Cyclic behaviour of saturated sands subject to previous horizontal shear stresses

The dynamic behaviour of saturated sands has been studied from different perspectives. However, most experimental research on this field does not take into account the shear stress conditions existing prior to the application of dynamic loads; i.e., a null initial static shear stress (τo = 0) is assumed. The main objective of this work is to report on the influence that static shear stresses (τo) have on the behaviour of saturated sands under cyclic shear loads. This article presents the results and analysis of part of a wider experimental programme involving 30 monotonic and 26 cyclic simple shear tests for different combinations of static shear stress (τo) and cyclic shear stress (τc) (all undrained), besides identification and classification tests. The tested samples have been taken from the area of the North Entrance Mouth at the Port of Barcelona (Spain).

General Report on Main Session 4: Embankments and dams, slope stability and landslides

The General Reporter presents the papers from the Authors, along with some personal contributions on the subjects discussed. Embankments are classified by their use. Different kinds of slope failure and remedial measures are dealt with, as well as investigations for material characterisation and selection.

Ejercicio de Análisis de Redes con Network Analysis de ArcGIS 10.

Ejercicio de Análisis de Redes con Network Analysis de ArcGIS 10

Iniciación a Spatial Analysis con ArcGIS 10

Iniciación a las herramientas de Spatial Analysis de ArcGIS 10.

Análisis vectorial. Evaluación multicriterio, mejor localización de una actividad antrópica

En este proceso debemos tener en cuenta la capacidad del territorio para acoger una infraestructura y el impacto ambiental que ésta podrá causar en el medio ambiente. El objetivo del ejercicio es localizar un vertedero en la zona del Sureste de Madrid.

Survey on integration of Applied Geology and Geomorphology in Civil Engineering curricula in the framework of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) by using practical trips

The engineer must have sufficient theoretical knowledge to be applied to solve specific problems, with the necessary capacity to simplify these approaches, and taking into account factors such as speed, simplicity, quality and economy. In Geology, its ultimate goal is the exploration of the history of the geological events through observation, deduction, reasoning and, in exceptional cases by the direct underground exploration or experimentation. Experimentation is very limited in Geology. Reproduction laboratory of certain phenomena or geological processes is difficult because both time and space become a large scale. For this reason, some Earth Sciences are in a nearly descriptive stage whereas others closest to the experimental, Geophysics and Geochemistry, have assimilated progress experienced by the physics and chemistry. Thus, Anglo-Saxon countries clearly separate Engineering Geology from Geological Engineering, i.e. Applied Geology to the Geological Engineering concepts. Although there is a big professional overlap, the first one corresponds to scientific approach, while the last one corresponds to a technological one. Applied Geology to Engineering could be defined as the Science and Applied Geology to the design, construction and performance of engineering infrastructures in and field geology discipline. There has been much discussion on the primacy of theory over practice. Today prevails the exaggeration of practice, but you get good workers and routine and mediocre teachers. This idea forgets too that teaching problem is a problem of right balance. The approach of the action lines on the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) framework provides for such balance. Applied Geology subject represents the first real contact with the physical environment with the practice profession and works. Besides, the situation of the topic in the first trace of Study Plans for many students implies the link to other subjects and topics of the career (tunnels, dams, groundwater, roads, etc). This work analyses in depth the justification of such practical trips. It shows the criteria and methods of planning and the result which manifests itself in pupils. Once practical trips experience developed, the objective work tries to know about results and changes on student’s motivation in learning perspective. This is done regardless of the outcome of their knowledge achievements assessed properly and they are not subject to such work. For this objective, it has been designed a survey about their motivation before and after trip. Survey was made by the Unidad Docente de Geología Aplicada of the Departamento de Ingeniería y Morfología del Terreno (Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid). It was completely anonymous. Its objective was to collect the opinion of the student as a key agent of learning and teaching of the subject. All the work takes place under new teaching/learning criteria approach at the European framework in Higher Education. The results are exceptionally good with 90% of student’s participation and with very high scores in a number of questions as the itineraries, teachers and visited places (range of 4.5 to 4.2 in a 5 points scale). The majority of students are very satisfied (average of 4.5 in a 5 points scale).

Riesgos geológicos e hidrogeológicos en las facies evaporíticas de Rivas-Vaciamadrid (Madrid)

El conocimiento geológico, mineralógico y del funcionamiento hidrogeológico del macizo evaporítico de la margen derecha del río Jarama en Rivas-Vaciamadrid (Madrid) tiene consecuencias de geología aplicada, ya que condiciona la presencia y la generación de huecos, riesgo que es necesario conocer a la hora de plantear los estudios geotécnicos de las numerosas edificaciones que se están realizando en esta zona, y de otras obras públicas, cada vez más profundas, que es donde se sitúan las facies evaporíticas hipersolubles. También es importante considerar el peculiar comportamiento evolutivo de éstos materiales en los procesos de recarga natural concentrada y de recarga artificial, ya que la hidratación de algunas facies evaporíticas producen transformaciones mineralógicas y disoluciones que hacen generar huecos e hinchamientos que es preciso evitar en las cimentaciones de los edificios.

Sistemas electrónicos de cobro de peaje: la experiencia europea

La evolución tecnológica surgida especialmente a partir de finales del siglo XX ha posibilitado la introducción de nuevos modelos de tarificación y sistemas de cobro de peaje en las redes de carreteras de distintos países. Algunos de los más representativos países de Europa (Alemania, Eslovaquia, República Checa, Portugal, Austria y Suiza entre otros), a diferencia de otros países en los continentes americano y asiático, han optado por introducir una tarificación global en sus redes de carreteras, bien mediante sistemas electrónicos de cobro de peajes free flow, o mediante la aplicación de viñetas, con el fin de financiar la inversión necesaria, tanto para la construcción de nuevas infraestructuras como para el mantenimiento de las ya existentes. Por otro lado, algunos países europeos no sólo han introducido la tarificación por razones económicas sino también lo han hecho con el fin de introducir políticas de road pricing, y por motivos ambientales, motivando con ello una mayor aceptabilidad social de la misma. Esta ponencia argumenta por qué la introducción de un nuevo modelo de tarificación en la red de carreteras de un país no tiene por qué suscitar un rechazo social, siempre que se haga de una manera ordenada, correcta, se expliquen sus ventajas y se introduzca dentro de un marco de interoperabilidad de estándares tecnológicos a nivel global.

Funcionamiento hidrogeológico del acuífero yesífero del arroyo del Cristo de Rivas, Madrid

En base a los datos proporcionados por los numerosos sondeos existentes, análisis químicos de los puntos de agua inventariados, y según observaciones detalladas de fenómenos de recarga natural, se establece un modelo de funcionamiento hidrogeológico de la formación yesífera que drena el arroyo del Cristo de Rivas y la laguna de la antigua cantera de yesos de Valderribas. Se constata que en el macizo la recarga se produce preferentemente de manera difusa, pero también de manera puntual a través de sumideros karstificados con una capacidad de recarga de más de 500 l/s. Se identifica un acuífero colgado condicionado por una capa de arcillas intercaladas que drenan a los manantiales de la Ermita del Santo Cristo de Rivas, y una recarga más profunda que alimenta la zona saturada regional, poco permeable, y a la que se asocian flujos de alta salinidad.

Experiencia de integración curricular basada en el autoaprendizaje: geomática aplicada a la geología

Los recientes cambios derivados de la adopción de las directivas referentes al marco del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior junto con el crecimiento exponencial del uso de nuevas tecnologías TIC arrastrado por la creciente demanda profesional de perfiles profesionales con sólida formación geomática, induce a establecer metodologías de aprendizaje basadas en la integración de materias en el curriculum del perfil del ingeniero civil egresado. En este sentido son notables las aportaciones que desde la Escuela de Ingenieros de Caminos de la UPM se realizan en la planificación de la docencia integrando materias tales como Geología Aplicada y Técnicas de Representación Digital, organizando tutorías para el autoaprendizaje y orientando sus salidas profesionales a nivel internacional.

New methodology on Applied Geology and Geology for Engineers education by using practical trip

There has been much discussion on the primacy of theory over practice. Today prevails the exaggeration of practice. This idea forgets too that teaching problem is a problem of right balance. The approach of the action lines on the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) framework provides for such balance. Applied Geology subject represents the first real contact with the physical environment with the practice profession and works. Besides, the situation of the topic in the first trace of Study Plans for many students implies the link to other subjects and topics of the career. This work analyses in depth the justification of such practical trips only on Applied Geology. This methodology could be usual in Study Plans of pure sciences career, Geology or Biology, but not in Civil Engineering like teaching method. It shows the criteria and methods of planning and the result which manifests itself in pupils. Therefore, work shows a methodology taking in account the engineering perspective, the practical point of view and the learning process inside students and their evaluation and, hence, their marks.

Integration of cooperation for development in Survey Engineering curricula at the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) framework

Survey Engineering curricula involves the integration of many formal disciplines at a high level of proficiency. The Escuela de Ingenieros en Topografía, Cartografía y Geodesia at Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (Survey Engineering) has developed an intense and deep teaching on so-called Applied Land Sciences and Technologies or Land Engineering. However, new approaches are encouraged by the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). This fact requires a review of traditional teaching and methods. Furthermore, the new globalization and international approach gives new ways to this discipline to teach and learn about how to bridge gap between cultures and regions. This work is based in two main needs. On one hand, it is based on integration of basic knowledge and disciplines involved in typical Survey Engineering within Land Management. On the other, there is an urgent need to consider territory on a social and ethical basis, as far as a part of the society, culture, idiosyncrasy or economy. The integration of appropriate knowledge of the Land Management is typically dominated by civil engineers and urban planners. It would be very possible to integrate Survey Engineering and Cooperation for Development in the framework of Land Management disciplines. Cooperation for Development is a concept that has changed since beginning of its use until now. Development projects leave an impact on society in response to their beneficiaries and are directed towards self-sustainability. Furthermore, it is the true bridge to reduce gap between societies when differences are immeasurable. The concept of development has also been changing and nowadays it is not a purely economic concept. Education, science and technology are increasingly taking a larger role in what is meant by development. Moreover, it is commonly accepted that Universities should transfer knowledge to society, and the transfer of knowledge should be open to countries most in need for developing. If the importance of the country development is given by education, science and technology, knowledge transfer would be one of the most clear of ways of Cooperation for Development. Therefore, university cooperation is one of the most powerful tools to achieve it, placing universities as agents of development. In Spain, the role of universities as agents of development and cooperation has been largely strengthened. All about this work deals to how to implement both Cooperation for Development and Land Management within Survey Engineering at the EHEA framework.

Development of a methodology and tool to evaluate the impact of ICT measures on road transport emissions

The paper presents the main elements of a project entitled ICT-Emissions that aims at developing a novel methodology to evaluate the impact of ICT-related measures on mobility, vehicle energy consumption and CO2 emissions of vehicle fleets at the local scale, in order to promote the wider application of the most appropriate ICT measures. The proposed methodology combines traffic and emission modelling at micro and macro scales. These will be linked with interfaces and submodules which will be specifically designed and developed. A number of sources are available to the consortium to obtain the necessary input data. Also, experimental campaigns are offered to fill in gaps of information in traffic and emission patterns. The application of the methodology will be demonstrated using commercially available software. However, the methodology is developed in such a way as to enable its implementation by a variety of emission and traffic models. Particular emphasis is given to (a) the correct estimation of driver behaviour, as a result of traffic-related ICT measures, (b) the coverage of a large number of current vehicle technologies, including ICT systems, and (c) near future technologies such as hybrid, plug-in hybrids, and electric vehicles. The innovative combination of traffic, driver, and emission models produces a versatile toolbox that can simulate the impact on energy and CO2 of infrastructure measures (traffic management, dynamic traffic signs, etc.), driver assistance systems and ecosolutions (speed/cruise control, start/stop systems, etc.) or a combination of measures (cooperative systems).The methodology is validated by application in the Turin area and its capacity is further demonstrated by application in real world conditions in Madrid and Rome.

Cuantificación de las erosión en un talud de Taganana mediante fotogrametría terrestre (Tenerife)

This paper provides an assessment of the potential of terrestrial photogrammetry to calculate erosion associated with surface runoff on hillsides near roads during recent periods. To do this we choose a road embankment located in a valley with hills which have developed abundant grooves erosion. The accuracy of the surveying tool is evident in the evaluation of small hillsides, but is impractical for the study of large hillsides with significant slopes, in which are unknown initial parameters of the topography.

Amplificación del efecto destructivo de los desprendimientos rocosos por deslizamiento sobre suelos volcánicos (Tenerife y Madeira)

This work provides geomorphological and geotechnical observations on the amplification of the destructive behaviour of rock falls developed in rocky slopes with a soil rich in organic matter, which are both exposed to high rainfall regimes. The determinant factor of this process would be related to the low geotechnical quality that the organic matter gives to the soil, which experience a sudden change in its fabric related to the dynamic load, similar to those observed in the quick clays in the fjords of Norway.