5-16 m CALCITE + TILLEYITE ± SPURRITE + RANKINITE + WOLLASTONITE
16-31 m CALCITE + TILLEYITE + WOLLASTONITE
31-60 m CALCITE + WOLLASTONITE
60-plus CALCITE + QUARTZ

The mineral of a one-phase zone is compatible with the phases bounding it on either side but these phases are incompatible in the same volume of P-T-X_CO2.

Growth of a monomineralio zone is initiated by reaction between minerals of adjacent one-phase zones which become unstable with rising temperature to form a thin layer of a new single phase that separates the reactants and is compatible with both of them. Because the mineral of the new zone is in equilibrium with the phases at both of its contacts, gradients in the chemical potentials of the exchangeable components are established across it. Although zone boundaries mark discontinuities in the gradients of bulk composition, two-phase equilibria at the contacts demonstrate that the chemical potentials are continuous. Hence, Ca, Si and CO₂ were redistributed in the growing nodule by diffusion. A monomineralic zone grows at the expense of an adjacent zone by reaction between diffusing components and the mineral of the adjacent zone. Equilibria between two phases at zone boundaries buffers the chemical potentials of the diffusing species. Thus, within a monomineralic zone, the chemical potentials of the diffusing components are controlled external to the local assemblage by the two-phase equilibria at the zone boundaries.

Mineralogically zoned calc-silicate skarn occurs as a narrow band that separates pyroxenite and marble along the intrusive contact and forms a rim on marble xenoliths in gabbro. Skarn consists of melilite or idocrase pseudomorphs of melili te, one or two . stoichiometric calcsilicate phases and accessory Ti-Zr garnet, perovskite and magnetite. The sequence of mineral zones from pyroxenite to marble, defined by a characteristic calc-silicate, is wollastonite, rankinite, spurrite, calcite. Mineral assemblages of adjacent skarn zones are compatible and the set of zones in a skarn band defines a facies type, indicating that the different mineral assemblages represent different bulk compositions recrystallized under identical conditions. The number of phases in each zone is less than the number that might be expected to result from metamorphism of a general bulk composition under conditions of equilibrium, trivariant in P, T and u_CO2. The "special" bulk composition of each zone is controlled by reaction between phases of the zones bounding it on either side. The continuity of the gradients of composition of melilite and garnet solid solutions across the skarn is consistent with the local equilibrium hypothesis and verifies that diffusion was the mechanism of mass transport. The formula proportions of Ti and Zr in garnet from skarn vary antithetically with that of Si Which systematically decreases from pyroxenite to marble. The chemical potential of Si in each skarn zone was controlled by the coexisting stoichiometric calc-silicate phases in the assemblage. Thus the formula proportion of Si in garnet is a direct measure of the chemical potential of Si from point to point in skarn. Reaction between gabbroic magma saturated with plagioclase and clinopyroxene produced nepheline pyroxenite and melilite-wollastonite skarn. The calcsilicate zones result from reaction between calcite and wollastonite to form spurrite and rankinite.

Binding site size limitations of imidazole-pyrrole polyamides for recognition in the minor groove of DNA

The discovery that the three ring polyamide Im-Py-Py-Dp containing imidazole (Im) and pyrrole (Py) carboxamides binds the DNA sequence 5'-(A,T)G(A,T)C(A,T)-3' as an antiparallel dimer offers a new model for the design of ligands for specific recognition of sequences in the minor groove containing both G,C and A,T base pairs. In Chapter 2, experiments are described in which the sequential addition of five N- methylpyrrolecarboxamides to the imidazole-pyrrole polyamide Im-Py-Py-Dp affords a series of six homologous polyamides, Im-(Py)_2-7-Dp, that differ in the size of their binding site, apparent first order binding affinity, and sequence specificity. These results demonstrate that DNA sequences up to nine base pairs in length can be specifically recognized by imidazole-pyrrole polyamides containing three to seven rings by 2:1 polyamide-DNA complex formation in the minor groove. Recognition of a nine base pair site defines the new lower limit of the binding site size that can be recognized by polyamides containing exclusively imidazole and pyrrolecarboxamides. The results of this study should provide useful guidelines for the design of new polyamides that bind longer DNA sites with enhanced affinity and specificity.

In Chapter 3 the design and synthesis of the hairpin polyamide Im-Py-Im-Py-γ-Im- Py-Im-Py-Dp is described. Quantitative DNase I footprint titration experiments reveal that Im-Py-Im-Py-γ-Im-Py-Im-Py-Dp binds six base pair 5'-(A,T)GCGC(A,T)-3' sequences with 30-fold higher affinity than the unlinked polyamide Im-Py-Im-Py-Dp. The hairpin polyamide does not discriminate between A•T and T•A at the first and sixth positions of the binding site as three sites 5'-TGCGCT-3', 5'-TGCGCA-3', and 5 'AGCGCT- 3' are bound with similar affinity. However, Im-Py-Im-Py-γ-Im-Py-Im-PyDp is specific for and discriminates between G•C and C•G base pairs in the 5'-GCGC-3' core as evidenced by lower affinities for the mismatched sites 5'-AACGCA-3', 5'- TGCGTT-3', 5'-TGCGGT-3', and 5'-ACCGCT-3'.

In Chapter 4, experiments are described in which a kinetically stable hexa-aza Schiff base La³⁺ complex is covalently attached to a Tat(49-72) peptide which has been shown to bind the HIV-1 TAR RNA sequence. Although these metallo-peptides cleave TAR site-specifically in the hexanucleotide loop to afford products consistent with hydrolysis, a series of control experiments suggests that the observed cleavage is not caused by a sequence-specifically bound Tat(49-72)-La(L)³⁺ peptide.

The occurrence of two new plankton diatom populations in the English Lake District: Aulacoseira islandica

Samples of planktonic algae from major lakes in the English Lake District have been investigated over many years as part of a long-term monitoring programme set up by the Freshwater Biological Association and continued by the Institute For Ecology. Some lakes have been sampled regularly for long periods, others less frequently or only occasionally. Windermere north and south basins, and the neighbouring lakes Blelham Tarn and Esthwaite Water, have been under observation, mostly on a weekly basis, since the programme began in 1945. During this time diatoms have played a significant role in the population dynamics of these lakes.