[Phot. des Alpes de Pedriolo et Monte delle Loccie, dans la région de Macugnaga (Piémont), non loin du Mont-Rose, par E. Lamy, don E. Reclus en 1886]

Donateur : Reclus, Élisée (1830-1905)

The shift from low to high non-structural protein 1 expression in rotavirus-infected MA-104 cells

A hallmark of group/species A rotavirus (RVA) replication in MA-104 cells is the logarithmic increase in viral mRNAs that occurs four-12 h post-infection. Viral protein synthesis typically lags closely behind mRNA synthesis but continues after mRNA levels plateau. However, RVA non-structural protein 1 (NSP1) is present at very low levels throughout viral replication despite showing robust protein synthesis. NSP1 has the contrasting properties of being susceptible to proteasomal degradation, but being stabilised against proteasomal degradation by viral proteins and/or viral mRNAs. We aimed to determine the kinetics of the accumulation and intracellular distribution of NSP1 in MA-104 cells infected with rhesus rotavirus (RRV). NSP1 preferentially localises to the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm of infected cells, forming abundant granules that are heterogeneous in size. Late in infection, large NSP1 granules predominate, coincident with a shift from low to high NSP1 expression levels. Our results indicate that rotavirus NSP1 is a late viral protein in MA-104 cells infected with RRV, presumably as a result of altered protein turnover.

Structures de gestion des rivalités d'usage du paysage : une analyse comparée de trois cas alpins

Résumé Objectifs : Le but de ce travail est, dans un premier temps, de mettre en évidence les mécanismes qui gouvernent les rivalités d'usage concernant la ressource paysage, afin, dans un deuxième temps, de comprendre comment se résolvent ces différends. Il part du postulat central que l'existence de rivalités d'usage non apaisées nuit à la durabilité de la ressource. Trois types d'acteurs gravitant autour de la ressource paysage doivent être distingués -Les observateurs du paysage sont ceux qui utilisent directement les services fournis par la ressource (p. ex. les touristes « écologiques », les randonneurs, les amoureux de la nature ; dans les conflits, ils peuvent être représentés par les organisations de protection du paysage) ; -Les fournisseurs du paysage servent d'intermédiaires entre le paysage et les observa¬teurs ; ils utilisent le paysage pour attirer des clients ; ils monnayent l'accès au paysage (billet de transport, hôtels, restaurant panoramique) ; ils vendent des représentations du paysage ; -Les utilisateurs des ressources « primaires » (sol, eau, forêt...) ne se préoccupent pas de paysage : ils entretiennent une configuration particulière de ressources primaires qui fait naître chez l'observateur le sentiment qu'il contemple un paysage. Ces catégories analytiques ne sont pas hermétiques, car un même acteur peut se trouver dans plusieurs catégories à la fois. Cadre d'analyse : Sur la base de la typologie des acteurs présentée, il est possible de mettre en évidence six types de rivalités théoriques, chacune opposant entre eux des observateurs, fournisseurs et utilisateurs de ressources primaires. Dans une situation de rivalité, les différents acteurs mobilisent les droits qu'ils ont à disposition pour défendre leurs intérêts. Le cadre d'analyse des régimes institutionnels de ressources naturelles (RIRN) est utilisé afin de mettre en évi¬dence ces droits. Il permet de faire la différence entre le système régulatif de la ressource, qui fait référence aux phénomènes d'appropriation (à défaut de propriété, car le paysage n'entre pas facilement dans les canons définis par le code civil), et les politiques publiques, qui ré¬glementent ces phénomènes d'appropriation. Le cadre des RIRN a la prétention de tisser un lien entre l'économie institutionnelle des ressources naturelles, préoccupée avant tout par la question des droits sur les ressources, et une approche plus politologique, dont les politi¬ques publiques constituent l'objet d'étude. Résultats : Dans le contexte de trois études de cas (le val Baltschieder, la région d'Aletsch et le parc naturel régional de Chartreuse), les conflits paysagers ont été mis en évidence. Les acteurs en présence ont été identifiés, de même que les droits dont ils disposent pour protéger leurs intérêts. Ce travail a démontré que les rivalités entre observateurs (p. ex. surdensité de visi¬teurs), ainsi que celles entre observateurs et utilisateurs de ressources primaires ne trouvent pas de solution sans l'intervention d'une structure de gestion paysagère particulière. Cette dernière peut prendre différentes formes qui doivent toutefois respecter un certain nombre de critères développés dans le travail. Dans le contexte des études de cas, différents modèles d'organisation susceptibles de jouer ce rôle ont été mis en évidence. De telles organisations collectives constituent une des clés pour une gestion durable de la ressource paysage.

Apoptosis of non-parasitised red blood cells in Plasmodium yoelii malaria

Recently, while studying erythrocytic apoptosis during Plasmodium yoelii infection, we observed an increase in the levels of non-parasitised red blood cell (nRBC) apoptosis, which could be related to malarial anaemia. Therefore, in the present study, we attempted to investigate whether nRBC apoptosis is associated with the peripheral RBC count, parasite load or immune response. To this end, BALB/c mice were infected with P. yoelii 17XL and nRBC apoptosis, number of peripheral RBCs, parasitaemia and plasmatic levels of cytokines, nitric oxide and anti-RBC antibodies were evaluated at the early and late stages of anaemia. The apoptosis of nRBCs increased at the late stage and was associated with parasitaemia, but not with the intensity of the immune response. The increased percentage of nRBC apoptosis that was observed when anaemia was accentuated was not related to a reduction in peripheral RBCs. We conclude that nRBC apoptosis in P. yoelii malaria appears to be induced in response to a high parasite load. Further studies on malaria models in which acute anaemia develops during low parasitaemia are needed to identify the potential pathogenic role of nRBC apoptosis.

Second non-breast primary cancer following adjuvant therapy for early breast cancer: a report from the International Breast Cancer Study Group.

The incidence of second non-breast primary cancer following adjuvant treatment was evaluated using data from patients enrolled from 1978 to 1999 in four International Breast Cancer Study Group (IBCSG) trials. The occurrence of these tumours as sites of the first failure was assessed separately for two treatment comparisons: toremifene versus tamoxifen for 5 years in 1035 patients in IBCSG Trials 12-93 and 14-93 with a median follow-up of 8 years and endocrine therapy (toremifene or tamoxifen) versus chemo-endocrine therapy (CMF or AC plus toremifene or tamoxifen) in 1731 patients from IBCSG Trials III, VII and 12-93, with a combined median follow-up of 14 years. No significant differences in second non-breast primary tumours were observed in either comparison. In particular, the incidences of second primary uterine tumours with toremifene and tamoxifen were similar and no significant increase of secondary leukaemias was observed with chemo-endocrine therapy compared with endocrine therapy.

Referrals of cancer versus non-cancer patients to a palliative care consult team: do they differ?

This retrospective study compared 100 consecutive non-cancer (NC) patients referred to a palliative care consult team (PCT) in a Swiss university hospital to 506 cancer (C) patients referred during the same period. The frequencies of reported symptoms were similar in both groups. The main reasons for referral in the NC group were symptom control, global evaluation, and assistance with discharge. Requests for symptom control predominated in the C group. Prior to the first visit, 50% of NC patients were on opioids, compared to 58% of C patients. After the first visit, the proportion of NC patients on opioids increased to 64% and the proportion of C patients to 73%. The median daily oral morphine equivalent dose for NC patients taking opioids prior to the first PCT visit was higher than that for C patients (60 mg versus 45 mg). At the time of death or discharge, the percentage of NC patients on opioids was 64%, while that of C patients was 76%. Moreover, NC patients were on significantly lower median doses of opioids than C patients (31 mg versus 60 mg). Over half the NC patients died during hospitalization, as compared to 33% of C patients. Only 6% of NC patients were discharged to palliative care units, as compared to 22% of C patients.

Appropriation of technology in "non-western" societies: an approximation to the case of Bulgaria

The principal focus of the PhD thesis lies in the Social Software area and the appropriation of technology in "non-Western" societies taking the example of Bulgaria. The term "non-Western" is used to explain places considered technologically underdeveloped. The aims have been to capture how Bulgarian users creatively interpret and appropriate Internet identifying the sociocultural, political and subjective conditions in which that appropriation occurs, to identify emerging practices based on the interpretation and use of Internet and the impact they had on society and what conditions could influence the technological interpretation and the meaning these practices had for both users and social configuration of Internet as media in Bulgaria. An ethnographic approach has been used simultaneously in different online and offline contexts. On the one hand, this study is based on exploration of the Bulgarian Internet Space through online participant observation in forums and websites reviews and on the other hand, on semi-structured interviews with different types of users of the virtual platforms found, made both face to face and online and finally online participant observation at the same platforms. It is based on some contributions of the ethnographic work of Christine Hine in virtual environments and the notions of time and space of Barbara Czarniawska contextualized in the modern form of organization that occurs in a network of multiple and fragmented contexts across many movements.

Virulence variation among epidemic and non-epidemic strains of Saint Louis encephalitis virus circulating in Argentina

Saint Louis encephalitis virus caused an outbreak of febrile illness and encephalitis cases in Córdoba, Argentina, in 2005. During this outbreak, the strain CbaAr-4005 was isolated from Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. We hypothesised that this epidemic variant would be more virulent in a mouse model than two other non-epidemic strains (78V-6507 and CorAn-9275) isolated under different epidemiological conditions. To test this hypothesis, we performed a biological characterisation in a murine model, including mortality, morbidity and infection percentages and lethal infection indices using the three strains. Mice were separated into age groups (7, 10 and 21-day-old mice) and analysed after infection. The strain CbaAr-4005 was the most infective and lethal of the three variants, whereas the other two strains exhibited a decreasing mortality percentage with increasing animal age. The strain CbaAr-4005 produced the highest morbidity percentages and no significant differences among age groups were observed. The epidemic strain caused signs of illness in all inoculated animals and showed narrower ranges from the onset of symptoms than the other strains. CbaAr-4005 was the most virulent for Swiss albino mice. Our results highlight the importance of performing biological characterisations of arbovirus strains likely to be responsible for emerging or reemerging human diseases.

Early and Prolonged Antiretroviral Therapy Is Associated with an HIV-1-Specific T-Cell Profile Comparable to That of Long-Term Non-Progressors.

Background: Intervention with antiretroviral treatment (ART) and control of viral replication at the time of HIV-1 seroconversion may curtail cumulative immunological damage. We have therefore hypothesized that ART maintenance over a very prolonged period in HIV-1 seroconverters could induce an immuno-virological status similar to that of HIV-1 long-term non-progressors (LTNPs).Methodology/Principal Findings: We have investigated a cohort of 20 HIV-1 seroconverters on long-term ART (LTTS) and compared it to one of 15 LTNPs. Residual viral replication and reservoirs in peripheral blood, as measured by cell-associated HIV-1 RNA and DNA, respectively, were demonstrated to be similarly low in both cohorts. These two virologically matched cohorts were then comprehensively analysed by polychromatic flow cytometry for HIV-1-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell functional profile in terms of cytokine production and cytotoxic capacity using IFN-gamma, IL-2, TNF-alpha production and perforin expression, respectively. Comparable levels of highly polyfunctional HIV-1-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells were found in LTTS and LTNPs, with low perforin expression on HIV-1-specific CD8+ T-cells, consistent with a polyfunctional/non-cytotoxic profile in a context of low viral burden.Conclusions: Our results indicate that prolonged ART initiated at the time of HIV-1 seroconversion is associated with immuno-virological features which resemble those of LTNPs, strengthening the recent emphasis on the positive impact of early treatment initiation and paving the way for further interventions to promote virological control after treatment interruption.