Procesos: revista ecuatoriana de historia. 14 (SOLO LIBROS/Reseñas)

Presenta la reseña de los siguientes libros: FLORENCE TRYSTRAM, EL PROCESO CON LAS ESTRELLAS, EDICIONES LIBRIMUNDI ENRIQUE GROSS-LUEMERN, QUITO, 1999, 364 PP. -- MARITZA ARÁUZ, PUEBLOS DE INDIOS EN LA COSTA ECUATORlANA. JIPIJAPA y MONTECRISTl EN LA SEGUNDA MITAD DEL SIGLO XVIII, ARCHIVO HISTÓRICO DEL GUAYAS, GUAYAQUIL, 1999, 138 PP. -- MARíA SUSANA VELA WITT, EL DEPARTAMENTO DEL SUR EN LA GRAN COLOMBIA, 1822-1830, ESTUDIOS HISTÓRICOS, No. 2, EDICIONES ABYA-YALA, QUITO, 1999, 110 PP."

Procesos: revista ecuatoriana de historia. 31 (S0LO LIBROS/Reseñas)

Presenta las reseñas de los siguientes libros:

De los proyectos de ley económico urgente y la materia tributaria en el Ecuador

Este trabajo investigativo a permitido a partir del análisis de las diversas posiciones de la doctrina representada por diferentes autores así como luego del breve recorrido realizado a través de la normativa histórica de nuestro país clarificar los principios de reserva de ley, de legalidad y su papel en la formación de las normas tributarias conforme a como han sido plasmados en el transcurrir de los años. Dentro de este recorrido histórico estudiar el proceso legislativo para la elaboración de las normas tanto aquellas calificadas con el carácter económico urgente como aquellas que no. Así también analizar como han sido y son concebidos y tramitados ambos tipos de proyectos de ley y la manera como fue y es utilizada la figura del decreto-ley por parte de quienes han ostentado la Presidencia de la República. Con la finalidad de realizar una valoración de cómo ha evolucionado la calificación de urgencia en materia económica de proyectos de ley, en especial aquellos que en su contenido han estipulado regulaciones de carácter tributario y por cuanto nuestra legislación y academia no brinda mayores aportes sobre el tema, hemos acudido a autores españoles quienes nos han contribuido con la experiencia de su país sobre el estado de crisis, la extrafiscalidad y la delegación legislativa que en nuestra legislación se asimila a la urgencia y a los decretos-ley. Aterrizando lo investigado y aprendido en un análisis de los proyectos de ley calificados como económicos urgentes en los últimos años enfatizando en: Ley Reformatoria a la Ley de Hidrocarburos y a la Ley de Régimen Tributario Interno y Ley de Fomento Ambiental y Optimización de los Ingresos del Estado ambas con un contenido tributario y promulgadas mediante la figura de decreto-ley. Con la finalidad de determinar si para su creación se observaron los principios de reserva ley y de legalidad, así como con el trámite constitucional establecido para la vigencia de las leyes.

The fall speeds of sub-100 mu m ice crystals

Estimates for the sedimentation rate of realistic ice crystals at sizes smaller than 100 µm are presented. These calculations, which exploit new results for the capacitance of ice crystals, are compared with laboratory studies and found to be in good agreement. The results highlight a weakness in contemporary ice particle fall speed parametrizations for very small crystals, which can lead to sedimentation rates being overestimated by a factor of two. The theoretical approach applied here may also be useful for calculating the sedimentation rate and mobility of non-spherical aerosol particles.

Availability of heavy metals for uptake by Salix viminalis on a moderately contaminated dredged sediment disposal site

Extractability of Cd. Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in a dredged sediment disposal site was assessed using single extraction Procedures (H2O; 0.01 M CaCl2; 1 M NH4OAc NH4OAc-EDTA. CaCl2-TEA-DTPA). Only Cd and Zn were Found to exceed statutory threshold values for total content. The field was planted with Salix viminalis "Orm" and accumulation of heavy metals in bark, leaves, roots, and wood was evaluated at seven sampling locations along an observed gradient in texture and pollution. Biomass production was high, ranging from 13.2 to 17.8 t ha(1) y(1) dry weight. Metal accumulation in aboveground Plant parts Was low. amounting to the following annually extracted mass or metals per ha: 5034 g Zn, 83 g Cd. W g Cu. 83 g Pb, 12 g Ni and 6 g Cr. The use of accumulating clones and the use of soil amendments might enhance extraction efficiency in future research. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Impulsiveness as a timing disturbance: neurocognitive abnormalities in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder during temporal processes and normalization with methylphenidate.

We argue that impulsiveness is characterized by compromised timing functions such as premature motor timing, decreased tolerance to delays, poor temporal foresight and steeper temporal discounting. A model illustration for the association between impulsiveness and timing deficits is the impulsiveness disorder of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Children with ADHD have deficits in timing processes of several temporal domains and the neural substrates of these compromised timing functions are strikingly similar to the neuropathology of ADHD. We review our published and present novel functional magnetic resonance imaging data to demonstrate that ADHD children show dysfunctions in key timing regions of prefrontal, cingulate, striatal and cerebellar location during temporal processes of several time domains including time discrimination of milliseconds, motor timing to seconds and temporal discounting of longer time intervals. Given that impulsiveness, timing abnormalities and more specifically ADHD have been related to dopamine dysregulation, we tested for and demonstrated a normalization effect of all brain dysfunctions in ADHD children during time discrimination with the dopamine agonist and treatment of choice, methylphenidate. This review together with the new empirical findings demonstrates that neurocognitive dysfunctions in temporal processes are crucial to the impulsiveness disorder of ADHD and provides first evidence for normalization with a dopamine reuptake inhibitor.

Linear and nonlinear generalized Fourier transforms

This article presents an overview of a transform method for solving linear and integrable nonlinear partial differential equations. This new transform method, proposed by Fokas, yields a generalization and unification of various fundamental mathematical techniques and, in particular, it yields an extension of the Fourier transform method.

Ice-sheet contributions to future sea-level change

Accurate simulation of ice-sheet surface mass balance requires higher spatial resolution than is afforded by typical atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs), owing, in particular, to the need to resolve the narrow and steep margins where the majority of precipitation and ablation occurs. We have developed a method for calculating mass-balance changes by combining ice-sheet average time-series from AOGCM projections for future centuries, both with information from high-resolution climate models run for short periods and with a 20 km ice-sheet mass-balance model. Antarctica contributes negatively to sea level on account of increased accumulation, while Greenland contributes positively because ablation increases more rapidly. The uncertainty in the results is about 20% for Antarctica and 35% for Greenland. Changes in ice-sheet topography and dynamics are not included, but we discuss their possible effects. For an annual- and area-average warming exceeding 4.5 +/- 0.9 K in Greenland and 3.1 +/- 0.8 K in the global average, the net surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet becomes negative, in which case it is likely that the ice sheet would eventually be eliminated, raising global-average sea level by 7 m.

Life and death in a civitas capital: metabolic disease and trauma in the children from late Roman Dorchester, Dorset

The impact that “Romanization” and the development of urban centers had on the health of the Romano-British population is little understood. A re-examination of the skeletal remains of 364 nonadults from the civitas capital at Roman Dorchester (Durnovaria) in Dorset was carried out to measure the health of the children living in this small urban area. The cemetery population was divided into two groups; the first buried their dead organized within an east–west alignment with possible Christian-style graves, and the second with more varied “pagan” graves, aligned north–south. A higher prevalence of malnutrition and trauma was evident in the children from Dorchester than in any other published Romano-British group, with levels similar to those seen in postmedieval industrial communities. Cribra orbitalia was present in 38.5% of the children, with rickets and/or scurvy at 11.2%. Twelve children displayed fractures of the ribs, with 50% of cases associated with rickets and/or scurvy, suggesting that rib fractures should be considered during the diagnosis of these conditions. The high prevalence of anemia, rickets, and scurvy in the Poundbury children, and especially the infants, indicates that this community may have adopted child-rearing practices that involved fasting the newborn, a poor quality weaning diet, and swaddling, leading to general malnutrition and inadequate exposure to sunlight. The Pagan group showed no evidence of scurvy or rib fractures, indicating difference in religious and child-rearing practices but that both burial groups were equally susceptible to rickets and anemia suggests a shared poor standard of living in this urban environment.