Intégration d'une communauté minoritaire en période d'industrialisation : les Irlandais catholiques de la ville de Québec, 1852-1911

Au courant de la période industrielle, la ville de Québec a connu une croissance démographique rapide alimentée, entre autres, par une immigration européenne massive. Celle-ci contribua d’une façon notable aux changements socioéconomiques de la capitale durant cette période. Parmi les migrants, les Irlandais catholiques furent nombreux à transiter ou à s’établir à Québec et y laissèrent des traces encore visibles aujourd’hui. Or, bien que l’histoire de la diaspora irlandaise en sol nord-américain ait fait l’objet de plusieurs recherches, le cas de la ville de Québec, tout comme sa période d’industrialisation, reste encore peu étudié à ce jour. Grâce à l’utilisation des recensements nominatifs canadiens de 1852 à 1911 et des actes de mariage, cette étude a comme objectif d’analyser le niveau d’intégration de la communauté irlandaise de Québec sur les plans économique, social et spatial, et ce, à micro-échelle. Ainsi, en observant les emplois et la mobilité socioprofessionnelle des travailleurs, les unions exogames et l’évolution de l’établissement irlandais sur le territoire à l’étude, la présente recherche permet d’établir un constat positif : les Irlandais catholiques ont su s’intégrer à la société urbaine de Québec. Néanmoins, considérant la forte diminution démographique de la communauté au tournant du siècle, l’intégration s’est effectuée davantage à l’échelle des ménages que pour l’ensemble de la communauté.

La politique agricole au Québec, 1852-1929 : le rôle du ministère de l’agriculture dans l'évolution de cette industrie

Le monde agricole québécois célèbre cette année deux anniversaires d'importance: le cinquantenaire de la Corporation des agronomes de la province de Québec, fondée à Sherbrooke en 1937, et le centenaire du ministère de l'Agriculture qui existe comme entité administrative distincte depuis 1887. Si la présentation du présent mémoire coïncide avec ces deux anniversaires ce n'est que pur hasard, mais un hasard qui fait bien les choses me semble-t-il. Pourquoi avoir choisi un sujet comme le rôle du ministère de l'Agriculture de la province de Québec dans l'évolution de ce secteur économique entre 1852 et 1929? Une raison personnelle d'abord: je suis mariée à un agronome. L'agriculture est donc une partie intégrante de ma vie. Des raisons professionnelles aussi: l'histoire politique m'intéresse au plus haut point. En faisant le cours d'activité de recherches dirigée intitulé Mercier dans la presse québécoise, 1886-1891, j'ai découvert à ma grande surprise, que le ministère de l'Agriculture existe comme entité distincte depuis 1887 seulement. J'ai donc pensé qu'il serait intéressant de pousser mes recherches un peu plus loin, dans le cadre d'un mémoire de maîtrise, afin d'étudier le rôle qu'a pu jouer le ministère de l'Agriculture dans le processus de spécialisation agricole qui s'est amorcé aux XIX- siècle…

Note sur Tetralia nigrifrons Dana 1852

In the genus Tetralia of the family Trapeziinoe, the authors have separated or put in synonymy T. nigrifrons Dana with T. glaberrima Herbst. A study in details of morphologic characteristics of T. nigrifrons has demonstrated that the two species are different and it was an error putting the first in synonymy with the second. But it is no sure that the so-called T. nigrifrons is the species of Dana (1852).

Sobre los apellidos vascongados : publicado en 1875 en Detmold por Augusto Federico Pott, en conmemoración de la feliz terminación del Gran Diccionario Sanskrito empezado en 1852 y terminado en 1875 por Bothlingk y Roth / traducido del alemán por Eliano

Ded. autógr. del trad.

Análisis comparativo de los principales aspectos reproductivos de Octopus mimus GOULD, 1852 (CEPHALOPODA: OCTOPODIDAE) entre dos áreas del Litoral Peruano en el año 2014

Se realizó el análisis comparativo de los principales aspectos reproductivos del pulpo Octopus mimus Gould, 1852 entre las áreas de Callao y Chiclayo; utilizando bases de datos correspondientes a los muestreos quincenales de las capturas de la pesquería artesanal durante el año 2014. Se muestrearon 604 individuos (244 hembras y 360 machos) en Callao y 411 individuos (152 hembras y 259 machos) en Chiclayo. Este estudio tiene como objetivo aumentar el conocimiento sobre la biología reproductiva de la especie, y cómo se ve influenciada por las condiciones oceanográficas propias de un área. Se determinó que ambas poblaciones no siguen los parámetros de una distribución normal, y que son estadísticamente diferentes con relación a la longitud del manto. Callao muestra una talla media anual mayor que Chiclayo. La proporción anual de sexos fue a favor de los machos. Resalta el predominio de individuos hembras y machos maduros durante todo el año. La talla de madurez obtenida, confirma que los machos maduran a tallas menores que las hembras. La talla de desove mantiene la tendencia. El peso de madurez en ambos sexos se encontró por debajo del peso mínimo de captura (1 kg), pero el peso de desove de las hembras fue mayor a éste. El grado en que la condición del individuo se ve afectada por la reproducción, es más evidente y determinante en hembras. La especie muestra un crecimiento alométrico negativo. En machos está mejor definido el aumento del peso de la gónada en función de la longitud del manto. La influencia de los factores ambientales sobre el ciclo reproductivo es particular en cada área, lo que explica las diferencias en el biotipo y la estacionalidad de los eventos reproductivos.

Ecología trófica del pulpo Octopus mimus Gould 1852 (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) invierno 2013-2014 en la bahía del Callao

El pulpo Octopus mimus es un importante recurso de la pesquería artesanal bentónica, que se distribuye desde el norte del Perú a San Vicente, Chile. Se analizaron contenidos gástricos de 741 ejemplares obtenidos de la captura comercial en la bahía del Callao, durante agosto 2013-agosto 2014. Se determinó que las presas más importantes fueron crustáceos Decapoda: Petrolisthes desmarestii (%FO=24,13; %P=21,29%; N=27,10), Cycloxanthops sexdecimdentatus (%FO=16,35; %P=12,16%; N=15,99) y Allopetrolisthes angulosus (%FO=6,17; %P=6,05; %N=25,20). No hubo diferencias en la dieta entre machos y hembras en %FO y %P (Mann -Whitney U-test, p>0,05). Se observaron diferencias en el IR asociado a las fases de desarrollo gonadal en hembras, ejemplares madurantes/maduros mostraron mayor IR (0,17±0,17) que los desovados (0,08± 0,06), en machos no se observaron diferencias. El IR fue mayor en otoño (0,21±0,17) (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0,05). Los índices ecológicos mostraron que O. mimus es un depredador generalista (B’>3), observándose traslapo entre la dieta de machos y hembras (Cλ>0,6), por lo que se concluye que su alimentación está influenciada por una combinación de factores fisiológicos y ambientales.

CIUDADES, REVOLUCIÓN Y GUERRA: TRANSFORMACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA DEL SISTEMA URBANO RIOPLATENSE ENTRE 1810 Y 1852

La celebración del bicentenario de la independencia de varios países latinoamericanos es una oportunidad para analizar las consecuencias geográficas de los hechos históricos que originaron la formación territorial de los Estados actuales. El objetivo específico de este trabajo es analizar las transformaciones del sistema de asentamientos humanos en el litoral de los ríos de la Plata, Paraná y Uruguay y en la Banda Oriental del Uruguay en el contexto de las guerras de independencia y las guerras civiles, con énfasis en los efectos de larga duración que inciden en la organización actual del territorio. La metodología de este análisis preliminar recurre a fuentes secundarias (bibliografía geográfica e histórica), a partir de las cuales se identifican las localidades formadas durante el período y las que fueron destruidas o relocalizadas. En cada caso se intenta identificar a los actores que participaron en esas acciones, interpretar sus motivaciones y caracterizar sus resultados. Estas acciones y resultados se presentan en una serie de cuadros y mapas. Los aportes geográficos principales se relacionan con la necesidad de recurrir al análisis de los procesos históricos para comprender la organización territorial contemporánea, sin que esto implique una visión teleológica de tales procesos.

Re-examining the evidence in radiation dermatitis management literature : an overview and a critical appraisal of systematic reviews

Purpose: To provide an overview and a critical appraisal of systematic reviews (SRs) of published interventions for the prevention/management of radiation dermatitis. Methods and Materials: We searched Medline, CINAHL, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. We also manually searched through individual reference lists of potentially eligible articles and a number of key journals in the topic area. Two authors screened all potential articles and included eligible SRs. Two authors critically appraised and extracted key findings from the included reviews using AMSTAR (the measurement tool for “assessment of multiple systematic reviews”). Results: Of 1837 potential titles, 6 SRs were included. A number of interventions have been reported to be potentially beneficial for managing radiation dermatitis. Interventions evaluated in these reviews included skin care advice, steroidal/nonsteroidal topical agents, systemic therapies, modes of radiation delivery, and dressings. However, all the included SRs reported that there is insufficient evidence supporting any single effective intervention. The methodological quality of the included studies varied, and methodological shortfalls in these reviews might create biases to the overall results or recommendations for clinical practice. Conclusions: An up-to-date high-quality SR in the prevention/management of radiation dermatitis is needed to guide practice and direction for future research. We recommend that clinicians or guideline developers critically evaluate the information of SRs in their decision making.

Walk@Work : an automated intervention to increase walking in university employees not achieving 10,000 daily steps

This study assessed the workday step counts of lower active (<10,000 daily steps) university employees using an automated, web-based walking intervention (Walk@Work). METHODS: Academic and administrative staff (n=390; 45.6±10.8years; BMI 27.2±5.5kg/m2; 290 women) at five campuses (Australia [x2], Canada, Northern Ireland and the United States), were given a pedometer, access to the website program (2010-11) and tasked with increasing workday walking by 1000 daily steps above baseline, every two weeks, over a six week period. Step count changes at four weeks post intervention were evaluated relative to campus and baseline walking. RESULTS: Across the sample, step counts significantly increased from baseline to post-intervention (1477 daily steps; p=0.001). Variations in increases were evident between campuses (largest difference of 870 daily steps; p=0.04) and for baseline activity status. Those least active at baseline (<5000 daily steps; n=125) increased step counts the most (1837 daily steps; p=0.001), whereas those most active (7500-9999 daily steps; n=79) increased the least (929 daily steps; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Walk@Work increased workday walking by 25% in this sample overall. Increases occurred through an automated program, at campuses in different countries, and were most evident for those most in need of intervention.

An overview of level I evidence for the management of radiation dermatitis literature

Background: Despite the technologic advances, radiation dermatitis is still a prevalent and distressing symptom in patients with cancer undergoing radiotherapy. Systematic reviews (SRs) are regarded as level I evidence providing direction for clinical practice and guidelines. This overview aims to provide a critical appraisal of SRs published on interventions for the prevention/management of radiation dermatitis. Methodology: We searched the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (up to Feb 2012). We also hand-searched reference lists of potentially eligible articles and a number of key journals in the area. Two authors screened all potential articles and included eligible SRs. Two authors critically appraised and extracted key findings from the included reviews using the “A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews” (AMSTAR). Results: Of 1837 potential titles, six SRs were included. A number of interventions have been reported to be potentially beneficial for managing radiation dermatitis. Interventions evaluated in these reviews included skin care advice, steroidal/non-steroidal topical agents, systematic therapies, modes of radiation delivery, and dressings. However, all the included SRs reported that there is insufficient evidence supporting any single effective intervention. The methodological quality of the included studies varied, and methodological shortfalls in these reviews may create biases to the overall results or recommendations for clinical practice. Conclusions and implications: An up-to-date high quality SR in preventing/managing radiation dermatitis is needed to guide practice and direction for future research. Clinicians or guideline developers are recommended to critically evaluate the information of SRs in their decision making.

Mortality and cost outcomes of elderly trauma patients admitted to intensive care and the general wards of an Australian tertiary referral hospital

Mortality and cost outcomes of elderly intensive care unit (ICU) trauma patients were characterised in a retrospective cohort study from an Australian tertiary ICU. Trauma patients admitted between January 2000 and December 2005 were grouped into three major age categories: aged ≥65 years admitted into ICU (n=272); aged ≥65 years admitted into general ward (n=610) and aged <65 years admitted into ICU (n=1617). Hospital mortality predictors were characterised as odds ratios (OR) using logistic regression. The impact of predictor variables on (log) total hospital-stay costs was determined using least squares regression. An alternate treatment-effects regression model estimated the mortality cost-effect as an endogenous variable. Mortality predictors (P ≤0.0001, comparator: ICU ≥65 years, ventilated) were: ICU <65 not-ventilated (OR 0.014); ICU <65 ventilated (OR 0.090); ICU age ≥65 not-ventilated (OR 0.061) and ward ≥65 (OR 0.086); increasing injury severity score and increased Charlson comorbidity index of 1 and 2, compared with zero (OR 2.21 [1.40 to 3.48] and OR 2.57 [1.45 to 4.55]). The raw mean daily ICU and hospital costs in A$ 2005 (US$) for age <65 and ≥65 to ICU, and ≥65 to the ward were; for year 2000: ICU, $2717 (1462) and $2777 (1494); hospital, $1837 (988) and $1590 (855); ward $933 (502); for year 2005: ICU, $3202 (2393) and $3086 (2307); hospital, $1938 (1449) and $1914 (1431); ward $1180 (882). Cost increments were predicted by age ≥65 and ICU admission, increasing injury severity score, mechanical ventilation, Charlson comorbidity index increments and hospital survival. Mortalitycost-effect was estimated at -63% by least squares regression and -82% by treatment-effects regression model. Patient demographic factors, injury severity and its consequences predict both cost and survival in trauma. The cost mortality effect was biased upwards by conventional least squares regression estimation.

Inpatients had mostly negative experiences of seclusion during short term treatment in a mental health facility

Design Semi-structured interviews. Setting 2 open, acute care units of a large tertiary mental health facility in Queensland, Australia. Patients 12 patients (58% men) who were 18–52 years of age and were secluded in the previous 7 days (mean duration 3.4 h). Methods Semi-structured, thematically organised interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. Transcripts were checked for errors against the audiotaped versions and were analysed using the process of meaning categorisation. Themes were identified and coded to produce categories. All members of the research team agreed on the final categorisations. These broad categories were further analysed, and themes were used to reflect patients' experiences of seclusion. Main findings 5 recurrent themes emerged. (1) Patients described the use of seclusion. Some patients thought that seclusion was used inappropriately and that the seclusion period was of more benefit to …

Early time course of Akt phosphorylation after endurance and resistance exercise

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the early time course of exercise-induced signaling after divergent contractile activity associated with resistance and endurance exercise. Methods Sixteen male subjects were randomly assigned to either a cycling (CYC; n = 8, 60 min, 70% V?O2peak) or resistance (REX; n = 8, 8×5 leg extension, 80% one-repetition maximum, 3-min recovery) exercise group. Serial muscle biopsies were obtained from vastus lateralis at rest before, immediately after, and after 15, 30, and 60 min of passive recovery to determine early signaling responses after exercise. Results There were comparable increases from rest in AktThr308/Ser473 and mTORSer2448 phosphorylation during the postexercise time course that peaked 30-60 min after both CYC and REX (P<0.05). There were also similar patterns in p70S6K Thr389 and 4E-BP1Thr37/46 phosphorylation, but a greater magnitude of effect was observed for REX and CYC, respectively (P<0.05). However, AMPKThr172 phosphorylation was only significantly elevated after CYC (P<0.05), and we observed divergent responses for glycogen synthaseSer641 and AS160 phosphorylation that were enhanced after CYC but not REX (P<0.05). Conclusions We show a similar time course for Akt-mTOR-S6K phosphorylation during the initial 60-min recovery period after divergent contractile stimuli. Conversely, enhanced phosphorylation status of proteins that promote glucose transport and glycogen synthesis only occurred after endurance exercise. Our results indicate that endurance and resistance exercise initiate translational signaling, but high-load, low-repetition contractile activity failed to promote phosphorylation of pathways regulating glucose metabolism.