The "Profiles" document: a modern revision of the objectives of undergraduate medical studies in Switzerland

The Joint Commission of the Swiss Medical Schools (SMIFK/CIMS) decided in 2000 to establish a Swiss Catalogue of Learning Objectives (SCLO) for undergraduate medical training, which was adapted from a similar Dutch blueprint. A second version of the SCLO was developed and launched in 2008. The catalogue is a prerequisite for the accreditation of the curricula of the six Swiss medical faculties and defines the contents of the Federal Licensing Examination (FLE). Given the evolution of the field of medicine and of medical education, the SMIFK/CIMS has decided to embark on a total revision of the SCLO. This article presents the proposed structure and content of Profiles, a new document which, in the future, will direct the format of undergraduate studies and of the FLE. Profiles stands for the Principal Relevant Objectives for Integrative Learning and Education in Switzerland. It is currently being developed by a group of experts from the six Swiss faculties as well as representatives of other institutions involved in these developments. The foundations of Profiles are grounded in the evolution of medical practice and of public health and are based on up-to-date teaching concepts, such as EPAs (entrustable professional activities). An introduction will cover the concepts and a tutorial will be displayed. Three main chapters will provide a description of the seven 2015 CanMEDS roles, a list of core EPAs and a series of ≈250 situations embracing the most frequent and current conditions affecting health. As Profiles is still a work in progress, it is hoped that this paper will attract the interest of all individuals involved in the training of medical students.

Conditional expression of Sry, and Wnt4 by gene-targeting: Studies in sexual and skeletal development

Sry and Wnt4 cDNAs were individually introduced into the ubiquitously-expressed Rosa26 ( R26) locus by gene targeting in embryonic stem (ES) cells to create a conditional gene expression system in mice. In the targeted alleles, expression of these cDNAs should be blocked by a neomycin resistance selection cassette that is flanked by loxP sites. Transgene expression should be activated after the blocking cassette is deleted by Cre recombinase. ^ To test this conditional expression system, I have bred R26-stop- Sry and R26-stop-Wnt4 heterozygotes with a MisRII-Cre mouse line that expresses Cre in the gonads of both sexes. Analysis of these two types of bigenic heterozygotes indicated that their gonads developed normally like those of wild types. However, one XX R26-Sry/R26-Sry; MisR2-Cre/+ showed epididymis-like structures resembling those of males. In contrast, only normal phenotypes were observed in XY R26-Wnt4/R26-Wnt4; MisR2-Cre /+ mice. To interpret these results, I have tested for Cre recombinase activity by Southern blot and transcription of the Sry and Wnt4 transgenes by RT-PCR. Results showed that bigenic mutants had insufficient activation of the transgenes in their gonads at E12.5 and E13.5. Therefore, the failure to observe mutant phenotypes may have resulted from low activity of MisR2-Cre recombination at the appropriate time. ^ Col2a1-Cre transgenic mice express Cre in differentiating chondrocytes. R26-Wnt4; Col2a1-Cre bigenic heterozygous mice were found to exhibit a dramatic alteration in growth presumably caused by Wnt4 overexpression during chondrogenesis. R26-Wnt4; Col2a1-Cre mice exhibited dwarfism beginning approximately 10 days after birth. In addition, they also had craniofacial abnormalities, and had delayed ossification of the lumbar vertebrate and pelvic bones. Histological analysis of the growth plates of R26-Wnt4; Col2a1-Cre mice revealed less structural organization and a delay in onset of the primary and secondary ossification centers. Molecular studies confirmed that overexpression of Wnt4 causes decreased proliferation and early maturation of chondrocytes. In addition, R26-Wnt4; Col2a1-Cre mice had decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), suggesting that defects in vascularization may contribute to the dwarf phenotype. Finally, 9-month-old R26-Wnt4; Col2a1-Cre mice had significantly more fat cells in the marrow cavities of their metaphysis long bones, implying that long-term overexpression of Wnt4may cause bone marrow pathologies. In conclusion, Wnt4 was activated by Col2a1-Cre recombinase and was overexpressed in the growth plate, resulting in aberrant proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, and ultimately leads to dwarfism in mice. ^

History of Jewish coinage, and of money in the Old and New Testament

by Frederic W. Madden

Jewish life in oriental countries : a list of books and manuscripts exhibited at the New York public library March 30th to December 31st, 1926

Prepared and arranged by Joshua Bloch

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 634 - Aufsätze für die "Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung" und "Studies in Philosophy and Social Science" (p. IX 9.1-4-IX 10.1-7)

"Montaigne oder die Funktion der Skepsis" (GS 4, S.236-194), veröffentlicht in: Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung VII, 1938, S.1-54, englische Fassung des Aufsatzes, Typoskript, 69 Blatt; Exzerpte: Montaigne im Urteil der Nachwelt, Typoskripte, 29 Blatt; handschriftliche Stichworte zu Montaigne, 10 Blatt; 2 Zeitungsausschnitte; Leihscheine der Columbia University Library für Bücher über Montaigne; "Die Juden und Europa" (GS 4, S.308-331), veröffentlicht in: Studies in Philosophy and Social Science VIII, 1939, S. 115-137, a) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 31 Blatt, b) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen und handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 32 Blatt, c) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 27 Blatt, d) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, Teilstücke, 16 Blatt, e) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen und handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 20 Blatt, f) überholte Formulierungen, Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 10 Blatt; Bemerkungen zum Verhältnis von Liberalismus und Antisemitismus, a) Typoskript, 4 Blatt, b) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 9 Blatt (als Nachbemerkung zu: Ernst Engelberg: Exzerpt zu W. Frank und W. Grau), Typoskript, 1 Blatt; Exzerpte zu: Alvin Johnson, Honoré de Balzac, Guy de Maupassant, Paul Mahn, Marcel Proust, Anatole France, Marcel le Goff, Emile Zola, Typoskripte, 58 Blatt; Otto Kirchheimer: "Produktionswandel und Konzentrationstendenzen im Bankgewerbe", Typoskript, 2 Blatt; eigenhändige Adressennotiz, 1 Blatt; Otto Kirchheimer: "Reprivatisierungstendenzen des Faschismus", Typoskript mit eigenhändiger Ergänzung, 12 Blatt; Zeitungsausschnitte zur wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, 1938, 8 Blatt;

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 671 - Dokumente zu "Studies in Prejudice" "Forschungsprojekte über Antisemitismus, Vorurteile, Autorität: Einzeluntersuchungen (p. IX 135-IX 136)

Über Probleme der Interpretation von Umfrageergebnissen, Datierung unklar, Typoskript, englisch, mit handschriftlichen und eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 2 Blatt; Über Zielsetzungen, Methoden und Inhalte der "Studies in Prejudice", Datierung unklar, um 1950, Typoskript, 3 Blatt; "Autorität und Familie" (GS 3, S. 336-417), 1932-1934; Materialien zur Veröffentlichung (Alcan, Paris 1936); Zur Sachverständigenerhebung: Horkheimer, Max bzw. Bouglé, Jeanne: Rundschreiben an Sachverständige, als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 3 Blatt; Fragebogen für Sachverständige, als Typoskript, vervielfältigt, 6 Blatt; Zur Erhebung bei Jugendlichen; Entwurf des Fragebogens, Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 2 Blatt; Fragebögen, verschiedene Entwürfe, als Typoskript vervielfältigt und Drucke, 19 Blatt; Berichte über ausgefüllt Fragebögen aus der Schwez und Belgien, Typoskrip, 13 Blatt; "Anmerkungen für die Ausfüllung der Fragebögenpässe". Typoskript, 4 Blatt; "Zusätzliche Angabn in den Pässen für Jugendliche nach Vorschlag von Dr. Leichter". Typoskript, 1 Blatt; Anleitung zu zusätzlichen Interviews, Typoskript, 1 Blatt; "Questionaires de la jeunesse envoyés de la part du bureau de Paris le 3 juillet 1934". Typoskript, 1 Blatt; "Korrelationen", Liste, 5 Blatt; Auswertungskarte, 1 Blatt; Horkheimer, Max und Pollock, Friedrich: Stichworte zur Befragung, eigenhändige Notizen, 2 Blatt; Zur Erhebung bei Arbeitslosen: Vorbemerkung und Fragebogen, verschiedene Fassungen, Typoskript, vervielfältigt, 37 Blatt; Zur Vorbereitung und Gliederung der Untersuchung; "Untergliederung der Hauptthemen", Stichworte, Typoskript, 2 Blatt; "Die Familie", Stichworte, Typoskript, 4 Blatt; "Allgemeine Richtlinien für die Arbeit von H[ilde] W[eiss]". Typoskript, 2 Blatt; Horkheimer, Max: Zur Gliederung, eigenhändige Notizen, 1 Blatt; Sternheim, Andries: "Die Rolle des ökonomischen Motivs in der Familie der Gegenwart". Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 59 Blatt [Bericht darüber in "Autoritätund Familie", Paris 1936, S. 575 ff]; Bibliographien zur Familienthematik, Typoskript, 12 Blatt; Burri, Eduard: "Offener Brief an das Institut für Sozialforschung Genf", Zeitungsdruck, Eidgenössische Nachrichten, 15.03.1934; Horkheimer, Max: "Wissenschaft und soziale Not", zwei Antwortschreiben an Eduard Burri, Zeitungsdruck, Eidgenössische Nachrichten, 04.04.1934;

Alice Rio, Legal practice and the written world in the Early Middle Ages: Frankish Formulae, c. 500-1000. (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009; 299 pp. ISBN 978-0-521-51499-6

Fil: Peretó Rivas, Rubén.

Diatom studies in surface and downcore sediments off southern Sumatra and Java

A wealth of sedimentary records aimed at reconstructing late Quaternary changes in productivity and temperature have been devoted to understanding linkages between the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) and other distant oceanic areas. Most of these reconstructions are based, however, on biogeochemical and sedimentological proxies, with comparatively less attention devoted to microfossils. A high-resolution (<1 ka) study of diatom concentrations and the community at site GeoB10038-4, recovered off southern Sumatra (ca. 6°S, 103°E), closely tracks the variations of diatom concentrations in the westernmost IPWP during the last glacial-interglacial cycle. The diatom record provides evidence that diatom paleoproductivity was highest during interglacials, primarily due to the input of lithogenics and nutrients following the rise in sea level after full glacials. In addition, the co-variation of total diatom concentration and Northern Hemisphere forcing for Marine Isotope Stage 5 suggests a direct response of diatom productivity and upwelling intensity to boreal summer insolation. Temporal shifts of the diverse diatom community at site GeoB10038-4 correspond well with the present-day seasonal monsoon pattern and the strengthening and weakening phases of upwelling along the southern coast of Sumatra. Resting spores of Chaetoceros, typical of nutrient-rich waters, were dominant during periods of highest diatom paleoproductivity and responded to the strengthening of the SE monsoon, while diatoms of oligotrophic to mesotrophic waters characterized intermonsoon periods. The close correspondence between the dominance of upwelling diatoms and the boreal summer insolation resembles the present-day dynamics of diatom production. The observed interglacial highs and glacial lows of diatom productivity at site GeoB10038-4 is a unique pattern in the late Quaternary tropics.

Coccoliths in phytoplankton of the Eastern Bering Sea in August 2001

Based on results of field observations in August 1998, July 2000, and August 2001 composition and quantitative distribution of coccolithophorids in the middle part of the Eastern Bering Sea shelf between 56°052'N and 59°019'N was characterized. Emiliania huxleyi abundance, biomass, and population structure as well as role of species in the coccolithophorid community and phytoplankton as a whole were evaluated. Abundance of the species in the upper mixed layer in bloom areas was 1-3 mln cells/l and biomass made up 30-75 mg C/m**3. E. huxleyi share in total phytoplankton numbers and biomass at that reached 98% and 84% respectively. Significant spatial heterogeneity of E. huxleyi, quantitative distribution and population size structure, as well as asynchronism in population development in neighboring parts of the bloom area were shown. The time period, during which population structure in certain part of the area shifts from domination of juvenile cells without coccoliths to a phase of active detritus formation with dying coccolithophorid cells involved, may be estimated as two weeks. A conclusion is made that after anomalous E. huxleyi bloom in 1997 mass development of coccolithophorids became a characteristic feature of phytoplankton community's seasonal succession in the middle part of the Eastern Bering Sea shelf.