Ultrasonographic determination of goiter prevalence in southern Brazilian schoolchildren

The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of goiter in schoolchildren in a formerly iodine-deficient region in southern Brazil by assessing the relationship between body surface area (m²) and thyroid volume (ml) measured by ultrasonography. A population-based sample of 1,094 randomly selected schoolchildren (6 to 14 years; 556 boys and 538 girls) underwent clinical evaluation. A total of 119 (10.9%) children were diagnosed with goiter upon clinical examination according to WHO criteria (grade Ia: 65, grade Ib: 24, grade II: 29, grade III: 1). Of these, 85 underwent ultrasonography. In order to ascertain the absence of goiter in the 975 schoolchildren with a negative result upon clinical examination, one of ten children was randomly selected for ultrasonography. Sixty-two children agreed to be submitted to the exam. Thus, 147 schoolchildren were evaluated by ultrasonography (7.5-MHz transducer). Goiter was considered to be present when the thyroid volume:body surface area index was >6.2 ml/m². The estimated prevalence of goiter if all schoolchildren had been submitted to thyroid volume measurement by ultrasound was 7.2%; it was higher in the lower socioeconomic class (8.2%) than in the upper (7.8%) and middle classes (6.5%). In conclusion, the prevalence of goiter in schoolchildren of this region was higher than in other iodine-sufficient areas, especially in lower socioeconomic classes. Goiter in this region may be associated with naturally occurring goitrogens that operate more intensively among less privileged individuals.

Psykososiaaliset kuormitustekijät yli 45-vuotiaiden hoito- ja opetusalan työntekijöiden terveystarkastuksissa sekä niiden yhteys itsearvioituun työkykyyn

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää, mitä positiivisia ja negatiivisia psykososiaalisia kuormitustekijöitä oli kirjattu yli 45-vuotiaiden hoito- ja opetusalan työntekijöiden terveystarkastuskirjauksissa. Lisäksi tarkoituksena oli selvittää, kuinka paljon kuormitustekijöitä oli kirjattu ja miten ne olivat yhteydessä itsearvioituun sen hetkiseen työkykyyn, jota mitattiin työkykyindeksimittarilla. Tutkimuksen kohderyhmänä olivat ikääntyneet, valtakunnallisesti toimivan yksityisen lääkäriasemaketjun työterveyshuollon asiakkaat (N=106). Tutkimusaineiston muodostivat työntekijöiden elektronisessa muodossa olevat terveystarkastusdokumentit (N=147). Aineisto kerättiin kesäkuussa 2014. Tutkimusmenetelmänä oli annotointi, jossa etukäteen määritellyt psykososiaaliset positiiviset ja negatiiviset kuormitustekijät tunnistettiin ja poimittiin terveystarkastuskirjauksista. Aineisto analysoitiin tilastollisilla menetelmillä ja deduktiivisella sisällön analyysillä. Kuormitustekijöiden osuuksia sisällön analyysimenetelmällä tarkasteltaessa, erottuivat selkeästi kuormittavimmat riskitekijät: työn määrä ja työtahti (neg. n=116, pos. n=32), työympäristö ja välineet (neg. n=68, pos. n=73), sosiaaliset suhteet (neg. n=43, pos. n=73). Tilastollisen analyysin tulokset osoittivat kuormitustekijöiden yhteyden huono/kohtalaiseen työkykyindeksiin. Tilastollisesti merkitsevin yhteys oli sosiaalisilla suhteilla, sen jälkeen tulivat työmäärä ja -tahti sekä työympäristö ja välineet. Tutkimuksen tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää ikääntyvien työntekijöiden terveystarkastusten suunnittelussa ja kehittämisessä. Lisäksi tutkimustulokset auttavat sekä terveydenhuolto- että koulutusorganisaatioita tukemaan työntekijöidensä työhyvinvointia ja työkykyä. Työn kuormitustekijöiden yksilöllinen kartoitus antaa mahdollisuuden käyttää joustavia interventioita, jotka voidaan kohdistaa sekä organisaatiotasolle että psykososiaalisiin tekijöihin.

Gastroesophageal reflux episodes in asthmatic patients and their temporal relation with sleep architecture

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is common in asthma patients and can contribute to sleep disruption. The aim of the present study was to determine the time-related distribution of GER events together with their impact on sleep in asthmatic subjects with GER disease symptoms. The inclusion criteria were: 18-65 years, controlled moderate to severe asthma and GER-compatible clinical evidence. The exclusion criteria were: chronic obstructive lung disease, smoking, infections of the upper airways, use of oral corticosteroids, other co-morbidities, pregnancy, sleep-related disorders, night-time shift work, and the use of substances with impact on sleep. Asthmatic patients with nocturnal symptoms were excluded. All-night polysomnography and esophageal pH monitoring were recorded simultaneously. Of the 147 subjects selected, 31 patients and 31 controls were included. Seventeen patients were classified as DeMeester positive and 14 as DeMeester negative. Both groups displayed similar outcomes when general variables were considered. Sleep stage modification one minute prior to GER was observed in the DeMeester-positive group. Awakening was the most frequent occurrence at GER onset and during the 1-min period preceding 38% of the nocturnal GER. Sleep stage 2 was also prevalent and preceded 36% of GER events. In the DeMeester-negative group, awakening was the most frequent response before and during GER. Modifications in sleep stages, arousals or awakenings were associated with 75% of the total GER events analyzed during the period of one minute before and after the fall of esophageal pH below 4 in the DeMeester-positive group. These data provide evidence that sleep modifications precede the GER events in asthmatic patients.

Meditationes sanctarum epistolarum 50

Invokaatio: Deo duce.

Aboa vetus et nova

Invokaatio: Ductore domino Jehovah!

Changes in the hormone and lipid profile of obese adolescent Saudi females with acne vulgaris

Acne vulgaris is a multifactorial disease affecting a majority of the adolescent population. The objective of this study was to test for a correlation between fasting serum lipid profiles and levels of testosterone, insulin, leptin, and interleukin 1-β (IL-1β) and the incidence of severe acne vulgaris in obese adolescent females. Four groups of adolescent females were studied: obese with acne, obese without acne, non-obese with acne, and non-obese without acne. Obese females with acne, compared to obese females without acne and non-obese subjects, had significantly higher serum triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein-B (apo-B) (mean ± SD: 197 ± 13.7 vs 171 ± 11.5, 128 ± 8.3 vs 116 ± 7.7, 96 ± 13.7 vs 85 ± 10.3 mg/dL, respectively) but significantly lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apo-A1 levels (40 ± 3.3 vs 33 ± 3.5 and 126 ± 12 vs 147 ± 13 mg/dL). Serum testosterone, insulin and leptin levels were significantly higher in obese subjects with or without acne compared to non-obese females with or without acne (3 ± 0.5 vs 2.1 ± 0.47, 15.5 ± 3.3 vs 11.6 ± 3, 0.9 ± 0.2 vs 0.6 ± 0.15 nmol/mL, respectively). Serum IL-1b was significantly elevated in obese and non-obese subjects with acne compared to subjects without acne; in those without acne, these levels were higher in obese than non-obese subjects (2.4 ± 0.2, 1.4 ± 0.1 vs 1.8 ± 0.12 and 1.3 ± 0.11 pg/mL, respectively). Our results indicate that there is a relationship between obesity (BMI >27) and acne. By early recognition, the etiology and treatment protocol of acne may prevent unwanted conditions.

Lytrodoxia Jesu 9

Invokaatio: Immanuel!

Identification and in vitro production of Lactobacillus antagonists from women with or without bacterial vaginosis

Lactobacilli isolated from the vaginal tract of women with and without bacterial vaginosis (BV) were identified and characterized for the production of antagonists. Bacterial samples were isolated from healthy women (N = 16), from patients with clinical complaints but without BV (N = 30), and from patients with BV (N = 32). Identification was performed using amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis. Production of antagonistic compounds was evaluated by the double-layer diffusion technique using Gram-positive (N = 9) and Gram-negative bacteria (N = 6) as well as yeast (N = 5) as indicator strains. Of a total of 147 isolates, 133 were identified as pertaining to the genus Lactobacillus. Lactobacillus crispatus was the species most frequently recovered, followed by L. johnsonii and L. jensenii. Statistical analysis showed that L. crispatus was more frequent in individuals without BV (P < 0.05). A higher production of antagonists was noted in L. crispatus isolates from healthy women (P < 0.05). More acidic local pH and higher H2O2 production by isolated lactobacilli from healthy women suggest these mechanisms as the possible cause of this antagonism. In conclusion, a significant correlation was detected between the presence and antagonistic properties of certain species of Lactobacillus and the clinical status of the patients.

Computed tomography assessment of lung structure in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

Hypoxemia is a frequent complication after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), usually attributed to atelectasis. Using computed tomography (CT), we investigated postoperative pulmonary alterations and their impact on blood oxygenation. Eighteen non-hypoxemic patients (15 men and 3 women) with normal cardiac function scheduled for CABG under CPB were studied. Hemodynamic measurements and blood samples were obtained before surgery, after intubation, after CPB, at admission to the intensive care unit, and 12, 24, and 48 h after surgery. Pre- and postoperative volumetric thoracic CT scans were acquired under apnea conditions after a spontaneous expiration. Data were analyzed by the paired Student t-test and one-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Mean age was 63 ± 9 years. The PaO2/FiO2 ratio was significantly reduced after anesthesia induction, reaching its nadir after CPB and partially improving 12 h after surgery. Compared to preoperative CT, there was a 31% postoperative reduction in pulmonary gas volume (P < 0.001) while tissue volume increased by 19% (P < 0.001). Non-aerated lung increased by 253 ± 97 g (P < 0.001), from 3 to 27%, after surgery and poorly aerated lung by 72 ± 68 g (P < 0.001), from 24 to 27%, while normally aerated lung was reduced by 147 ± 119 g (P < 0.001), from 72 to 46%. No correlations (Pearson) were observed between PaO2/FiO2 ratio or shunt fraction at 24 h postoperatively and postoperative lung alterations. The data show that lung structure is profoundly modified after CABG with CPB. Taken together, multiple changes occurring in the lungs contribute to postoperative hypoxemia rather than atelectasis alone.

Effect of different durations of overdistention on rat bladder function and morphology

We investigated the contribution of the duration of overdistention (DOD) to rat bladder function and morphology and explored its possible molecular mechanisms. Bladder overdistention was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) by an infusion of saline. Forty rats were divided into 5 groups submitted to different DOD, i.e., 1, 2, 4, and 8 h, and control. Bladder function was evaluated by cystometry. Morphological changes were observed by light and transmission electron microscopy. Compared to control (44.567 ± 3.472 cmH2O), the maximum detrusor pressure of groups with 2-, 4- and 8-h DOD decreased significantly (means ± SEM): 32.774 ± 3.726, 31.321 ± 2.847, and 29.238 ± 3.724 cmH2O. With the increase of DOD, inflammatory infiltration and impairment of ultrastructure were more obvious in bladder tissue. Compared to control (1.90 ± 0.77), the apoptotic indexes of groups with 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-h DOD increased significantly (6.47 ± 2.10, 10.66 ± 1.97, 13.91 ± 2.69, and 18.33 ± 3.28%). Compared to control (0.147 ± 0.031/0.234 ± 0.038 caspase 3/β-actin and Bax/Bcl-2 ratios), both caspase 3/β-actin and Bax/Bcl-2 ratios of 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-h DOD increased significantly (0.292 ± 0.037/0.508 ± 0.174, 0.723 ± 0.173/1.745 ± 0.471, 1.104 ± 0.245/4.000 ± 1.048, and 1.345 ± 0.409/8.398 ± 3.332). DOD plays an important role in impairment of vesical function and structure. With DOD, pro-apoptotic factors increase and anti-apoptotic factors decrease, possibly contributing to the functional deterioration and morphological changes of the bladder.

De natura

Variantti B.

De natura

Variantti A.

Aboa vetus et nova

Inv.: Ductore domino Jehovah!

De libertate Graecis callide a Romanis oblata

Dedikaatio: Hermannus Ross.

Estudo da estabilidade quÍmica e microbiológica do suco de caju in natura armazenado em diferentes condições de estocagem

O caju, rico em nutrientes, apresenta alta perecibilidade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade química, físico-química e microbiológica do suco de caju in natura mantido em temperatura ambiente por 24 h, estocado sob refrigeração por sete dias e sob congelamento por 120 dias. O teor de ácido ascórbico no suco recém-extraído foi de 147,29 ± 0,41 mg/100 mL e reduziu em 6,57% em temperatura ambiente. Durante a estocagem sob refrigeração e congelamento, as taxas de redução dessa vitamina foram 1,16% ao dia e 0,05% ao dia, respectivamente. Foi observado aumento na contagem de bactérias mesófilas totais e fungos filamentosos e leveduras no suco mantido em temperatura ambiente. Nos sucos estocados sob refrigeração durante sete dias houve redução da contagem de bactérias mesófilas totais e aumento na contagem de fungos filamentosos e leveduras. Nos sucos congelados, a contagem de fungos filamentosos e leveduras permaneceu inferior à inicial, enquanto a de bactérias mesófilas totais apresentou variação até o trigésimo dia. A partir deste período, esta permaneceu estável em menos de um ciclo logarítmico acima da contagem inicial. Nos períodos estudados, refrigeração e congelamento mostraram-se eficazes na preservação do ácido ascórbico e da qualidade microbiológica do suco de caju in natura.