Aluminum Concentrations in Water of Elderly People`s Houses and Retirement Homes and Its Relation with Elderly Health

The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of aluminum (Al) and other metals in water samples from elderly people`s houses and retirement homes. Forty-six duplicate water samples from kitchen taps were collected in Ribeiro Preto/SP, Brazil. Metal levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Aluminum concentration exceeded the maximum allowed values in 26% of samples according to the Decree 518/2004 of the Brazilian Health Ministry. It was noted that 11% of elderly living at monitored houses, as well as 19% living at retirement homes presented Alzheimer disease diagnostic. These results suggest taking into account Al risks among vulnerable elderly population groups.

CHRONIC LITHIUM TREATMENT PREVENT ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR RELATED TO DIETARY RESTRICTION

Caloric intake reduction has been considered as the major experimental manipulation able to increase longevity in experimental models. Therefore, its effects upon cognition and mood like behavior are poorly explored. On the other hand, Li(+) is a re-emergent therapeutic drug used to treat mood disorders, mainly bipolar disorder, with antipanic and antidepressant actions. On the hypothesis that lithium treatment could attenuate the negatives effects of stress on Central Nervous Systems (CNS), we evaluated the role of chronic lithium treatment on anxiety-like behaviors in animals submitted to stress by chronic moderated feed restriction (FR). Male wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 7-8/group) according to dietary and drug manipulation: ad libitum (AL) with unlimited access to standard rat diet, lithium treatment ( AL + Li) which received approximately 50 mg/Kg animal/day of LiCl solved in water and ad libitum diet, FR that were fed with equivalent to 70% of total rat diet consumed by AL group, and FR + Li which received diet corresponding to FR and Li administration. After 12 weeks of drug and FR manipulation, anxiety like behavior was evaluated in elevated plus mazes (EPM). Chronic lithium treatment prevent the anxiogenic like effect of FR ( open time, F(3,30) = 3.588; P = 0.0265; percentage of open entries, F(3,30) = 6.004; P= 0.00029; and open time at the first min, 2.35; F(3,30) = 4.937; P = 0.0073, Duncan test P < 0.05) compared to AL diet. Ours results adding to evidences that moderate feed restriction my increase anxiety-like behavior; also suggest that chronic lithium treatment may be attenuated this effects.

Excited to death: different ways to lose your neurones

The selective loss of neurones in a range of neurodegenerative diseases is widely thought to involve the process of excitotoxicity, in which glutamate-mediated neuronal killing is elaborated through the excessive stimulation of cell-surface receptors. Every such disease exhibits a distinct regional and subregional pattern of neuronal loss. so processes must be locally triggered to different extents to account for this. We have studied several mechanisms which could lead to excitotoxic glutamate pathophysiology and compared them in different diseases. Our data suggest that glutamate can reach toxic extracellular levels in Alzheimer disease by malfunctions in cellular transporters, and that the toxicity may be exacerbated by continued glutamate release from presynaptic neurones acting on hypersensitive postsynaptic receptors. Thus the excitotoxicity is direct. In contrast, alcoholic brain damage arises in regions where GABA-mediated inhibition is deficient, and fails properly to dampen trans-synaptic excitation, Thus the excitotoxicity is indirect. A variety of such mechanisms is possible, which may combine in different ways.

MR image-based measurement of rates of change in volumes of brain structures. Part 1: Method and validation

A detailed analysis procedure is described for evaluating rates of volumetric change in brain structures based on structural magnetic resonance (MR) images. In this procedure, a series of image processing tools have been employed to address the problems encountered in measuring rates of change based on structural MR images. These tools include an algorithm for intensity non-uniforniity correction, a robust algorithm for three-dimensional image registration with sub-voxel precision and an algorithm for brain tissue segmentation. However, a unique feature in the procedure is the use of a fractional volume model that has been developed to provide a quantitative measure for the partial volume effect. With this model, the fractional constituent tissue volumes are evaluated for voxels at the tissue boundary that manifest partial volume effect, thus allowing tissue boundaries be defined at a sub-voxel level and in an automated fashion. Validation studies are presented on key algorithms including segmentation and registration. An overall assessment of the method is provided through the evaluation of the rates of brain atrophy in a group of normal elderly subjects for which the rate of brain atrophy due to normal aging is predictably small. An application of the method is given in Part 11 where the rates of brain atrophy in various brain regions are studied in relation to normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

Consensus neuropathological diagnosis of common dementia syndromes: testing and standardising the use of multiple diagnostic criteria

The aim of this study was to assess the variation between neuropathologists in the diagnosis of common dementia syndromes when multiple published protocols are applied. Fourteen out of 18 Australian neuropathologists participated in diagnosing 20 cases (16 cases of dementia, 4 age-matched controls) using consensus diagnostic methods. Diagnostic criteria, clinical synopses and slides from multiple brain regions were sent to participants who were asked for case diagnoses. Diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, accuracy and variability were determined using percentage agreement and kappa statistics. Using CERAD criteria, there was a high inter-rater agreement for cases with probable and definite Alzheimer's disease but low agreement for cases with possible Alzheimer's disease. Braak staging and the application of criteria for dementia with Lewy bodies also resulted in high inter-rater agreement. There was poor agreement for the diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia and for identifying small vessel disease. Participants rarely diagnosed more than one disease in any case. To improve efficiency when applying multiple diagnostic criteria, several simplifications were proposed and tested on 5 of the original 210 cases. Inter-rater reliability for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies significantly improved. Further development of simple and accurate methods to identify small vessel lesions and diagnose frontotemporal dementia is warranted.

Quantitation of alternatively spliced NMDA receptor NR1 isoform mRNA transcripts in human brain by competitive RT-PCR

The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-selective subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor is of importance in neuronal differentiation and synapse consolidation, activity-dependent forms of synaptic plasticity, and excitatory amino acid-mediated neuronal toxicity [Neurosci. Res. Program, Bull. 19 (1981) 1; Lab. Invest. 68 (1993) 372]. NMDA receptors exist in vivo as tetrameric or pentameric complexes comprising proteins from two families of homologous subunits, designated NR1 and NR2(A-D) [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 185 (1992) 826]. The gene coding for the human NR1 subunit (hNR1) is composed of 21 exons, three of which (4, 20 and 21) can be differentially spliced to generate a total of eight distinct subunit variants. We detail here a competitive RT-PCR (cRT-PCR) protocol to quantify endogenous levels of hNR1 splice variants in autopsied human brain. Quantitation of each hNR1 splice variant is performed using standard curve methodology in which a known amount of synthetic ribonucleic acid competitor (internal standard) is co-amplified against total RNA. This method can be used for the quantitation of hNR1 mRNA levels in response to acute or chronic disease states, in particular in the glutamatergic-associated neuronal loss observed in Alzheimer's disease [J. Neurochem. 78 (2001) 175]. Furthermore, alterations in hNR1 mRNA expression may be reflected at the translational level, resulting in functional changes in the NMDA receptor. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Terceiro Sector: Relações Públicas como negociação e compromisso

Nas últimas décadas, temos vindo a discutir as Relações Públicas como se as suas fronteiras como profissão e disciplina científica estivessem bem definidas, o que continua a não ser verdade. Mesmo se pudéssemos defender as Relações Públicas como uma disciplina completa e integrada, com um corpo de conhecimento coerente e autónomo, não deixaria de ser pertinente discutir os seus novos desenvolvimentos. Quando falamos de stakeholders, esquecemo-nos muitas vezes daqueles que estão silenciosamente perto de nós e que apenas se manifestam quando, por um motivo ou outro, se transformam, por exemplo, em grupos de pressão. Como poderão facilmente compreender, refiro-me à comunicação enquanto um conceito genérico e às comunidades na sua abordagem mais contextual. Para as organizações do Terceiro Sector, este deve ser, precisamente, defendido como um dos principais e centrais stakeholders.Recorrendo ao exemplo de uma organização portuguesa dedicada à causa da Doença de Alzheimer, a Associação Alzheimer Portugal, pretende-se demonstrar que a Comunicação Institucional deve começar a ser vista como indo mais além daquilo que são as suas concepções básicas. Apresenta-se, portanto, um projecto de uma estratégia de Relações Públicas que se constitui, por um lado, como uma forma de verificação empírica da tese aqui defendida e, por outro lado, como um projecto chave na mão para ser implementado na referida Associação.

Use of psychoactive drugs and related falls among older people living in a community in Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Population aging in Brazil has increased the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease) and affective disorders (anxiety, depression), all common in old age. A retrospective study was carried out with the purpose of ascertaining if there is an association between falls and psychoactive medication use among older residents of a community in Brazil. METHODS: All residents aged 65+ (n=161) of one neighborhood of Campo Belo, Brazil (population of 48,000) were evaluated regarding the use of psychoactive drugs and the occurrence of falls in the 12 months preceding the study. Vision and hearing screenings were also performed. RESULTS: From the study population, 9.3% were taking prolonged half-life benzodiazepines, 4.4% anticonvulsants (mostly barbiturates), 2.5% antidepressants (all cyclics) and 8.1% alpha-methyldopa. No subject reported use of hypnotics, neuroleptics or drugs to treat Alzheimer's or Parkinson's diseases (except biperiden). As a whole, drugs that increase the risk of falls were used by 1/5 of this population. In the 12-month period preceding the study, 27 residents (16.8%) experienced falls and, of those, 4 (14.8%) had fracture(s). There was an independent association between psychoactive drug use and falls when variables such as age, gender, vision and hearing were controlled (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Although the population of this neighborhood must be considered young (only 4% are 65 years old or more), there are already problems related to the use of psychoactive drugs among people. Prescribed anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants and antihypertensives are not appropriate for this age group and their use is associated with falls.

Transtorno de ansiedade generalizada em idosos com oitenta anos ou mais

OBJETIVOS: Descrever a prevalência de transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (TAG) em uma população de idosos residentes em uma comunidade e com idade acima de 80 anos e comparar os padrões de sono, a função cognitiva e a taxa de prevalência de outros diagnósticos psiquiátricos entre controles normais e sujeitos com TAG. MÉTODOS: Para o diagnóstico de TAG, foram utilizados os critérios do "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM-IV). Selecionou-se uma amostra randômica e representativa de 77 sujeitos (35%), residentes em uma comunidade, entre todos os idosos com idade acima de 80 anos do município Veranópolis, RS. Os padrões de sono foram aferidos pelo índice de qualidade de sono de Pittsburgh e pelo diário sobre sono/vigília a ser preenchido ao longo de duas semanas. Cinco testes neuropsicológicos foram usados na avaliação cognitiva: teste das lembranças seletivas de Buschke-Fuld; lista de palavras da bateria CERAD (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease); teste de fluência verbal e dois subtestes da escala de memória Wechsler. RESULTADOS: A prevalência estimada de TAG foi de 10,6%, cuja presença estava associada a uma maior ocorrência de depressão clinicamente diagnosticável, com um significativo maior número de sintomas depressivos, quando medidos pela escala de depressão geriátrica, e com uma maior ocorrência de depressão menor. Os padrões de sono e o funcionamento cognitivo, entre sujeitos com TAG, não estavam afetados. A gravidade das doenças físicas não variava entre sujeitos com TAG e os controles normais. A presença de TAG estava associada a um significativo pior padrão de qualidade de vida relativa à saúde. CONCLUSÃO: Em comparação com os estudos prévios, a prevalência de TAG é alta entre a população de idosos mais velhos. Esse transtorno ocorre em freqüente associação com a sintomatologia depressiva e também está associado a um pior padrão de qualidade de vida relativa à saúde.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of bioactive compounds from microalgae and volatile oils from aromatic plants

A discussion of the most interesting results obtained in our laboratories, during the supercritical CO(2) extraction of bioactive compounds from microalgae and volatile oils from aromatic plants, was carried out. Concerning the microalgae, the studies on Botryococcus braunii and Chlorella vulgaris were selected. Hydrocarbons from the first microalgae, which are mainly linear alkadienes (C(23)-C(31)) with an odd number of carbon atoms, were selectively extracted at 313 K increasing the pressure up to 30.0 MPa. These hydrocarbons are easily extracted at this pressure, since they are located outside the cellular walls. The extraction of carotenoids, mainly canthaxanthin and astaxanthin, from C. vulgaris is more difficult. The extraction yield of these components at 313 K and 35.0 MPa increased with the degree of crushing of the microalga, since they are not extracellular. On the other hand, for the extraction of volatile oils from aromatic plants, studies on Mentha pulegium and Satureja montana L were chosen. For the first aromatic plant, the composition of the volatile and essential oils was similar, the main components being the pulegone and menthone. However, this volatile oil contained small amounts of waxes, which content decreased with decreasing particle size of the plant matrix. For S. montana L it was also observed that both oils have a similar composition, the main components being carvacrol and thymol. The main difference is the relative amount of thymoquinone, which content can be 15 times higher in volatile oil. This oxygenated monoterpene has important biological activities. Moreover, experimental studies on anticholinesterase activity of supercritical extracts of S. montana were also carried out. The supercritical nonvolatile fraction, which presented the highest content of the protocatechuic, vanilic, chlorogenic and (+)-catechin acids, is the most promising inhibitor of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase. In contrast, the Soxhlet acetone extract did not affect the activity of this enzyme at the concentrations tested. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis of optimization of [11C] Pittsburgh compound B by the captive solvent method

Mestrado em Medicina Nuclear.

Avaliação da expressão do gene BDNF em doenças neurodegenerativas

O Factor Neurotrófico Derivado do Cérebro (BDNF) está associado a processos de crescimento, diferenciação e sobrevivência das células neuronais. A expressão diferencial do BDNF, particularmente no hipocampo, está relacionada com a manifestação clínica de algumas doenças do foro psiquiátrico e cognitivo como a doença de Huntington, Alzheimer, depressão e esquizofrenia. Este trabalho pretende dar conhecimento das técnicas utilizadas para avaliar a expressão do gene BDNF. As técnicas de ELISA, IHC e Western blot, por permitirem a avaliação precisa da expressão de BDNF, são úteis para uma melhor compreensão, diagnóstico e tratamento de algumas doenças neurodegenerativas.

Molecular imaging agents for detection of β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease

The formation of amyloid structures is a neuropathological feature that characterizes several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer´s and Parkinson´s disease. Up to now, the definitive diagnosis of these diseases can only be accomplished by immunostaining of post mortem brain tissues with dyes such Thioflavin T and congo red. Aiming at early in vivo diagnosis of Alzheimer´s disease (AD), several amyloid-avid radioprobes have been developed for b-amyloid imaging by positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The aim of this paper is to present a perspective of the available amyloid imaging agents, special those that have been selected for clinical trials and are at the different stages of the US Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) approval.

Assessment of the quality of brain regions and neuroimaging metrics as biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer Disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive decline and dementia. Earlier diagnosis and classification of different stages of the disease are currently the main challenges and can be assessed by neuroimaging. With this work we aim to evaluate the quality of brain regions and neuroimaging metrics as biomarkers of AD. Multimodal Imaging Brain Connectivity Analysis (MIBCA) toolbox functionalities were used to study AD by T1weighted, Diffusion Tensor Imaging and 18FAV45 PET, with data obtained from the AD Neuroimaging Initiative database, specifically 12 healthy controls (CTRL) and 33 patients with early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI), late MCI (LMCI) and AD (11 patients/group). The metrics evaluated were gray-matter volume (GMV), cortical thickness (CThk), mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA), fiber count (FiberConn), node degree (Deg), cluster coefficient (ClusC) and relative standard-uptake-values (rSUV). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate and compare the diagnostic accuracy of the most significant metrics and brain regions and expressed as area under the curve (AUC). Comparisons were performed between groups. The RH-Accumbens/Deg demonstrated the highest AUC when differentiating between CTRLEMCI (82%), whether rSUV presented it in several brain regions when distinguishing CTRL-LMCI (99%). Regarding CTRL-AD, highest AUC were found with LH-STG/FiberConn and RH-FP/FiberConn (~100%). A larger number of neuroimaging metrics related with cortical atrophy with AUC>70% was found in CTRL-AD in both hemispheres, while in earlier stages, cortical metrics showed in more confined areas of the temporal region and mainly in LH, indicating an increasing of the spread of cortical atrophy that is characteristic of disease progression. In CTRL-EMCI several brain regions and neuroimaging metrics presented AUC>70% with a worst result in later stages suggesting these indicators as biomarkers for an earlier stage of MCI, although further research is necessary.

Desenvolvimento de um pupilómetro

O movimento da pupila é a resposta à variação da intensidade da luz na retina, com vista a ajudar a optimizar a percepção visual. Num ambiente de luz fraca a dilatação da pupila (midríase) é um meio eficaz para maximizar o número de fotões que chega à retina, que por sua vez activa os processos de adaptação à pouca luz. Aquando da exposição a uma luz forte, a contracção da pupila (miose) permite a redução da intensidade da luz na retina numa proporção eficaz, servindo como resposta rápida dos mecanismos de adaptação à luz intensa (1). O estudo da abertura da pupila tem interesse clínico relevante, pois esta actua como um indicador objectivo da sensibilidade da retina à luz e, por consequência, do nervo óptico. A sua oscilação permanente é resultado do equilíbrio entre fluxos opostos dos sistemas nervosos simpático e parassimpático. O estado da pupila de um indivíduo permite o diagnóstico de várias doenças, entre as quais distúrbios do sono (narcolepsia), esquizofrenia (reacção a fármacos), Síndrome de Adie, Alzheimer, dependência de narcóticos, entre outras. Neste trabalho apresenta-se um equipamento óptico estável e robusto para a detecção da área da pupila e sua variação numa escala temporal. Desenvolveu-se um algoritmo de detecção do contorno pupilar, implementado num programa de interface simples, intuitivo e user friendly. Com vista à validação técnica do sistema desenvolvido foram feitas medições da área, perímetro, diâmetro horizontal e diâmetro vertical que, após estudo estatístico e comparativo, permitiram tirar conclusões acerca das dimensões gerais da pupila, da sua variação dado um determinado estímulo e da viabilidade clínica do equipamento concebido.