Comentario del libro ‘El Río San Juan en la lucha de las Potencias, 1821-1860’

IntroducciónLa nueva obra de Clotilde Obregón Quesada constituye un aporte esclarecedor no sólo para los estudiosos de la historia de las relaciones internacionales de la Centroamérica del siglo pasado, sino también para todos quienes se interesan por el desarrollo político del Istmo en la hora actual. En efecto, si bien la temática del libro gira en torno a las complejas relaciones de poder expresadas en la lucha por la hegemonía sobre el río San Juan y la Vía del Tránsito a mediados del siglo XIX, también ofrece una interesante explicación sobre la naturaleza y significación de las tensiones que, desde entonces, prevalecen en el área...

Atuação do enfermeiro no combate e prevenção à dengue no PSF rural Estrela do Araguaia no município de São Félix do Araguaia – MT

A dengue é considerada um dos principais problemas de saúde pública no mundo. Programas com baixíssima ou mesmo nenhuma participação da comunidade, sem integração intersetorial e com pequena utilização do instrumental epidemiológico mostraram-se incapazes de conter um vetor com altíssima capacidade de adaptação ao novo ambiente criado pela urbanização acelerada e pelos novos hábitos. Entretanto, a maior dificuldade ainda encontrada para o controle dos criadouros, é a aderência e participação da população, já que a grande maioria dos focos do mosquito da dengue encontra-se nas residências ou em suas imediações. Esta então se torna uma questão vital para a eficácia das medidas de controle. Levando em consideração os aspectos socioeconômicos da população de São Félix do Araguaia, e o fato da dengue ser um problema de saúde pública e que teve impacto significativo nas condições de saúde da população, torna-se relevante adotar medidas de intervenção para o controle e prevenção da disseminação da doença. O projeto será realizado com a população do distrito de Estrela do Araguaia, da área de abrangência do PSF Rural do Posto da Mata,no período de agosto a dezembro de 2012. A iniciativa do projeto de intervenção se deu mediante ao número de atendimentos realizados no curto período com apresentação dos mesmos sintomas, visto que surgiram no período crítico, onde a população se encontrava em manifestação pela não desocupação das terras indígenas. Não foi possível desenvolver parte do projeto devido às manifestações que mobilizaram toda a população, inclusive escolas e estabelecimentos comerciais. Todos na comunidade se encontravam constantemente sob pressão, pois o risco de iniciar um conflito era eminente. O Projeto de intervenção busca uma melhoria na capacitação de profissionais e usuários no controle e combate a dengue. Mesmo com toda dedicação seria inviável o cumprimento de todas as atividades imposta nesse projeto, pois com a desocupação da área não houve tempo suficiente para a realização dos mesmos.

Melhoria da atenção à saúde da criança de 0 a 72 meses, na Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF) Félix Tomaz, Jacobina/BA

Nas últimas décadas o Brasil passou por mudanças demográficas e epidemiológicas interferindo diretamente na diminuição da preocupação com a atenção à saúde da criança. Desse modo, a necessidade de valorização da Puericultura e da atenção à saúde da criança são condições necessárias para que se tenha adultos e idosos mais saudáveis. Neste sentido, o programa Saúde da Criança é muito importante em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde, pois ele é a continuidade dos cuidados iniciados no pré-natal, proporciona uma melhor qualidade de vida à criança e contribui na redução da mortalidade infantil, a qual vem diminuindo progressivamente no âmbito nacional. Este trabalho tem como objetivo geral melhorar a atenção às crianças, compreendidas na faixa etária de 0 a 72 meses da ESF Félix Tomaz, do município de Jacobina-Bahia. A intervenção aconteceu no período de setembro a dezembro de 2013. A metodologia aplicada foi à análise situacional do território detectando as fragilidades que poderiam ser melhoradas, a qual foi alicerçada em quatro eixos: avaliação e monitoramento, engajamento público, organização e gestão do serviço e qualificação da prática clínica para o alcance das metas propostas. Alguns dos resultados obtidos foram: ações de educação em saúde para as crianças; aumento do número de crianças frequentadoras do programa, de 21 crianças para 50 após a intervenção; orientações quanto à prevenção de acidentes, cáries, consulta odontológica, teste auditivo e do pezinho em tempo hábil. Por fim, a intervenção foi importante para todos os segmentos – comunidade, serviço e equipe. Na comunidade, a intervenção foi significante, pois muitos genitores não tinham a informação sobre a importância da consulta de acompanhamento e desenvolvimento da criança com o profissional enfermeiro. No serviço propiciou a ampliação da cobertura da atenção em saúde das crianças acompanhadas na UBS, a melhoria dos registros, o aumento da busca das crianças faltosas, uma atenção especial às vacinas e o aumento da faixa etária frequentadora do programa. Entre a equipe houve uma interação maior entre os profissionais, além de que a grande parte teve capacitação sobre saúde da criança.

Melhoria do Programa de Acompanhamento da Pessoa com Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica e/ou Diabetes Mellitus na UBS/ESF Félix Pinto, Cantá/RR

SARDA ROJAS, Jorge. Melhoria do programa de acompanhamento da pessoa com hipertensão arterial sistêmica e/ou diabetes mellitus na UBS/ESF Felix Pinto, Cantá/RR. 2015. 103 p. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Curso de Especialização em Saúde da Família) - Departamento de Medicina Social, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, 2015. A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS) e o Diabetes Mellitus (DM) são graves problemas de saúde pública no Brasil e no mundo. Evidências demonstram que o bom manejo destas doenças crônicas na Atenção Básica evita hospitalizações e mortes por complicações cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho foi melhorar a atenção à saúde do usuário portador de HAS e ao usuário portador de DM na UBS/ESF Félix Pinto, Canta, RR. O projeto foi estruturado para ser desenvolvido no período de 16 semanas, mas por solicitação dos coordenadores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Família – EAD a intervenção foi desenvolvida em 12 semanas. Com a implementação do projeto de intervenção foram cadastrados 242 usuários hipertensos e 89 usuários diabéticos, atingindo uma cobertura de 26,5% e 34,1%, respectivamente. Além disso, a intervenção propiciou o desenvolvimento de um trabalho multidisciplinar, um maior nível de conhecimento aos profissionais mediante as atividades de qualificação da prática clínica e promoveu o trabalho integrado da equipe de saúde com a comunidade, aumentando, dessa forma, o engajamento público e a governabilidade dos profissionais na solução dos problemas que seriam de responsabilidade dos gestores.

Melhoria da Atenção à Saúde dos Usuários Hipertensos e/ou Diabéticos na UBS Doutor Félix Bestene Neto, Xapuri/AC

No Brasil, as doenças cardiovasculares representam importantes problemas de saúde pública, pois é a primeira causa de morte no país. A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS) e a Diabetes Mellitus (DM), constituem-se os mais importantes fatores de risco das doenças cardiovasculares. Para o controle destas doenças, a Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) configura-se como elemento chave no desenvolvimento das ações, através de uma equipe multidisciplinar que atua na promoção de saúde, prevenção e reabilitação de doenças e agravos mais frequentes. Este trabalho trata-se de uma intervenção realizada na Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) Doutor Felix Bestene Neto, Xapuri/AC, entre os meses de abril a junho de 2015, com o objetivo de melhorar a atenção à saúde dos usuários hipertensos e diabéticos da área de abrangência, tendo como base os protocolos do Ministério da Saúde para atenção aos hipertensos e diabéticos. A intervenção foi realizada abordando os quatro eixos temáticos do Curso: qualificação da prática clínica, engajamento público, monitoramento e avaliação e organização da gestão do serviço. Segundo os dados fornecidos pela secretaria de saúde, possuímos uma população de 4.278 pessoas e conforme as estimativas, destas 161são diabéticas e 651 são hipertensas (VIGITEL, 2011). No processo de intervenção conseguimos a participação 132 usuários sendo 128 (19,7%) com hipertensão arterial e 41 com diabetes mellitus (25,5%). As ações realizadas incluíram o cadastramento dos usuários no programa, a formação de grupos de educação em saúde, a realização de atividades educativas, visitas domiciliares, orientações sobre atividade física, alimentação saudável, saúde bucal e capacitações da equipe multidisciplinar. Alcançamos ainda uma proporção de 99,2% dos hipertensos e 100% dos diabéticos com os exames clínicos em dia segundo o protocolo do Ministério da Saúde, 23,4% de hipertensos e 26,8% dos diabéticos com exames complementares em dia e 100% da prescrição farmacológica para ambos os grupos. Conseguimos 48,4% para os hipertensos e 58,5% para os diabéticos nas ações das avaliações odontológicas e 80,9% dos hipertensos e 67,9% dos diabéticos com a busca ativa dos faltosos, Mantivemos 100% dos hipertensos e diabéticos com as fichas de acompanhamentos em dia, estratificação de risco, orientação sobre alimentação saudável, sobre orientação nutricional, sobre a importância de atividade física, sobre os riscos do tabagismo e higiene bucal. Após essas ações, nós conseguimos ter uma visão mais ampla da comunidade e dos usuários que apresentam essas doenças, além de estimular e facilitar o acesso dos usuários para o atendimento na unidade com uma melhor qualidade. Conclui-se que o trabalho realizado já foi incorporado à rotina do serviço, melhorando o estado de saúde dos usuários hipertensos

The River And The Sea: Fieldwork In Human Ecology And Ethnobiology.

This article is a commentary on the experiences that motivated my decision to become a human ecologist and ethnobiologist. These experiences include the pleasure of studying and of having the sense of being within nature, as well as the curiosity towards understanding the world and minds of local people. In particular, such understanding could be driven by addressing the challenging questions that originate in the interactions of such individuals with their natural surroundings. I have been particularly interested in the sea and the riverine forests that are inhabited by coastal or riverine small-scale fishers. Sharing the distinctive world of these fishers enjoyably incited my curiosity and challenged me to understand why fishers and their families 'do as they do' for their livelihoods including their beliefs. This challenge involved understanding the rationality (or the arguments or views) that underlies the decisions these individuals make in their interaction with nature. This curiosity was fundamental to my career choice, as were a number of reading interests. These reading interests included political economy and philosophy; evolution and sociobiology; evolutionary, human, and cultural ecology; cultural transmission; fisheries; local knowledge; ecological economics; and, naturally, ethnobiology.

O papel da interação no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de português para alunos surdos em uma escola inclusiva

In this article, it is discussed the role of interaction in the process of teaching and learning Portuguese of deaf students at an inclusive school. In the context where the research took place, the hearing teacher does not understand sign language, and there are, in her classroom, hearing students and four deaf students, being three of them sign language users. As the communication between the hearing teacher and the deaf students occurred in different codes - Portuguese and Brazilian sign language - and having a social-interactional approach of language (MOITA LOPES, 1986; FREIRE, 1999), we observed if the interaction among the subjects enabled the deaf students to understand what was being taught. The results showed that the fact of having four deaf students in the same classroom allowed them to work in a cooperative way. Besides, the sign language became more visible in this institution. On the other hand, the interaction between the teacher and her deaf students revealed to be of little significance to the learning process of this small group.

Carbapenem stewardship: positive impact on hospital ecology

INTRODUCTION: Excessive group 2 carbapenem use may result in decreased bacterial susceptibility. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the impact of a carbapenem stewardship program, restricting imipenem and meropenem use. METHODS: Ertapenem was mandated for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infections in the absence of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) from April 2006 to March 2008. Group 2 carbapenems were restricted for use against GNB infections susceptible only to carbapenems and suspected GNB infections in unstable patients. Cumulative susceptibility tests were done for nosocomial pathogens before and after restriction using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guide-lines.Vitek System or conventional identification methods were performed and susceptibility testing done by disk diffusion according to CLSI.Antibiotic consumption (t-test) and susceptibilities (McNemar's test) were determined. RESULTS: The defined daily doses (DDD) of group 2 carbapenems declined from 61.1 to 48.7 DDD/1,000 patient-days two years after ertapenem introduction (p = 0.027). Mean ertapenem consumption after restriction was 31.5 DDD/1,000 patient-days. Following ertapenem introduction no significant susceptibility changes were noticed among Gram-positive cocci. The most prevalent GNB were P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter spp. There was no change in P. aeruginosa susceptibility to carbapenems. Significantly improved P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae ciprofloxacin susceptibilities were observed, perhaps due to decreased group 2 carbapenem use. K. pneumoniae susceptibility to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole improved. CONCLUSION: Preferential use of ertapenem resulted in reduced group 2 carbapenem use, with a positive impact on P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae susceptibility.

The Rg1 allele as a valuable tool for genetic transformation of the tomato 'Micro-Tom' model system

Background: The cultivar Micro-Tom (MT) is regarded as a model system for tomato genetics due to its short life cycle and miniature size. However, efforts to improve tomato genetic transformation have led to protocols dependent on the costly hormone zeatin, combined with an excessive number of steps. Results: Here we report the development of a MT near-isogenic genotype harboring the allele Rg1 (MT-Rg1), which greatly improves tomato in vitro regeneration. Regeneration was further improved in MT by including a two-day incubation of cotyledonary explants onto medium containing 0.4 mu M 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) before cytokinin treatment. Both strategies allowed the use of 5 mu M 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), a cytokinin 100 times less expensive than zeatin. The use of MT-Rg1 and NAA pre-incubation, followed by BAP regeneration, resulted in high transformation frequencies (near 40%), in a shorter protocol with fewer steps, spanning approximately 40 days from Agrobacterium infection to transgenic plant acclimatization. Conclusions: The genetic resource and the protocol presented here represent invaluable tools for routine gene expression manipulation and high throughput functional genomics by insertional mutagenesis in tomato.

Convergence of developmental mutants into a single tomato model system: 'Micro-Tom' as an effective toolkit for plant development research

Background: The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plant is both an economically important food crop and an ideal dicot model to investigate various physiological phenomena not possible in Arabidopsis thaliana. Due to the great diversity of tomato cultivars used by the research community, it is often difficult to reliably compare phenotypes. The lack of tomato developmental mutants in a single genetic background prevents the stacking of mutations to facilitate analysis of double and multiple mutants, often required for elucidating developmental pathways. Results: We took advantage of the small size and rapid life cycle of the tomato cultivar Micro-Tom (MT) to create near-isogenic lines (NILs) by introgressing a suite of hormonal and photomorphogenetic mutations (altered sensitivity or endogenous levels of auxin, ethylene, abscisic acid, gibberellin, brassinosteroid, and light response) into this genetic background. To demonstrate the usefulness of this collection, we compared developmental traits between the produced NILs. All expected mutant phenotypes were expressed in the NILs. We also created NILs harboring the wild type alleles for dwarf, self-pruning and uniform fruit, which are mutations characteristic of MT. This amplified both the applications of the mutant collection presented here and of MT as a genetic model system. Conclusions: The community resource presented here is a useful toolkit for plant research, particularly for future studies in plant development, which will require the simultaneous observation of the effect of various hormones, signaling pathways and crosstalk.

Defects in vesicle core induced by Escherichia coli dihydroorotate dehydrogenase

Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) catalyzes the oxidation of dihydroorotate to orotate during the fourth step of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway. In rapidly proliferating mammalian cells, pyrimidine salvage pathway is insufficient to overcome deficiencies in that pathway for nucleotide synthesis. Moreover, as certain parasites lack salvage enzymes, relying solely on the de novo pathway, DHODH inhibition has turned out as an efficient way to block pyrimidine biosynthesis. Escherichia coli DHODH (EcDHODH) is a class 2 DHODH, found associated to cytosolic membranes through an N-terminal extension. We used electronic spin resonance (ESR) to study the interaction of EcDHODH with vesicles of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-phosphatidylcholine/detergent. Changes in vesicle dynamic structure induced by the enzyme were monitored via spin labels located at different positions of phospholipid derivatives. Two-component ESR spectra are obtained for labels 5- and 1 0-phosphatidylcholine in presence of EcDHODH, whereas other probes show a single-component spectrum. The appearance of an additional spectral component with features related to fast-motion regime of the probe is attributed to the formation of a defect-like structure in the membrane hydrophobic region. This is probably the mechanism used by the protein to capture quinones used as electron acceptors during catalysis. The use of specific spectral simulation routines allows us to characterize the ESR spectra in terms of changes in polarity and mobility around the spin-labeled phospholipids. We believe this is the first report of direct evidences concerning the binding of class 2 DHODH to membrane systems.

Transmission potential, skin inflammatory response, and parasitism of symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil is caused by the protozoan Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and it is transmitted by sandfly of the genus Lutzomyia. Dogs are an important domestic reservoir, and control of the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) to humans includes the elimination of infected dogs. However, though dogs are considered to be an important element in the transmission cycle of Leishmania, the identification of infected dogs representing an immediate risk for transmission has not been properly evaluated. Since it is not possible to treat infected dogs, they are sacrificed when a diagnosis of VL is established, a measure that is difficult to accomplish in highly endemic areas. In such areas, parameters that allow for easy identification of reservoirs that represents an immediate risk for transmission is of great importance for the control of VL transmission. In this study we aimed to identify clinical parameters, reinforced by pathological parameters that characterize dogs with potential to transmit the parasite to the vector. Results: The major clinical manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs from an endemic area were onicogriphosis, skin lesions, conjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy, and weight loss. The transmission potential of these dogs was assessed by xenodiagnosis using Lutzomyia longipalpis. Six of nine symptomatic dogs were infective to Lutzomyia longipalpis while none of the five asymptomatic dogs were infective to the sandfly. Leishmania amastigotes were present in the skin of all clinically symptomatic dogs, but absent in asymptomatic dogs. Higher parasite loads were observed in the ear and ungueal region, and lower in abdomen. The inflammatory infiltrate was more intense in the ears and ungueal regions of both symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs. In clinically affected dogs in which few or none Leishmania amastigotes were observed, the inflammatory infiltrate was constituted mainly of lymphocytes and macrophages. When many parasites were present, the infiltrate was also comprised of lymphocytes and macrophages, as well as a larger quantity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Conclusion: Dogs that represent an immediate risk for transmission of Leishmania in endemic areas present clinical manifestations that include onicogriphosis, skin lesions, conjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy, and weight loss. Lymphadenopathy in particular was a positive clinical hallmark since it was closely related to the positive xenodiagnosis.

Molecular and geographic analyses of vampire bat-transmitted cattle rabies in central Brazil

Background: Vampire bats are important rabies virus vectors, causing critical problems in both the livestock industry and public health sector in Latin America. In order to assess the epidemiological characteristics of vampire bat-transmitted rabies, the authors conducted phylogenetic and geographical analyses using sequence data of a large number of cattle rabies isolates collected from a wide geographical area in Brazil. Methods: Partial nucleoprotein genes of rabies viruses isolated from 666 cattle and 18 vampire bats between 1987 and 2006 were sequenced and used for phylogenetic analysis. The genetic variants were plotted on topographical maps of Brazil. Results: In this study, 593 samples consisting of 24 genetic variants were analyzed. Regional localization of variants was observed, with the distribution of several variants found to be delimited by mountain ranges which served as geographic boundaries. The geographical distributions of vampire-bat and cattle isolates that were classified as the identical phylogenetic group were found to overlap with high certainty. Most of the samples analyzed in this study were isolated from adjacent areas linked by rivers. Conclusion: This study revealed the existence of several dozen regional variants associated with vampire bats in Brazil, with the distribution patterns of these variants found to be affected by mountain ranges and rivers. These results suggest that epidemiological characteristics of vampire bat-related rabies appear to be associated with the topographical and geographical characteristics of areas where cattle are maintained, and the factors affecting vampire bat ecology.

Differential expression of HIF-1 alpha in CD44(+)CD24(-/) (low) breast ductal carcinomas

Background: Cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis postulates that tumors are maintained by a self-renewing CSC population that is also capable of differentiating into non-self-renewing cell populations that constitute the bulk of tumor. Stem cells renewal and differentiation can be directly influenced by the oxygen levels of determined tissues, probably by the reduction of oxidative DNA damage in hypoxic regions, thus leading to a friendlier microenvironment, regarding to clonal expansion and for resistance to chemotherapeutic regimens. Furthermore, there have been strong data indicating a pivotal role of hypoxic niche in cancer stem cells development. There are evidence that hypoxia could drive the maintenance of CSC, via HIF-1 alpha expression, but it still to be determined whether hypoxia markers are expressed in breast tumors presenting CD44(+)CD24(-/low) immunophenotype. Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis of CD44(+)CD24(-/low) expression and its relationship with hypoxia markers and clinical outcome were evaluated in 253 samples of breast ductal carcinomas. Double-immunolabeling was performed using EnVision Doublestain System (Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA). Slides were then scanned into high-resolution images using Aperio ScanScope XT and then, visualized in the software Image Scope (Aperio, Vista, CA, USA). Results: In univariate analysis, CD44(+)CD24(-/low) expression showed association with death due to breast cancer (p = 0.035). Breast tumors expressing CD44(+)CD24(-/low) immunophenotype showed relationship with HIF-1 alpha (p = 0.039) and negativity for HER-2 (p = 0.013). Conclusion: Considering that there are strong evidences that the fraction of a tumour considered to be cancer stem cells is plastic depending upon microenvironmental signals, our findings provide further evidence that hypoxia might be related to the worse prognosis found in CD44(+)CD24(-/low) positive breast tumors.

Status of Early 19th-Century Names Authored in Parallel by Wied and Schinz for South American Reptiles and Amphibians, with Designations of Three Nomina Protecta

Prince Maximilian zu Wied's great exploration of coastal Brazil in 1815-1817 resulted in important collections of reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals, many of which were new species later described by Wied himself The bulk of his collection was purchased for the American Museum of Natural History in 1869, although many ""type specimens"" had disappeared earlier. Wied carefully identified his localities but did not designate type specimens or type localities, which are taxonomic concepts that were not yet established. Information and manuscript names on a fraction (17 species) of his Brazilian reptiles and amphibians were transmitted by Wied to Prof. Heinrich Rudolf Schinz at the University of Zurich. Schinz included these species (credited to their discoverer ""Princ. Max."") in the second volume of Das Thierreich ... (1822). Most are junior objective synonyms of names published by Wied. However, six of the 17 names used by Schinz predate Wied's own publications. Three were manuscript names never published by Wied because he determined the species to be previously known. (1) Lacerta vittata Schinz, 1822 (a nomen oblitum) = Lacerta striata sensu Wied (a misidentification, non Linnaeus nec sensu Merrem) = Kentropyx calcarata Spix, 1825, herein qualified as a nomen protectum. (2) Polychrus virescens Schinz, 1822 = Lacerta marmorata Linnaeus, 1758 (now Polychrus marmoratus). (3) Scincus cyanurus Schinz, 1822 (a nomen oblitum) = Gymnophthalmus quadrilineatus sensu Wied (a misidentification, non Linnaeus nec sensu Merrem) = Micrablepharus maximiliani (Reinhardt and Lutken, ""1861"" [1862]), herein qualified as a nomen protectum. Qualifying Scincus cyanurus Schinz, 1822, as a nomen oblitum also removes the problem of homonymy with the later-named Pacific skink Scincus cyanurus Lesson (= Emoia cyanura). The remaining three names used by Schinz are senior objective synonyms that take priority over Wied's names. (4) Bufo cinctus Schinz, 1822, is senior to Bufo cinctus Wied, 1823; both, however, are junior synonyms of Bufo crucifer Wied, 1821 = Chaunus crucifer (Wied). (5) Agama picta Schinz, 1822, is senior to Agama picta Wied, 1823, requiring a change of authorship for this poorly known species, to be known as Enyalius pictus (Schinz). (6) Lacerta cyanomelas Schinz, 1822, predates Teius cyanomelas Wied, 1824 (1822-1831) both nomina oblita. Wied's illustration and description shows cyanomelas as apparently conspecific with the recently described but already well-known Cnemidophorus nativo Rocha et al., 1997, which is the valid name because of its qualification herein as a nomen protectum. The preceding specific name cyanomelas (as corrected in an errata section) is misspelled several ways in different copies of Schinz's original description (""cyanom las,"" ""cyanomlas,"" and cyanom""). Loosening, separation, and final loss of the last three letters of movable type in the printing chase probably accounts for the variant misspellings.