pCO(2) and carbon fluxes across sea-air interface in the Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay

Partial pressure of CO2 (pCO(2)) was investigated in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary, Hangzhou Bay and their adjacent areas during a cruise in August 2004, China. The data show that pCO(2) in surface waters of the studied area was higher than that in the atmosphere with only exception of a patch east of Zhoushan Archipelago. The pCO(2) varied from 168 to 2 264 mu atm, which fell in the low range compared with those of other estuaries in the world. The calculated sea-air CO2 fluxes decreased offshore and varied from -10.0 to 88.1 mmol m(-2) d(-1) in average of 24.4 +/- 16.5 mmol m(-2) d(-1). Although the area studied was estimated only 2 x 10(4) km(2), it emitted (5.9 +/- 4.0) x 10(3) tons of carbon to the atmosphere every day. The estuaries and their plumes must be further studied for better understanding the role of coastal seas playing in the global oceanic carbon cycle.

Sesquiterpenes from Laurencia similis

One new sesquiterpene, (4E)-1-bromo-5-[(1'S*, 3'R*)-3'-bromo-2',2'-dimethyl-6'-methylenecyclohexyl]-3-methylpent-4-ene-2,3-diol (1), and fifteen known sesquiterpenes, isopalisol (2), luzonensol (3), palisadin B (4), aplysistatin (5), palisadin A (6), 4-hydroxyl-palisudin C (7), 5-acetoxypalisadin B (8), 10-hydroxyaristolan-9-one (9), aristol-8-en-1-one (10), aristolan-9-en-1-one (11), aristolan-1(10)-en-9-one (12), aristolan-1( 10)-en-9-ol (13), aristolan-1(10), 8-diene (14), aristolan-1,9-diene (15) and aristofone (16), were isolated from a sample of marine red alga Laurencia similis. Their structures were established by detailed NMR spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data. Compounds 2-9, and 16 were isolated for the first time from this species. All these metabolites were submitted for a cytotoxicity assay against the tumor cell line BEL7402 (human liver adenocarcinoma), but all of them were found inactive (IC50 > 10 mu g/mL).

CHINESE NITRARIA TANGUTORUM BOBR。： CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF SEED OIL EXTRACTED BY SFE-CO_2

In order to develop and make good use of Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau for its ecological and medicinal values, the seed oil was extracted by SFE-CQ2 and the chemical constituents was analyzed by GC/MS. The component relative contents were determined by area nomalization. 28 components were separated from the extracts of SFE-CQj and 12 of them, which accounted for 85.99% were identified. They were(Z, Z)-9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (linoleic acid), bicyclo[ 10. 1. 0] tridec-1-ene, 7-pentadecyne, gamma-sitosterol, gamma-tocopherol, 1, -8,Z-10-hexadecatriene,9,12-octadecadienal, 24-methyl-5-cholestene-3-ol,(Z)-9,17-octadecadienal, stigmastan-3,5-dien, eicosane and so on. Among them, the relative content of (Z, Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid is the highest, accounting for 65.85% of the total area. It is concluded that N. tangutorum Bobr. seed oil is a rich source of linoleic acid.

Three new diterpenoids from Euphorbia wallichii

Three new abietane diterpene lactones, 3alpha-hydroxyjolkinolide A (1), ent-8alpha,14beta-dihydroxy-13(15)-ene-16(12alpha)-abietanolide (2) and ent-8alpha,14alpha-dihydroxy-13(15)-ene-16(12alpha)-abietanolide (3) as well as a known abietane diterpene jolkinolide A (4) were isolated from the roots of Euphorbia wallichii. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis.

高性能16位单片机80C196KC的应用

介绍了１６位８０Ｃ１９６ＫＣ单片机的独特性能．组成由８０Ｃ１９６ＫＣ单片机、存储器、光电编码器、模数转换器、键盘显示器、电机驱动电路等构成的测控系统．有针对性地提出了改进措施，并给出了ＨＳＯ的应用实例．

电离层行进式扰动的GPS台网监测研究

In this dissertation, we investigated two types of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs)/gravity waves (GWs) triggered separately by auroral energy input during super geomagnetic storms and solar terminator (ST) under quiet geomagnetic conditions (kp<3+) using TEC measurements from the global network of GPS receivers. Research into the generation and propagation of TIDs/GWs during storms greatly enhance our understandings on the evolution processes of energy transportation from the high-latitude’s magnetosphere to the low-latitude ionosphere and the conjugated effect of TIDs propagation between the northern and southern hemispheres. Our results revealed that the conjugacy of propagation direction between the northern and southern hemispheres was subject to the influence of Coriolis force. We also figure out the evolution processes of ionospheric disturbances at the global scale. These are important topics that had not been well addressed previously. In addition, we also obtained thee wave structures of medium scale TIDs excited by the solar terminator (ST) moving over the northern America and physical mechanisms involved. Our observations confirm that the ST is a stable and repetitive source of ionospheric wave disturbances and the evidence of solar terminator generated disturbances has been demonstrated experimentally via the GPS TEC measurement. The main researches and results of this dissertation are as follows. First, the global traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) during the drastic magnetic storms of October 29–31, 2003 were analyzed using the Global Position System (GPS) total electron content (TEC) data observed in the Asian-Australian, European and North American sectors. We collected the most comprehensive set of the TEC data from more than 900 GPS stations on the International GNSS Services (IGS) website and introduce here a strategy that combines polynomial fitting and multi-channel maximum entropy spectral analysis to obtain TID parameters. Moreover, in collaboration with my thesis advisor, I have developed an imaging technique of 2-dimensional map of TIDs structures to obtain spatial and temporal maps of large scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs). The clear structures of TEC perturbations map during the passage of TIDs were displayed. The results of our study are summarized as follows: (1) Large-scale TIDs (LSTIDs) and medium-scale TIDs (MSTIDs) were detected in all three sectors after the sudden commencement (SC) of the magnetic storm, and their features showed longitudinal and latitudinal dependences. The duration of TIDs was longer at higher latitudes than at middle latitudes, with a maximum of about 16 h. The TEC variation amplitude of LSTIDs was larger in the North American sector than in the two other sectors. At the lower latitudes, the ionospheric perturbations were more complicated, and their duration and amplitude were relatively longer and larger. (2) The periods and phase speeds of TIDs were different in these three sectors. In Europe, the TIDs propagated southward; in North America and Asia, the TIDs propagated southwestward; in the near-equator region, the disturbances propagated with the azimuth (the angle of the propagation direction of the LSTIDs measured clockwise from due north with 0°) of 210° showing the influence of Coriolis force; in the Southern Hemisphere, the LSTIDs propagated conjugatedly northwestward. Both the southwestward and northeastward propagating LSTIDs are found in the equatorial region. These results mean that the Coriolis effect cannot be ignored for the wave propagation of LSTIDs and that the propagation direction is correlated with the polar magnetic activity. (3) The day (day of year: 301) before the SC (sudden commencement) of magnetic storm, we observed a sudden TEC skip disturbances (±10 TECU). It should be a response for the high flux of proton during the solar flare event, but not the magnetic storms. Next, the most comprehensive and dense GPS network’s data from North-America region were used in this paper to analyze the medium scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) which were generated by the moving solar terminator during the quiet days in 2005. We applied the multi-channel maximum entropy spectral analysis to calculated TID parameters, and found that the occurrence of ST-MSTIDs depends on the seasonal variations. The results of our study are summarized as follows: (1) MSTIDs stimulated by the moving ST (ST-MSTIDs) are detected at mid-latitudes after the passage of the solar terminator with the life time of 2～3 hours and the variation amplitude of 0.2～0.8 TECU. Spectral analysis indicated that the horizontal wavelength, average period, horizontal phase velocity of the MSTIDs are around 300±150 km，150±80 m/s and 25±15 min, respectively. In addition, ST-MSTIDs have wave fronts elongating the moving ST direction and almost parallel to ST. (2) The statistical results demonstrate that the dusk MSTIDs stimulated by ST is more obvious than the dawn MSTIDs in summer. On the contrary, the more-pronounced dawn MSTIDs occurs in winter. (3) Further analysis indicates that the seasonal variations of ST-MSTIDs occurrence frequency are most probably related to the seasonal differences of the variations of EUV flux in the ionosphere region and recombination process during sunrise and sunset period at mid-latitudes. Statistical study of occurrence characteristics of TIDs using the GPS network in North-American and European during solar maximum, In conclusion, statistical studies of the propagation characteristics of TIDs, which excited by the two common origins including geomagnetic storms and moving solar terminator, were involved with global GPS TEC databasein this thesis. We employed the multichannel maximum entropy spectral analysis method to diagnose the characteristics of propagation and evolvement of ionospheric disturbances, also, the characteristics of their regional distribution and climatological variations were revealed by the statistic analysis. The results of these studies can improve our knowledge about the energy transfer in the solar-terrestrial system and the coupling process between upper and lower atmosphere (thermosphere-ionosphere-mesosphere). On the other hand, our results of the investigation on TIDs generated by particular linear origin such as ST are important for developing ionospheric irregularity physics and modeling the transionosphere radio wave propagation. Besides, the GPS TEC representation of the ST-generated ionospheric structure suggests a better possibility for investigating this phenomenon. Subsequently, there are scientific meaning of the result of this dissertation to deeply discuss the energy transfer and coupling in the ionosphere, as well as realistic value to space weather forecast in the ionosphere region.

中国东海陆架盆地构造-热演化研究

East China Sea Shelf Basin (ECSSB), as a basin with prospect of oil & gas resource and due to its special geological location on the west margin of the west Pacific, attracts a lot of attention from many geologists in the world.Based on systematic temperature measurements, bottom hole temperature (BHT) and the oil temperature data, the geothermal gradients in the ECS SB are calculated and vary from 25 to 43°C/km, with a mean of 32.7°C/km. The geothermal gradient in Fuzhou Sag has the higher value(40.6°C/km) in Taibei Depression than that in others. The lower value (27.2 °C/km) occurs in in Xihu Depression. The middle values occurs in Jiaojiang and Lishui sags in Taibei Depression with a mean value of 34.8 °C/km. Incorporated with the measured thermal conductivity, heat flow values show that the ECSSB is characterized by present-day heat flow around 70.6mW/m2, varying between 55 and 88 mW/m2. No significant difference in heat flow is observed between the Xihu and the Taibei Depressions. These heat flow data suggest that the ECSSB is geothermally not a modem back-arc basin.Applying the paleogeothermal gradient based method, thermal history is reconstructed using vitrinite reflectance (VR) and apatite fission track (AFT) data. The results suggest that the thermal history was different in the Taibei and the Xihu depressions. Paleo-heat flow values when the pre-Tertiary formations experienced their maximum temperature at the end of the Paleocene reached a mean of 81 mW/m2 in the Taibei Depression, much higher than the present-day value. The lower Tertiary sediments in the Xihu Depression experienced maximum temperatures at the end of Oligocene and reached a mean paleo-heat flow value of 83.4 mW/m2. The time, when the paleo-heat flow reached the maximum value, suggests that the ECSSB rifted eastward.Tectonic subsidence analysis shows that the timing of the major rifting episode was different across the ECSSB. The rifting occurred from the Late Cretaceous to the early Eocene in the Taibei Depression, followed by thermal subsidence from the late Eocene to the end of Miocene. In contrast, in the Xihu Depression the initial subsidence lasted until the early Miocene and thermal subsidence to the end of Miocene. From Pliocene to the present, an accelerated subsidence took place all along the West Pacific margin of the east Asia.The thermal lithosphere thickness is determined by temperature profile in the lithosphere, the mantle adiabat or the dry basalt solidus. It indicates that the thermal lithosphere reached the thinnest thickness at the end of Eocene in the Taibei Depression and the end of Oligocene in the Xihu Depression, respectively, corresponding with a value of 57-66km and 56-64km. In Taibei Depression, the lithosphere thickness decreased 16-22km from the end of Mesozoic to Paleocene. After Paleocene, the thickness increased 13-16km and reached 71-79 km at present-day. In Xihu Depression, From the end of Oligocene to present-day, the thickness increased 10-13km and reached 69-76km at present-day. The evolution of the lithosphere thickness is associated closely with the lithosphere stretching.Combining the reconstructed thermal history and the burial history, the maturation of the Jurassic oil-source rock shows that the main hydrocarbon generation phase was in the mid-Jurassic and a secondary hydrocarbon generation occurred at the end of Paleocene. The secondary generation was controlled mainly by the tectono-thermal background during the Paleocene.

华南下寒武统层序框架的初步构建―以遵义松林地区为例

华南下寒武统保存着国际著名的生物群（如澄江生物群），同时蕴藏着磷块岩、重晶石、稀土及Ni-Mo-PGE等丰富的矿产资源，因此，它一直为地质科学家们持续关注的热点之一。关于华南下寒武统的研究，前人在古生物学方面已经取得了卓著的成就，主要表现在国际权威期刊上（如期刊《Science》和《Nature》）已发表大量的关于澄江生物群的研究成果，对早期生命演化研究具有重要而广泛的影响。然而，华南下寒武统年代学及国际对比研究方面已明显滞后，公开发表的华南下寒武统的高精度、可靠的锆石U-Pb年龄数据至本研究论文截稿时止仍然仅有唯一的一个，即Jenkins et al. (2002)报道的国际前寒武系-寒武系界线层型候选剖面―云南晋宁梅树村剖面的朱家菁组中谊村段中部（第5层）钾质斑脱岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄（538.2 ± 1.5 Ma）。因而，华南下寒武统中的重要生物群、矿床及具全球对比意义的C同位素漂移事件缺乏地层精确年龄的约束，进而制约了早期生命演化理论、矿床成因解释及地层国际对比等方面研究的发展。 近来，发现华南下寒武统赋存独特的钾质斑脱岩层，它们在横向上广泛分布于云南东部、四川峨眉麦地坪、贵州西部（如织金和金沙岩孔）及北部（如遵义松林）、湖北宜昌泰山庙和湖南张家界等地区，在地层序列垂向上主要产出于朱家菁组中谊村段中部、石岩头组底部以及它们的相当层位。这些钾质斑脱岩既是建立地层框架等时层潜在的物质基础，亦是获取地层精确锆石U-Pb年龄的具重要意义的研究对象之一。因此，对它们进行系统研究可望改观华南下寒武统年代学及国际对比研究方面的落后现状。 同时，华南下寒武统广泛产出的磷块岩既具有重要的资源价值，另一方面，任一磷块岩层代表着一次独立的成磷事件，因而将华南地区下寒武统磷块岩进行区域上的对比研究，从而以磷块岩层作为等时层，对构建华南下寒武统地层框架具有重要的地层学意义。 此外，华南下寒武统产出的Ni-Mo多元素富集层广泛分布于扬子地台范围，西起云南东部，东部延至浙江诸暨地区，在NE-SW向延伸近1600 km，它既代 表了重要的成矿事件，亦为关键的地球化学异常层位。因此，对Ni-Mo多元素富集层进行区域上的对比研究，明确它在华南下寒武统各重要剖面的产出位置，对于构建华南下寒武统层序框架具有重要意义。 遵义松林地区的下寒武统因赋存Ni-Mo-PGE矿床及与滇东地区澄江生物群相当的遵义生物群而日益受到国内外地质学家们的广泛关注。该区牛蹄塘组底部产出磷块岩、钾质斑脱岩及Ni-Mo多元素富集层，与滇东地区梅树村剖面出露的地层具有潜在的可对比性。因此，本研究选取近年来日益受科学家们关注的遵义松林地区下寒武统作为研究对象，重点对该区牛蹄塘组底部的钾质斑脱岩开展矿物学、地球化学和年代学研究。同时，将遵义松林地区下寒武统剖面上磷块岩、钾质斑脱岩、Ni-Mo多元素富集层主要与滇东地区梅树村剖面的相应岩层进行地球化学对比研究。研究的目的在于通过对华南地区上述两条代表性的下寒武统剖面进行地层对比研究，初步构建华南下寒武统具时间、空间涵义的层序框架，从而约束华南下寒武统中的重要生物群、矿床及具全球对比意义的C同位素漂移事件的时间，进一步促进华南下寒武统的划分和全球对比。论文获得以下主要结论性认识： （1）滇东地区朱家菁组中谊村段中部钾质斑脱岩及其邻近的磷块岩可构成华南下寒武统层序框架的第一个标志层。这一标志层在贵州大部分地区（或华南地区的多数下寒武统剖面）缺失。该标志层的磷块岩稀土元素总量和Y含量高于新元古代陡山沱期磷块岩，低于遵义松林地区牛蹄塘组底部及其华南其它地区相当层位（石岩头组底部及戈仲伍组）的磷块岩。第一个标志层的钾质斑脱岩的原始岩浆为亚碱性系列的酸性岩浆，其典型特征为具有较低的Zr（变化范围144×10-6~291×10-6，平均196.4×10-6）、Nb（变化范围10×10-6~13×10-6，平均11.86×10-6）含量和较高的Zr/Nb比值（变化范围为12.63~24.24，平均值为16.55）。这一层钾质斑脱岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为538.2±1.5 Ma（Jenkins et al., 2002）。 （2）遵义松林地区牛蹄塘组底部钾质斑脱岩和磷块岩分别相当于滇东地区石岩头组底部钾质斑脱岩和磷块岩，它们构成华南下寒武统层序框架的第二个标志层。该标志层中钾质斑脱岩的原始岩浆性质为中性岩浆，其碱性程度高于朱家菁组中谊村段中部钾质斑脱岩的原始岩浆。相对于中谊村段中部钾质斑脱岩，该层位的钾质斑脱岩具有高的Zr(变化范围187.091620;10-6~391.571620;10-6，平均值318.401620;10-6)、Nb（49.691620;10-6~140.001620;10-6，平均值90.681620;10-6）含量和低的Zr/Nb（2.60~4.32，平均值3.61）比值。该钾质斑脱岩的年龄为518 ± 5 Ma。该标志层的磷块岩以极其富REE和Y为特征，其稀土元素总量平均值为636.01×10-6，Y含量平均值262.43×10-6，明显高于滇东地区中谊村段磷块岩（∑REE平均值为195.45×10-6，Y含量平均值为91.231620;10-6），它们代表早寒武世时期一次特殊的以极其富REE和Y为特征的成磷事件。 （3）Ni-Mo多元素富集层可以作为构建华南下寒武统层序框架中的第三个等时标志层。滇东地区梅树村剖面的Ni-Mo多元素富集层被重新校正在玉案山组底部（即13层，Ni、Mo含量分别为135×10-6和583×10-6）。Ni-Mo多元素地球化学标志层的典型特征为在剖面上具Ni、Mo等多种微量元素及贵金属元素的最高异常。该标志层的Re-Os年龄为537~542 Ma，可能代表的不是地层层序的年龄。 （4）初步建立华南下寒武统时间框架。约束了华南地区下寒武统Ni-Mo-PGE矿床的下限年龄应为518 ± 5 Ma。同时，该时间框架亦约束了滇东地区澄江生物群及最古老三叶虫的下限年龄（518 ± 5 Ma），考虑到石岩头组底部钾质斑脱岩的产出位置与玉案山组中部澄江生物群的产出层位存在相当的距离（大于80 m），因此，前人对澄江生物群的推测年龄（525~530 Ma）可能有些偏老。此外，初步约束了华南地区具全球对比意义的C同位素正漂移事件的年龄（538~518 Ma）。该时间框架是建立在两个相互支持的地层高精度锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄的基础之上，而国际前寒武系-寒武系界线年龄的最新研究成果为542 Ma，因此，它支持将华南地区的前寒武系-寒武系界线置于朱家菁组中谊村段中部钾质斑脱岩层（第5层）的下伏地层的方案。结合华南地区最新的地层古生物学研究成果（朱茂炎等，2001；Zhu et al., 2003），将这一界线置于朱家菁组中谊村段底界可作为一种合理的选择。

Levantamento exploratório-reconhecimento de alta intensidade e aptidão agrícola dos solos da área compreendida entre os km 81 e 152 da Rodovia Santarém-Cuiabá e o Rio Curua-Una.

Foram estudados os solos de uma area com 390.000 ha, situada a margem esquerda da Rodovia Santarem-Cuiaba, num trecho compreendido entre a cidade de Santarem e a Ruropolis Presidente Medici, no Estado do Para, com o objetivo de fornecer elementos basicos ao planejamento para ocupacao da area, atraves projetos de colonizacao. O trabalho constou do levantamento pedologico e posterior determinacao da aptidao agricola dos diferentes solos identificados e mapeados. Predominam na area os Latossolos e os podzolicos, ocorrendo em pequenas proporcoes as areias Quartzosas. As principais limitacoes se referem a fertilidade e a deficiencia de agua, enquanto que nos podzolicos, porquanto existam as limitacoes supracitadas, e o relevo que exerce em sua maioria, o principal papel de limitacoes das terras para o aproveitamento agropastoril. De acordo com o sistema de aptidao agricola adotado, os Latossolos, apesar de apresentarem baixa fertilidade e alta saturacao de aluminio, dada as suas propriedades fisicas, podem ser utilizados em empreendimentos agropecuarios com bons resultados, assim como os Podzolicos de relevo forte ondulado, recomenda-se a sua utilizacao para pastagem plantada ou silvicultura, e, para as Areais Quartzosas a melhor indicacao e a silvicultura.

Estudo expedito de solos da bacia do rio Paraguai no Brasil, para fins de classificação, correlação e legenda preliminar.

A presente publicacao constitui o informe tecnico do estudo expedito de solos realizado na parte norte da bacia do Paraguai, compreendendo a parte meridional da folha ao milionesimo SD-21 e borda setentrional da folha SE-21. Foi executado por equipe de tecnicos do SNLCS da Embrapa e da Divisao de Pedologia do Projeto RADAMBRASIL (Base de Apoio de Goiania). Sua realizacao se deveu ao proposito de dar inicio aos trabalhos de execucao conjunta de levantamento de solos pelo SNLCS e RADAMBRASIL na Regiao Centro Oeste do pais. Os trabalhos de campo realizados tiveram duracao de 16 dias, num percurso de aproximadamente 2.950 km, durante o qual foram estudados 174 perfis de solos. Para verificacao de caracteristicas fisicas, quimicas e mineralogicas foram amostradosparcialmente 22 perfis de solos em cortes recentes de estradas ou atraves de tradagens, totalizando 29 amostras. Na area investigada foi feita a identificacao de diversas unidades de solos, estudaram-se sumariamente suas caracteristicas morfologicas, fisicas, quimicas e mineralogicas e realizaram-se observacoes sobre vegetacao, relevo e altitude, geologia e material originario, e uso agricola dos diversos solos. Os registros das observacoes realizadas, referentes aos perfis estudados e condicoes do meio ambiente em que se encontram, sao apresentados de forma condensada no presente relatorio.