Diet shift of upland buzzards (Buteo hemilasius): evidence from stable carbon isotope ratios

We measured the stable carbon isotope ratios for muscle of the upland buzzards (Buteo hemilasius), plateau pika (Ochotoma curzoniae), root vole (Microtus oeconomus), plateau zokor (Myospalax fontanierii) and passerine bird species at the Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station (HAMERS), and provided diet information of upland buzzards with the measurement of stable carbon isotopes in tissues of these consumers. The results showed that δ~(13)C values of small mammals and passerine bird species ranged from -25.57‰ to -25.78‰ (n = 12), and from -24.81‰ to -22.51% (n = 43), respectively, δ~(13)C values of the upland buzzards ranged from -22.60‰ to -23.10‰ when food was not available. The difference in δ~(13)C values (2.88‰±0.31‰) between upland buzzards and small mammals was much larger than the differences reported previously, 1‰-2‰, and showed significant difference, while 1.31‰±0.34‰ between upland buzzard and passerine bird species did not differ from the previously reported trophic fractionation difference of 1‰-2‰. Estimation of trophic position indicated that upland buzzards stand at trophic position 4.23, far from that of small mammals, i.e., upland buzzards scarcely captured small mammals as food at the duration of food shortage. According to isotope mass balance model, small mammals contributed 7.89% to 35.04% of carbon to the food source of the upland buzzards, while passerine bird species contributed 64.96% to 92.11%. Upland buzzards turned to passerine bird species as food during times of shortage of small mammals. δ~(13)C value, a useful indicator of diet, indicates that the upland buzzards feed mainly on passerine bird species rather than small mammals due to "you are what you eat" when small mammal preys are becoming scarce.

阿尔金蛇绿混杂带构造岩石组合及其大地构造意义

The Alytn fault is a huge left-slip fault zone within the Asian continent, and locates such zone that is linked to main tectonic units in the western China, which makes it is very important to the tectonic framework and ore distribution in the western China. Selecting two ophiolite zones (namely Hongliugou-Lapeiquan ophiolite zone and Sulamutage ophiolite zone) respectively located within the southern and northern part of the Altyn fault and based on analysis of field geology characteristics and geochemistry, this paper recognized the rock types (mainly mafic and ultramafic rocks) within the melanges and subdivided each lithological unit based on tectonic environment. At last, this paper rebuilt the paleo-tectonic framework in the Alytn region by the method of tectonic facies and discussed its tectonic evolution with the theory of collision orogens. Combining former results with hard field observation and geochemical analysis, this paper acquired such recognitions to two ophiolte zones within the Altyn fault zone as follows: To the typical regions (Hongliugou, Lapeiquan, Mangya and Sulamutage) within the two ophiolte zones in the Altyn fault zone, this paper offered the field geology profiles. Field geology characteristics show that they are composed of melange bases (mainly abyssal flysch and carbonate rocks) and melange blocks from various tectonic environments, often with fault contact among each lithological units, belonging to typical ophiolitic melange zone. The ultramafic rocks outcropped at the Altyn region are all harzburgites. Remant grains of primary minerals have melted residual texture and elastic deformation texture under high temperature and pressure. The whole-rock analyses show their low TiO_2 contents (0.01～0.04%), low Al, Ca and high MgO contents and wide Mg~# range (89.35～95.57). Rare earth patterns have two types, namely tabacco pipe-shped and LREE-shaped, of which the former is often seen. The chondrite-nomalized Yb values of these analyses are all lower than 1. The spinels have low Ti and high Cr content and most spinels have Cr# higher than 60. All of the above characteristics show that the ultramafic rocks in the Altyn fault zone are components of metmorphic peridotites of ophiolite from depleted mantle source and most ophiolites from this zone belong to supra-subduction zone (SSZ) type ophiolite with a few mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) type. Geochemical analyses show that the melange blocks within the Altyn ophiolitic melange zone have different characteristics from various tectonic environments. This paper recognized such tectonic-lithological assemblages as mid-ocean basalts, oceanic island basalts, oceanic island arc tholeiites, island arc calalkaline basalts and island arc granites and inferred that these tectonic-lithological units respectively belongs to such tectonic units as ophiolites, oceanic islands and/or oceanic seamounts, oceanic island arc and a~creting arcs, which show these blocks from oceanic crust and subduction zone for the most part. For the Altyn ophiolites, the chronological data show they become new from the north to the south. Combined with the study on late slip of Altyn fault and North Qilianshan orogeny, the author inferred that the Altyn region had belonged to one part of the North Qilianshan accreting wedge-arc orogeny at paleozoic, and later huge left-slip made it locate modem site.

喀斯特高原湖泊生物地球化学过程中的锌同位素特征

采用多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（MC-ICP-Ms）对喀斯特高原湖泊红枫湖、阿哈湖水体及其主要支流水体悬浮物和一些生物样品中的锌同位素进行了测定，测试精度小于0．11％。（2SD）。结果显示，红枫湖水体与其主要支流水体悬浮物中的δ^66Zn变化范围分别为-0.29‰～0.26‰和-0.04‰～0．48‰，阿哈湖水体与其主要支流水体悬浮物中的δ^66Zn变化范围分别为-0．18‰～0．27‰和-0．17‰～0.46‰，均表现出支流中的锌同位素组成较重的特点。两湖生物样品中的δ^66Zn变化范围较大，为-0．35‰～0．57‰，说明湖泊生态系统中各端员的锌同位素组成存在一定差异。根据同位素组成分析，湖泊主要入湖河流及所携带的陆源物质是阿哈湖？白水体中锌的主要来源，锌同位素是一种较好的物源示踪工具。红枫湖夏季δ^66Zn与Chla（叶绿素）呈显著的正相关（R=0. 97），主要是藻类对锌的有机吸附和吸收过程导致锌同位素组成发生变化。此外，湖泊水体悬浮物中的锌同位素组成均在夏季较轻，表明大气的干湿沉降可能是一个较负的锌同位素源。水体悬浮物中的δ^66Zn变化范围小于生物样品中的δ^66Zn变化范围，说明由于生物作用过程导致的锌同位素分馏大于非生物过程.

贵州省遵义市大气降水中有机和无机地球化学特征研究

正确认识降水中的化学组分是评价酸雨和大气环境质量的重要途径，降水中低分子有机酸的研究是认识C、H、O等元素生物地球化学循环和酸雨成因的重要内容。贵州省遵义市作为我国酸雨高发地区，是降水化学组成尤其是低分子有机酸地球化学循环研究的典型区域。我们在遵义市进行了为期一年(2006年5月~2007年4月)的降水采集(共76个样品)，对pH值、电导率和主要的阴离子(包括有机和无机)、阳离子进行了测定，并进行了分析和讨论。 (1) pH和电导率的雨量加权平均值分别为4.11(范围：2.30~ 6.04)和62.10 μs•cm-1 (范围：6.60 ~ 1630.00 μs•cm-1)，酸雨频率高达93.2%，pH存在着显著的季节变化，其中冬季pH值最低，表明遵义市酸雨污染较为严重，冬季为最。 (2) 遵义市监测期间离子浓度的大小顺序为SO42-> Ca2+> H+> NH4+> NO3-> Cl-> F->HCOO-> Mg2+> K+> CH3COO-> Na+> (COO)22-> PO43-> NO2-，其中SO42-、Ca2+、H+、NH4+、NO3-是最主要离子，浓度分别为148.15 μmol•L-1、81.89 μmol•L-1、77.74 μmol•L-1、43.80 μmol•L-1和31.50μmol•L-1，它们分别占离子总量的31.97%、17.67%、16.78%、9.45%和6.54%；遵义市大气降水中主要的致酸物质是SO42-和NO3-，主要的缓冲物质是Ca2+和NH4+，大气污染类型属硫酸钙型。相对酸度和中和因子结果表明降水中仅有77%的降水酸度被碱性物质(以Ca2+和NH4+为主)中和；因子分析中H+、NO3-、nss-SO42-(非海源性硫酸根)、NH4+归为一组，再次表明SO42-和NO3-对降水酸度的重要贡献。富集系数和源的贡献分析表明，SO42-和NO3-主要来自人为活动的贡献，SO42-来源主要包括工业、民用的燃煤燃烧释放的SO2，NO3-主要是遵义市电厂和其它工厂向大气中排放的NOx的化学转化而成。Ca2+主要来自于遵义市的土壤及水泥厂等的排放；Mg2+主要来自陆源输入，部分来自海水的贡献。氮肥生产、大面积农田化肥的使用以及生物排放源很可能是该地区降水中NH4+的主要污染源。值得注意的是，作为海盐性离子的Cl-，在遵义市降水中重要的部分还是人为活动，主要是遵义工厂(如碱厂和钛厂)向大气中排放的HCl和Cl2转化而成。无机离子浓度的季节变化表明，对于遵义市，需要逐步改变能源结构尤其是冬季工业、居民燃煤的使用，才能有效地改善遵义市当前的环境污染。 (3) 遵义市降水中含量较高的常见有机酸是[HCOO-]T、[CH3COO-]T和[(COO)22-]T，它们的雨量加权平均值各为9.29 μmol•L -1、6.47 μmol•L-1和5.06 μmol•L-1；遵义市区降水中有机酸总浓度为22.28 μmol•L-1，占阴离子总量的9.39 %；遵义市降水中四季的有机酸浓度由高到低分别为：春季>冬季>秋季>夏季。以上结果表明，遵义市的有机酸是降水中的重要组成部分，其浓度存在明显的季节性变化。在一次降雨事件中，有机酸的浓度一般随降雨时间的延长而降低，但在降雨中后期有时会出现上升的现象，表明有机酸主要来自云下淋滤作用，少数情况下来自大气远距离的传输。 (4) 相关性分析发现甲酸和乙酸具有强烈的正相关(r= 0.86)，表明甲酸和乙酸具有共同的来源。有机酸与降水中的主要无机离子NO3-、nss-SO42-、K+、Na+、Ca2+等存在着中度相关，表明有机酸的来源与人为活动有着重要的关系。应用气液平衡的原理，提出了降水中甲酸、乙酸比值(F/A)aq的有机酸来源判定方法。发现遵义降水中的有机酸春季和冬季主要来自人类活动的释放，其中春季主要来自遵义市南郊的工业污染，由南方水汽(占春季总量的54%)将其污染物传输至遵义市中心城区，冬季主要是大量燃煤的燃烧释放；夏季和秋季则主要来自植物的释放，其中秋季中的部分有机酸也受到华中和华东地区(其气团占秋季总量的45%)的远距离影响。而遵义市区的山间盆地地形、高湿度、高静风率和低风速、以尘埃为主的大气污染物和有机酸的短生命周期(几小时~几天)为有机酸来源于当地创造了有利条件。 (5) 根据热力学平衡计算新方法，发现遵义市pH≤5的降水中甲酸和乙酸对自由酸度的贡献分别为14.79% (范围：0.42~91.14%)、3.66% (范围：0.02~31.55%)。对比显示，遵义市的有机酸贡献量低于边远地区，主要由于遵义市降水的低pH值和高无机酸度所致。在春、夏、秋、冬季节，降水中的有机酸对自由酸度的平均贡献值分别为31.95%、26.16%、8.02%、11.17%，表明有机酸酸度有着明显的季节性差异，春季有机酸的高贡献量主要受降水中的有机酸高含量、低水温和高pH值的共同作用，夏季受高pH值的影响，而秋季和冬季的低贡献量主要受降水的低pH值所控制。 (6) 在遵义市的沉降通量中，无机离子的湿沉降通量占所有离子湿沉降总量的94%，并存在明显的季节性变化。SO42-、Ca2+、H+、NH4+、NO3-为最主要的贡献者，分别为90.1、49.8、47.3、26.0和19.2 mmol•m-2•yr-1。对比显示，SO42-、Ca2+、H+的沉降量均属于我国的高值区，而NO3-的沉降量属于我国中值区，NH4+的沉降量属我国低值水平。营养元素总无机氮TIN(TIN= NH4+ -N+ NO3- -N+ NO2- -N)的湿沉降总量为45.7 mmol•m-2•yr-1，其中NH4+和NO3-分别占TIN的57.0%和41.9%，遵义地区高TIN值当地氮肥的施用量和工业NOx的释放量密不可分；营养元素P的沉降量为1.97 mmol•m-2•yr-1，由于P的来源较少，促使P的湿沉降通量较低。有机酸占湿沉降总量的6%，其四季的湿沉降量顺序由高到低依次为：春>秋>冬>夏，这是有机离子的浓度和四季的降雨量共同作用的结果。根据气液平衡理论可知，挥发性有机酸(HCOO-、CH3COO-和CH3CH2COO-)的干沉降量占总沉降量的47.2%，表明遵义市有机酸沉降方式包括干湿沉降两种。因此在研究遵义市的污染物尤其是有机酸类对生态系统和城市建设的影响时，有必要同时收集气样和水样。

贵州喀斯特高原湖泊物质循环过程中的铜锌同位素地球化学－以红枫湖、阿哈湖为例

近年来铜、锌同位素地球化学研究已经进入了快速发展时期。作为新兴的同位素技术手段，铜锌同位素工具已普遍应用于地球化学、矿床学、古海洋学和生物学等多种领域，然而铜、锌同位素在湖泊生态系统中的研究却相对较少。湖泊生态系统中，重金属的迁移、循环与转化一直是地球科学家们关注的焦点，但研究手段仅局限于含量与形态的测定。因此本论文旨在通过对湖泊生态系统中铜、锌同位素的研究，揭示影响铜、锌同位素组成的主要因素，为铜、锌同位素成为湖泊系统中新的重金属示踪工具奠定基础。 本论文通过一系列条件实验，确定了用于MC-ICP-MS测定环境样品中铜、锌同位素时最佳的化学分离条件。随后选取红枫湖和阿哈湖为主要研究对象，用此实验流程对湖泊水体及其主要支流悬浮物中的铜、锌同位素的季节及剖面变化进行了初步研究。除此之外，对水体中重金属如Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni、Co、Cr、Cd和Pb的形态分布特征及物质循环进行了研究。主要得出以下几点认识： 1、环境样品中铜锌的最佳分离条件是，采用AG MP-1(100-200目)阴离子交换树脂，分别以7 mol/L HCl + 0.001% H2O2，2 mol/L HCl+ 0.001% H2O2，0.5 mol/L HNO3作为淋洗液，并分别在适当的体积接收淋洗液，可以有效地分离沉积物、植物和悬浮物等样品中的铜和锌。化学分离过程中回收率接近100％，同位素比值的变化均在误差范围以内。 2、红枫湖、阿哈湖水体及主要支流悬浮物和红枫湖生物样品中的δ65Cu分布范围为-2.64‰~1.11‰，可达到3.75‰的变化。红枫湖夏季水体悬浮物的δ65Cu变化为-0.08‰~0.25‰，入湖河流水体悬浮物δ65Cu的变化范围为0.13‰~ 1.11‰；阿哈湖夏季水体悬浮物δ65Cu的变化范围为-0.62‰~0.37‰，入湖河流水体悬浮物δ65Cu的变化范围为-1.08‰~0.60‰。两湖冬季水体悬浮物的δ65Cu值均较负。红枫湖生物样品中δ65Cu较负（-1.54‰~ 0.03‰）。 红枫湖水体悬浮物中δ65Cu的随水深的变化趋势主要受到藻类吸收作用的控制，而阿哈湖δ65Cu的随水深的变化趋势主要受到其物源的控制。说明在贫营养化湖泊中，铜同位素组成可以示踪物源；而在富营养化湖泊中，铜同位素组成则可以示踪生物活动。同时水温的垂直变化也可能是其影响因素之一。 3、红枫湖水体及其主要支流水体悬浮物中的δ66Zn变化范围分别为-0.29‰~0.26‰和-0.04‰~0.48‰，阿哈湖水体及其主要支流水体悬浮物中的δ66Zn变化范围分别为-0.18‰~0.27‰和-0.17‰~0.46‰，均表现出支流中的锌同位素组成较重的趋势。而生物样品中的δ66Zn变化范围较大，为-0.35‰~0.57‰。说明湖泊生态系统中各端元的锌同位素组成存在明显差异。 红枫湖夏季δ66Zn随着湖水深度的变化，与Chla（叶绿素）呈极显著的正相关(R=0.97)。说明锌同位素组成与藻类生物量有一定的响应关系，主要是藻类对锌的有机吸附或是吸收过程改变了锌同位素组成。阿哈湖的锌同位素组成主要受到其源区的控制作用，从而可利用锌同位素示踪源区；此外，红枫湖和阿哈湖悬浮物中的锌同位素比值均表现出夏季小于冬季，说明大气的干湿沉降可能是一个较负的锌同位素源。生物样品中的δ66Zn变化范围较大，说明由于生物作用过程导致的锌同位素分馏大于非生物过程。 4、红枫湖重金属Mn、Ni、Co、Cr、Cd和Pb的含量在南湖高于北湖，主要是羊昌湖的输入所导致；重金属入湖通量的季节性变化，直接导致了重金属含量的季节性变化。沉积物－水界面在冬夏季节，由于“富氧”和“贫氧”状态的改变，导致了溶解态Mn、Ni和Cr的季节性变化；水粒相互作用过程中，溶解有机碳（DOC）、氧化铁胶体、氧化锰胶体和水生藻类的生长繁殖，影响了重金属不同结合形态的变化。

Solanáceas silvestres: potencial de uso como porta-enxertos resistentes ao nematóide-das-galhas (Meloidogyne ssp.).

2009

Emissão de C-CO2 em amostras de latossolo tratadas com lodos de esgoto.

Lodos de esgoto possuem alto teor de carbono orgânico, porém, há um expressivo consumo de matéria orgânica logo após sua aplicação no solo, até que seja alcançado novo equilíbrio da relação C/N. Neste trabalho, apresentam- se resultados referentes à decomposição da fração orgânica de dois lodos de esgoto anaeróbios, provenientes das Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto de Franca/SP (esgoto doméstico) e de Barueri/SP (esgoto urbanoindustrial). Os tratamentos estudados foram de 1, 2, 4 e 8 vezes a aplicação da dose recomendada, com base no teor de N, de dois lodos de esgoto, as quais foram equivalentes à aplicação, numa camada de 0-20 cm de solo, de 3, 6, 12 e 24 Mg ha-1 (Franca) e 8, 16, 32 e 64 Mg ha-1 (Barueri). Avaliou-se o efeito dos tratamentos sobre a emissão de carbono na forma de CO2, em câmaras sem circulação forçada de ar, após 57 dias de incubação de misturas de amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico com as doses dos lodos de esgoto. O padrão de emissão de C-CO2 foi semelhante nos dois tipos de lodos de esgoto. Houve aumento da liberação de C-CO2 com o aumento das doses dos dois lodos de esgoto. A taxa respiratória foi maior no início da incubação, observando-se 50% ou mais da decomposição total da matéria orgânica dos lodos de esgoto nos primeiros 15 dias. A biodecomposição estimada da matéria orgânica aplicada ao solo via lodos de esgoto foi de 15%.

Manejo do pseudocaule no controle da broca-do-rizoma da bananeira.

A broca da bananeira ou moleque, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), constitui-se na principal praga da bananeira, provocando perdas de até 80% na produção. As larvas são causadoras do dano por produzirem galerias no rizoma, enfraquecendo a planta e reduzindo o peso do cacho, que acaba tombando pela ação do vento. No entanto, por estarem protegidas dentro do rizoma, a verificação de sua presença é mais difícil e também o seu controle. Quando adulto, o besouro de coloração preta mede aproximadamente 1 cm de comprimento e é ativo no período noturno. O moleque se espalha facilmente pelo uso de mudas infestadas ou pelo caminhamento. Durante o dia, o besouro é encontrado entre as bainhas mais externas da bananeira e em restos de pseudocaule que permanecem sobre o solo após a colheita, os quais atuam como verdadeiros esconderijos para a broca.

Probabilistic Analysis of Multistage Interconnection Network Performance

We present methods of calculating the value of two performance parameters for multipath, multistage interconnection networks: the normalized throughput and the probability of successful message transmission. We develop a set of exact equations for the loading probability mass functions of network channels and a program for solving them exactly. We also develop a Monte Carlo method for approxmiate solution of the equations, and show that the resulting approximation method will always calculate the values of the performance parameters more quickly than direct simulation.

Relatório de Gestão 2009.

2009

Evolução e perspectiva de desempenho econômico associadas com a produção de soja nos contexto mundial e brasileiro.

Evolução e perspectivas de desempenho econômico associadas com a produção de soja nos contextos mundial e brasileiro. O mercado mundial de produtos do complexo soja. O mercado e a produção de soja no Brasil. Expectativas de desempenho econômico para a safra 2009/10.

Instability of anthocyanin accumulation in Vitis vinifera L. var. Gamay Freaux suspension cultures

The inherent instability of metabolite production in plant cell culture-based bioprocessing is a major problem hindering its commercialization. To understand the extent and causes of this instability, this study was aimed at understanding the variability of anthocyanin accumulation during long-term subcultures, as well as within subculture batches, in Vitis vinifera cell cultures. Therefore, four cell line suspensions of Vitis vinitera L. var. Gamay Freaux, A, B, C and D, originated from the same callus by cell-aggregate cloning, were established with starting anthocyanin contents of 2.73 +/- 0.15, 1.45 +/- 0.04, 0.77 +/- 0.024 and 0.27 +/- 0.04 CV (Color Value)/g-FCW (fresh cell weight), respectively. During weekly subculturing of 33 batches over 8 months, the anthocyanin biosynthetic capacity was gradually lost at various rates, for all four cell lines, regardless of the significant difference in the starting anthocyanin content. Contrary to this general trend, a significant fluctuation in the anthocyanin content was observed, but with an irregular cyclic pattern. The variabilities in the anthocyanin content between the subcultures for the 33 batches, as represented by the variation coefficient (VC), were 58, 57, 54, and 84% for V vinifera cell lines A, B, C and D, respectively. Within one subculture, the VCs from 12 replicate flasks for each of 12 independent subcultures were averaged, and found to be 9.7%, ranging from 4 to 17%. High- and low-producing cell lines, VV05 and VV06, with 1.8-fold differences in their basal anthocyanin contents, exhibited different inducibilities to L-phenylalanine feeding, methyl jasmonate and light irradiation. The low-producing cell line, showed greater potential in enhanced the anthocyanin production.

Similaridade genética em acessos de Aegilops tauschii, Triticum durum e híbridos interespecíficos.

2008

Desempenho das cultivares de milho BRS Planalto e BRS Missões nas safras 2003/04 e 2004/05.

2006