O voto dos emigrantes nas eleccións portuguesas

O voto dos emigrantes nas eleições portuguesas Os emigrantes portugueses participam nas eleições para a Assembleia da República, para o Presidente da República e para o Parlamento Europeu. O voto nas eleições para a Assembleia da República é exercido por correspondência e diz respeito à eleição de quatro dos 226 deputados (dois pelo círculo eleitoral da Europa e dois pelo círculo eleitoral do resto do mundo). O voto nas eleições para o Presidente da República é obrigatoriamente presencial e pressupõe laços de efectiva ligação à comunidade nacional, cujos critérios estão estabelecidos na lei. O número de eleitores inscritos tem oscilado na última década entre um máximo de 185.223 cidadãos em 2001 e um mínimo de 146.374 cidadãos em 2005. A taxa de participação em voto por correspondência aproxima-se dos 30% da Europa e dos 20 % no resto do mundo. Sendo exigido o voto presencial, a taxa de participação global verificada foi de 8,3% em 2001.

Investigation and literature review of unilateral hearing loss

Literature and research were gathered and analyzed to determine the impact UHL has on a child’s education, speech and language development. The effects of early intervention and amplification were also analyzed.

Análisis comparativo del pago de la obligación tributaria en los países de la C.A.N.

A lo largo de la historia los Estados han creado diversos tributos, los mismos que deben ser pagados por determinados miembros de la sociedad que gozan de capacidad contributiva, con la finalidad de obtener recursos, lo que les ha permitido cubrir el gasto público, así como también desarrollar políticas económicas y sociales. Nace de esta forma la relación jurídica tributaria entre la Administración y los particulares, la misma que genera derechos y obligaciones para las dos partes, dentro de esta relación jurídica se genera la obligación tributaria, cuyo nacimiento, exigibilidad y extinción son regulados por la ley. En este sentido es importante examinar una de las formas más comunes de extinguir la obligación tributaria como es "el pago o solución efectiva", el mismo que se encuentra regulado por principios constitucionales y normas legales que forman parte de las legislaciones de los países andinos. Es así que, este trabajo tiene como objetivo principal analizar el tratamiento que los países miembros de la CAN dan al pago como modo de extinguir la obligación tributaria conforme a sus legislaciones vigentes. Para lo cual se ha dividido a este documento en dos capítulos, el primero de los cuales hace referencia a aspectos esenciales del pago, como son: su naturaleza jurídica, su concepto, los sujetos que forman parte de la obligación jurídica tributaria, pues es fundamental conocer a ciencia cierta por quién, a quién y en dónde debe efectuarse el pago de la deuda tributaria; así como también las distintas formas de pago que existen. Se abordan además temas referentes al pago anticipado de tributos y a su imputación, para concluir con los efectos jurídicos del mismo. En el segundo capítulo se hace referencia a temas especiales del pago, como son: la consignación y la compensación en materia tributaria, así como también la concesión de facilidades de pago de la deuda tributaria que hace la Administración a los sujetos pasivos. Conoceremos además los impuestos nacionales, municipales y aduaneros que rigen en la actualidad en estos países. A partir de este estudio podremos llegar a establecer varias conclusiones sobre el tema tratado. Cabe señalar que estos temas son analizados de manera generalizada debido a la amplitud de los mismos no obstante se pone a consideración información actualizada, pues el estudio giera alrededor de las legislaciones vigentes en los países andinos.

Los derechos colectivos indígenas al territorio y autodeterminación en la Constitución ecuatoriana

Los derechos colectivos indígenas al territorio y autodeterminación en la Constitución ecuatoriana del 2008, son analizados con base en dos elementos fundamentales: la injusticia cultural y a la injusticia distributiva de las que han sido objeto los pueblos originarios a lo largo de los siglos. Para el efecto se parte de una caracterización del Estado de Derecho y se concluye con la del Estado plurinacional. La crisis del Estado de derecho y del Positivismo jurídico, introducen al estudio del paradigma neoconstitucional; en el marco del constitucionalismo social latinoamericano y de lo que en esta investigación de designa como constitucionalismo originario indígena, y su incidencia en la conformación del Estado constitucional de derechos, plurinacional. Los derechos colectivos al territorio y autodeterminación se elucidan en el marco de la acción emancipadora del movimiento y su enfoque socio-cultural, considerando las prescripciones del Convenio 169 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), y la Declaración de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas, suscrita en el 2007. Tales derechos se problematizan a partir del “Proyecto histórico” de la CONAIE, su positivación en la Constitución ecuatoriana del 2008, y como se operacionalizan en el gobierno de la Revolución Ciudadana, para la transferencia de las competencias políticas, administrativas, económicas y legales que demanda el ejercicio del poder indígena en los territorios ancestrales. Desde esta perspectiva se connota la tensión de las relaciones entre el movimiento indígena y el Estado, debido a la inobservancia de la prioridad axiológica de los derechos de los pueblos originarios establecida en los instrumentos internacionales y en la propia Constitución. Se trata de ver si la constitucionalización de los “derechos al territorio y autodeterminación” coadyuva a profundizar la base teórica, categorial e institucional del Estado plurinacional, que guie a la subsunción del Estado en lo colectivo y a la transformación de las relaciones de poder.

Efficient evaluation of highly oscillatory acoustic scattering surface integrals

We consider the approximation of some highly oscillatory weakly singular surface integrals, arising from boundary integral methods with smooth global basis functions for solving problems of high frequency acoustic scattering by three-dimensional convex obstacles, described globally in spherical coordinates. As the frequency of the incident wave increases, the performance of standard quadrature schemes deteriorates. Naive application of asymptotic schemes also fails due to the weak singularity. We propose here a new scheme based on a combination of an asymptotic approach and exact treatment of singularities in an appropriate coordinate system. For the case of a spherical scatterer we demonstrate via error analysis and numerical results that, provided the observation point is sufficiently far from the shadow boundary, a high level of accuracy can be achieved with a minimal computational cost.

Exploring the spatial relations between soil physical properties and apparent electrical conductivity

Relations between the apparent electrical conductivity of the soil (ECa) and top- and sub-soil physical properties were examined for two arable fields in southern England (Crowmarsh Battle Farms and the Yattendon Estate). The spatial variation of ECa and the soil properties was explored geostatistically. The variogram ranges showed that ECa varied on a similar spatial scale to many of the soil physical properties in both fields. Several features in the map of kriged predictions of ECa were also evident in maps of the soil properties. In addition, the correlation coefficients showed a strong relation between ECa and several soil properties. A moving correlation analysis enabled differences in the relations between ECa and the soil properties to be examined within the fields. The results indicated that relations were inconsistent; they were stronger in some areas than others. A regression of ECa on the principal component scores of the leading components for both fields showed that the first two components accounted for a large proportion of the variance in ECa, whereas the others accounted for little or none. For Crowmarsh topsoil sand and clay, loss on ignition and volumetric water measured in the autumn had large correlations on the first component, and for Yattendon they were large for topsoil sand and clay, and autumn and spring volumetric water. The cross-variograms suggested strong coregionalization between ECa and several soil physical properties; in particular subsoil sand and silt at Crowmarsh, and subsoil sand and clay at Yattendon. The structural correlations from the linear model of coregionalization confirmed the strength of the relations between ECa and the subsoil properties. Nevertheless, no one property was consistently important for both fields. Although a map of ECa can indicate the general patterns of spatial variation in the soil, it is not a substitute for information on soil properties obtained by sampling and analysing the soil. Nevertheless, it could be used to guide further sampling. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Correlating Bayesian date estimates with climatic events and domestication using a bovine case study

The tribe Bovini contains a number of commercially and culturally important species, such as cattle. Understanding their evolutionary time scale is important for distinguishing between post-glacial and domestication-associated population expansions, but estimates of bovine divergence times have been hindered by a lack of reliable calibration points. We present a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 481 mitochondrial D-loop sequences, including 228 radiocarbon-dated ancient DNA sequences, using a multi-demographic coalescent model. By employing the radiocarbon dates as internal calibrations, we co-estimate the bovine phylogeny and divergence times in a relaxed-clock framework. The analysis yields evidence for significant population expansions in both taurine and zebu cattle, European aurochs and yak clades. The divergence age estimates support domestication-associated expansion times (less than 12 kyr) for the major haplogroups of cattle. We compare the molecular and palaeontological estimates for the Bison-Bos divergence.

Predictive vegetation mapping in the Mediterranean context: Considerations and methodological issues

The need to map vegetation communities over large areas for nature conservation and to predict the impact of environmental change on vegetation distributions, has stimulated the development of techniques for predictive vegetation mapping. Predictive vegetation studies start with the development of a model relating vegetation units and mapped physical data, followed by the application of that model to a geographic database and over a wide range of spatial scales. This field is particularly important for identifying sites for rare and endangered species and locations of high biodiversity such as many areas of the Mediterranean Basin. The potential of the approach is illustrated with a mapping exercise in the alti-meditterranean zone of Lefka Ori in Crete. The study established the nature of the relationship between vegetation communities and physical data including altitude, slope and geomorphology. In this way the knowledge of community distribution was improved enabling a GIS-based model capable of predicting community distribution to be constructed. The paper describes the development of the spatial model and the methodological problems of predictive mapping for monitoring Mediterranean ecosystems. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role of predictive vegetation mapping and other spatial techniques, such as fuzzy mapping and geostatistics, for improving our understanding of the dynamics of Mediterranean ecosystems and for practical management in a region that is under increasing pressure from human impact.

Acclimation of photosynthesis to elevated CO2 in onion (Allium cepa) grown at a range of temperatures

Onion (Allium cepa) was grown in the field within temperature gradient tunnels (providing about -2.5degreesC to +2.5degreesC from outside temperatures) maintained at either 374 or 532 mumol mol(-1) CO2. Plant leaf area was determined non-destructively at 7 day intervals until the time of bulbing in 12 combinations of temperature and CO2 concentration. Gas exchange was measured in each plot at the time of bulbing, and the carbohydrate content of the leaf (source) and bulb (sink) was determined. Maximum rate of leaf area expansion increased with mean temperature. Leaf area duration and maximum rate of leaf area expansion were not significantly affected by CO2. The light-saturated rates of leaf photosynthesis (A(sat)) were greater in plants grown at normal than at elevated CO2 concentrations at the same measurement CO2 concentration. Acclimation of photosynthesis decreased with an increase in growth temperature, and with an increase in leaf nitrogen content at elevated CO2. The ratio of intercellular to atmospheric CO2 (C-i/C-a ratio) was 7.4% less for plants grown at elevated compared with normal CO2. A(sat) in plants grown at elevated CO2 was less than in plants grown at normal CO2 when compared at the same C-i Hence, acclimation of photosynthesis was due both to stomatal acclimation and to limitations to biochemical CO2 fixation. Carbohydrate content of the onion bulbs was greater at elevated than at normal CO2. In contrast, carbohydrate content was less at elevated compared with normal CO2 in the leaf sections in which CO2 exchange was measured at the same developmental stage. Therefore, acclimation of photosynthesis in fully expanded onion leaves was detected despite the absence of localised carbohydrate accumulation in these field-grown crops.

Mutations in the NS2B and NS3 genes affect mouse neuroinvasiveness of a Western European field strain of tick-borne encephalitis virus

An attenuated strain (263) of the tick-borne encephalitis virus, isolated from field ticks, was either serially subcultured, 5 times in mice, or at 40 degrees C in PS cells, producing 2 independent strains, 263-m5 and 263-TR with identical genomes; both strains exhibited increased plaque size, neuroinvasiveness and temperature-resistance. Sequencing revealed two unique amino acid substitutions, one mapping close to the catalytic site of the viral protease. These observations imply that virus adaptation from ticks to mammals occurs by selection of pre-existing virulent variants from the quasispecies population rather than by the emergence of new random mutations. The significance of these observations is discussed. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Non-genomic signalling of the retinoic X receptor through inhibition of Gq signalling in human platelets

Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are important transcriptional nuclear hormone receptors, acting as either homodimers or the binding partner for at least one fourth of all the known human nuclear receptors. Functional nongenomic effects of nuclear receptors are poorly understood; however, recently peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma, PPARbeta, and the glucocorticoid receptor have all been found active in human platelets. Human platelets express RXRalpha and RXRbeta. RXR ligands inhibit platelet aggregation and TXA(2) release to ADP and the TXA(2) receptors, but only weakly to collagen. ADP and TXA(2) both signal via the G protein, Gq. RXR rapidly binds Gq but not Gi/z/o/t/gust in a ligand-dependent manner and inhibits Gq-induced Rac activation and intracellular calcium release. We propose that RXR ligands may have beneficial clinical actions through inhibition of platelet activation. Furthermore, our results demonstrate a novel nongenomic mode for nuclear receptor action and a functional cross-talk between G-protein and nuclear receptor signaling families.

Acclimation of photosynthesis to elevated CO2 in onion (allium cepa) grown at a range of temperatures

Onion (Allium cepa) was grown in the field within temperature gradient tunnels (providing about -2.5 degrees C to +2.5 degrees C from outside temperatures) maintained at either 374 or 532 mumol mol (-1) CO2. Plant leaf area was determined non-destructively at 7 day intervals until the time of bulbing in 12 combinations of temperature and CO2 concentration. Gas exchange was measured in each plot at the time of bulbing, and the carbohydrate content of the leaf (source) and bulb (sink) was determined. Maximum rate of leaf area expansion increased with mean temperature. Leaf area duration and maximum rate of leaf area expansion were not significantly affected by CO2. The light-saturated rates of leaf photosynthesis (A(sat)) were greater in plants grown at normal than at elevated CO2 concentrations at the same measurement CO2 concentration. Acclimation of photosynthesis decreased with an increase in growth temperature, and with an increase in leaf nitrogen content at elevated CO2. The ratio of intercellular to atmospheric CO2 (C-i/C-a ratio) was 7.4% less for plants grown at elevated compared with normal CO2. A(sat) in plants grown at elevated CO2 was less than in plants grown at normal CO2 when compared at the same C-i Hence, acclimation of photosynthesis was due both to stomatal acclimation and to limitations to biochemical CO2 fixation. Carbohydrate content of the onion bulbs was greater at elevated than at normal CO2. In contrast, carbohydrate content was less at elevated compared with normal CO2 in the leaf sections in which CO2 exchange was measured at the same developmental stage. Therefore, acclimation of photosynthesis in fully expanded onion leaves was detected despite the absence of localised carbohydrate accumulation in these field-grown crops.