CSM-IXIM: A New Maize Simulation Model for DSSAT Version 4.5

Th e CERES-Maize model is the most widely used maize (Zea mays L.) model and is a recognized reference for comparing new developments in maize growth, development, and yield simulation. Th e objective of this study was to present and evaluate CSMIXIM, a new maize simulation model for DSSAT version 4.5. Code from CSM-CERES-Maize, the modular version of the model, was modifi ed to include a number of model improvements. Model enhancements included the simulation of leaf area, C assimilation and partitioning, ear growth, kernel number, grain yield, and plant N acquisition and distribution. Th e addition of two genetic coeffi cients to simulate per-leaf foliar surface produced 32% smaller root mean square error (RMSE) values estimating leaf area index than did CSM-CERES. Grain yield and total shoot biomass were correctly simulated by both models. Carbon partitioning, however, showed diff erences. Th e CSM-IXIM model simulated leaf mass more accurately, reducing the CSM-CERES error by 44%, but overestimated stem mass, especially aft er stress, resulting in similar average RMSE values as CSM-CERES. Excessive N uptake aft er fertilization events as simulated by CSM-CERES was also corrected, reducing the error by 16%. Th e accuracy of N distribution to stems was improved by 68%. Th ese improvements in CSM-IXIM provided a stable basis for more precise simulation of maize canopy growth and yield and a framework for continuing future model developments

Cálculo de estructuras continuas: V. 1. Métodos generales : estructuras 1-D y 2-D

Estas notas, que se publican en dos volúmenes, surgen como resultado de las clases de doctorado que, durante el curso académico 1979-80, impartió Avelino Samartín en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos de la Universidad de Santander. El objetivo del curso era ambicioso ya que se intentaban presentar, de un modo panorámico, los distintos procedimientos analíticos y semianalíticos de Cálculo de Estructuras así como su aplicación al análisis efectivo de diferentes casos prácticos: vigas, placas y láminas. La publicación que se presenta es el volumen uno, que corresponde a la primera parte del curso, referente a los métodos generales de cálculo y su aplicación a casos sencillos : estructuras 1-D y 2-D. También se incluye, en el capítulo 5, una combinación natural de elementos 2-D - laja y placa-, correspondiente a la lámina plegada. Se deja para un segundo volumen el estudio de otras estructuras laminares específicas, así como la introducción a la teoría general de láminas. A lo largo del curso -y en estas notas se refleja- se ha intentado mostrar la identidad de la metodología existente en todo el cálculo estructural , desde la estructura más simple -columna- a la más compleja -lámina-, tanto en su planteamiento como en su resolución. Con esta publicación se desea -aparte de cubrir un evidente vacío bibliográfico, en nuestra lengua, sobre el tema- impulsar el uso de los diferentes métodos analíticos que actualmente existen y que, por causas bien conocidas - facilidad de computación - han sido, en opinión de los autores, inmerecidamente relegados al olvido, cuando podrían, muchas veces, sustituir , o al menos complementar, otras técnicas numéricas más potentes.

A promoção dos bons hábitos alimentares nos alunos do 1.º e do 2.º ciclo do ensino básico

Relatório de estágio apresentado para a obtenção do grau de mestre em Ensino do 1º e do 2º ciclo do ensino básico

Defects in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor expression, Ca2+ signaling, and insulin secretion in the anx7(+/−) knockout mouse

The mammalian anx7 gene codes for a Ca2+-activated GTPase, which supports Ca2+/GTP-dependent secretion events and Ca2+ channel activities in vitro and in vivo. To test whether anx7 might be involved in Ca2+ signaling in secreting pancreatic β cells, we knocked out the anx7 gene in the mouse and tested the insulin-secretory properties of the β cells. The nullizygous anx7 (−/−) phenotype is lethal at embryonic day 10 because of cerebral hemorrhage. However, the heterozygous anx7 (+/−) mouse, although expressing only low levels of ANX7 protein, is viable and fertile. The anx7 (+/−) phenotype is associated with a substantial defect in insulin secretion, although the insulin content of the islets, is 8- to 10-fold higher in the mutants than in the normal littermate control. We infer from electrophysiological studies that both glucose-stimulated secretion and voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel functions are normal. However, electrooptical recordings indicate that the (+/−) mutation has caused a change in the ability of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-generating agonists to release intracellular calcium. The principle molecular consequence of lower anx7 expression is a profound reduction in IP3 receptor expression and function in pancreatic islets. The profound increase in islets, β cell number, and size may be a means of compensating for less efficient insulin secretion by individual defective pancreatic β cells. This is a direct demonstration of a connection between glucose-activated insulin secretion and Ca2+ signaling through IP3-sensitive Ca2+ stores.

Modulation of Ca2+ entry by polypeptides of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) that bind transient receptor potential (TRP): Evidence for roles of TRP and IP3R in store depletion-activated Ca2+ entry

Homologues of Drosophilia transient receptor potential (TRP) have been proposed to be unitary subunits of plasma membrane ion channels that are activated as a consequence of active or passive depletion of Ca2+ stores. In agreement with this hypothesis, cells expressing TRPs display novel Ca2+-permeable cation channels that can be activated by the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) protein. Expression of TRPs alters cells in many ways, including up-regulation of IP3Rs not coded for by TRP genes, and proof that TRP forms channels of these and other cells is still missing. Here, we document physical interaction of TRP and IP3R by coimmunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase-pulldown experiments and identify two regions of IP3R, F2q and F2g, that interact with one region of TRP, C7. These interacting regions were expressed in cells with an unmodified complement of TRPs and IP3Rs to study their effect on agonist- as well as store depletion-induced Ca2+ entry and to test for a role of their respective binding partners in Ca2+ entry. C7 and an F2q-containing fragment of IP3R decreased both forms of Ca2+ entry. In contrast, F2g enhanced the two forms of Ca2+ entry. We conclude that store depletion-activated Ca2+ entry occurs through channels that have TRPs as one of their normal structural components, and that these channels are directly activated by IP3Rs. IP3Rs, therefore, have the dual role of releasing Ca2+ from stores and activating Ca2+ influx in response to either increasing IP3 or decreasing luminal Ca2+.

Combined transgenic expression of α-galactosidase and α1,2-fucosyltransferase leads to optimal reduction in the major xenoepitope Galα(1,3)Gal

Hyperacute rejection of pig organs by humans involves the interaction of Galα(1,3)Gal with antibodies and complement. Strategies to reduce the amount of xenoantigen Galα(1,3)Gal were investigated by overexpression of human lysosomal α-galactosidase in cultured porcine cells and transgenic mice. The overexpression of human α-galactosidase in cultured porcine endothelial cells and COS cells resulted in a 30-fold reduction of cell surface Galα(1,3)Gal and a 10-fold reduction in cell reactivity with natural human antibodies. Splenocytes from transgenic mice overexpressing human α-galactosidase showed only a 15–25% reduction in binding to natural human anti-Galα(1,3)Gal antibodies; however, this decrease was functionally significant as demonstrated by reduced susceptibility to human antibody-mediated lysis. However, because there is residual Galα(1,3)Gal and degalactosylation results in the exposure of N-acetyllactosamine residues and potential new xenoepitopes, using α-galactosidase alone is unlikely to overcome hyperacute rejection. We previously reported that mice overexpressing human α1,2-fucosyltransferase as a transgene had ≈90% reduced Galα(1,3)Gal levels due to masking of the xenoantigen by fucosylation; we evaluated the effect of overexpressing α-galactosidase and α1,2-fucosyltransferase on Galα(1,3)Gal levels. Galα(1,3)Gal-positive COS cells expressing α1,3-galactosyltransferase, α1,2-fucosyltransferase, and α-galactosidase showed negligible cell surface staining and were not susceptible to lysis by human serum containing antibody and complement. Thus, α1,2-fucosyltransferase and α-galactosidase effectively reduced the expression of Galα(1,3)Gal on the cell surface and could be used to produce transgenic pigs with negligible levels of cell surface Galα(1,3)Gal, thereby having no reactivity with human serum and improving graft survival.

PTEN modulates cell cycle progression and cell survival by regulating phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5,-trisphosphate and Akt/protein kinase B signaling pathway

To investigate the molecular basis of PTEN-mediated tumor suppression, we introduced a null mutation into the mouse Pten gene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Pten−/− ES cells exhibited an increased growth rate and proliferated even in the absence of serum. ES cells lacking PTEN function also displayed advanced entry into S phase. This accelerated G1/S transition was accompanied by down-regulation of p27KIP1, a major inhibitor for G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Inactivation of PTEN in ES cells and in embryonic fibroblasts resulted in elevated levels of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5,-trisphosphate, a product of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase. Consequently, PTEN deficiency led to dosage-dependent increases in phosphorylation and activation of Akt/protein kinase B, a well-characterized target of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase signaling pathway. Akt activation increased Bad phosphorylation and promoted Pten−/− cell survival. Our studies suggest that PTEN regulates the phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5,-trisphosphate and Akt signaling pathway and consequently modulates two critical cellular processes: cell cycle progression and cell survival.

Activation of Trp3 by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors through displacement of inhibitory calmodulin from a common binding domain

Mammalian homologues of Drosophila Trp form plasma membrane channels that mediate Ca2+ influx in response to activation of phospholipase C and internal Ca2+ store depletion. Previous studies showed that human Trp3 is activated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors (IP3Rs) and identified interacting domains, one on Trp and two on IP3R. We now find that Trp3 binds Ca2+-calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM) at a site that overlaps with the IP3R binding domain. Using patch-clamp recordings from inside-out patches, we further show that Trp3 has a high intrinsic activity that is suppressed by Ca2+/CaM under resting conditions, and that Trp3 is activated by the following: a Trp-binding peptide from IP3R that displaces CaM from Trp3, a myosin light chain kinase Ca2+/CaM binding peptide that prevents CaM from binding to Trp3, and calmidazolium, an inactivator of Ca2+/CaM. We conclude that inhibition of the inhibitory action of CaM is a key step of Trp3 channel activation by IP3Rs.

Several Thaumatin-Like Proteins Bind to β-1,3-Glucans1

Pathogenesis-related proteins from intercellular fluid washings of stressed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves were analyzed to determine their binding to various water-insoluble polysaccharides. Three proteins (19, 16, and 15 kD) bound specifically to several water-insoluble β-1,3-glucans. Binding of the barley proteins to pachyman occurred quickly at 22°C at pH 5.0, even in the presence of 0.5 m NaCl, 0.2 m urea, and 1% (v/v) Triton X-100. Bound barley proteins were released by acidic treatments or by boiling in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Acid-released barley proteins could bind again specifically and singly to pachyman. Water-soluble laminarin and carboxymethyl-pachyman competed for the binding of the barley proteins to pachyman. The N-terminal sequence of the 19-kD barley β-1,3-glucan-binding protein showed near identity to the barley seed protein BP-R and high homology to other thaumatin-like (TL) permatins. The 16-kD barley protein was also homologous to TL proteins, whereas the 15-kD barley protein N-terminal sequence was identical to the pathogenesis-related Hv-1 TL protein. Antifungal barley protein BP-R and corn (Zea mays) zeamatin were isolated by binding to pachyman. Two extracellular proteins from stressed pea (Pisum sativum L.) also bound to pachyman and were homologous to TL proteins.