Efeitos de diferentes fontes de concentrado sobre o consumo e a produção de cordeiros na fase de terminação

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos dos grãos de milho e sorgo, secos ou ensilados úmidos, sobre o consumo de nutrientes e o desempenho de cordeiros em confinamento. O confinamento teve duração de 77 dias e foi dividido em dois períodos: no primeiro (35 dias), utilizou-se como volumoso capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.), na proporção de 50:50 e, no segundo (42 dias), feno de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha), na proporção de 30:70. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em blocos, de acordo com o peso, conforme os tratamentos, que consistiram de diferentes fontes de alimento concentrado energético: silagem de grão úmido de milho; silagem de grão úmido de sorgo; grão seco de milho; e grão seco de sorgo. Os consumos de MS, em g/dia, em %PV e em PV0,75, não diferiram entre os animais alimentados com grãos de milho e sorgo, secos ou úmidos, e capim-elefante cv. Napier, com média de 920,79 g/dia; 3,59% e 81,01 g/kg PV0,75. Os grãos de milho e de sorgo ensilados úmidos, quando comparados aos grãos secos, proporcionaram melhor ganho de peso (0,17 vs 0,13 e 0,19 vs 0,13 kg/dia), conversão (5,57 vs 6,37 e 5,05 vs 6,86) e eficiência alimentar (17,95 vs 15,69 e 19,79 vs 14,74). O uso de grãos de sorgo, secos e úmidos, em dietas à base de feno de capim-braquiária, resultou em maior ganho de peso, ao passo que o de grãos secos de sorgo promoveu melhor conversão alimentar. Na proporção volumoso:concentrado 50:50, os grãos de milho e sorgo ensilados proporcionaram melhores ganhos de peso, conversão e eficiência alimentar que os grãos secos. em dietas com maior participação de concentrado (proporção 30:70), fontes de maior degradabilidade (milho) influenciaram negativamente o ambiente ruminal, resultando em desempenho inferior.

Avaliação nutricional da silagem de grãos úmidos de sorgo de alto ou de baixo conteúdo de taninos para leitões na fase de creche

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a utilização da silagem de grãos úmidos de sorgo (SGUS) de alto ou baixo conteúdo de tanino na alimentação de leitões na fase de creche. No ensaio de digestibilidade, foram utilizados 12 suínos mestiços, machos castrados (peso inicial de 15,9±1,9 kg), alojados em gaiolas para estudos de metabolismo, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em que a unidade experimental foi constituída por um leitão. O método utilizado foi o de coleta total de fezes e urina. Os valores de MS, proteína, amido, MO e energia digestíveis e os de EM, na matéria natural (68,75% de MS), foram, respectivamente, 43,94; 5,45; 46,67; 63,46%; 2.700 e 2.674 kcal/kg para a SGUS de alto teor de tanino e 40,72; 5,92; 44,08; 63,75%; 2.641 e 2.608 kcal/kg, para SGUS de baixo conteúdo de tanino. O segundo experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o desempenho de leitões e a viabilidade econômica da utilização de rações com diferentes níveis de substituição do milho seco por SGUS de alto ou baixo teor de tanino. Foram utilizados 56 suínos mestiços (14,7±1,9 e 29,2±3,0 kg de pesos inicial e final) distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições e dois leitões por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração à base de milho e farelo de soja e de outras seis com 33, 66 e 100% de substituição do milho seco por SGUS de alto ou baixo conteúdo de taninos, com base nos valores de energia digestível (ED) desses ingredientes. Não foram observadas diferenças no desempenho dos animais entre os tratamentos, entretanto, houve aumento linear no consumo diário de ração para a SGUS de baixo teor de tanino e redução linear para o custo da ração por quilograma de peso vivo ganho para a SGUS de alto teor de tanino.

Adubação potássica da soja em latossolo vermelho-escuro fase arenosa

Durante três anos foi conduzido um experimento em Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro fase arenosa, no qual foram estudados os efeitos de adubações anuais com 0,40, 80, 160 e 240 kg/ha de K2O, nas formas de cloreto de potássio e sulfato de potássio, aplicados no sulco de semeadura ou em área total com incorporação. Observou-se resposta à adubação potássica a partir do segundo ano de cultivo. As máximas produções sempre estiveram associadas a teores de potássio nas folhas acima de 1,5%. Em anos mais secos que o normal, as aplicações a lanço proporcionaram melhores resultados do que as aplicações em sulcos. Não foram observadas diferenças entre as fontes de potássio utilizadas. Notou-se acentuado decréscimo nos teores de potássio trocável do solo, com o transcorrer do tempo, sendo necessária a aplicação de doses maiores que 80 kg/ha de K2O por ano para manter o nível original. Por outro lado, a aplicação de doses elevadas de potássio levou a uma perda significativa do nutriente por lixiviação.

Avaliação da vinhaça líquida em substituição à água na terminação de bovinos em confinamento. 1. Desempenho

During 90 days 243 finishing feedlot animals from two genetic groups, were weighed every 28 days in a randomized experimental procedure in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, with two breeds - Nelore (Nel) and Canchim (Can) - and three treatments: water (A), cane stillage + magnesium oxide (V) and cane stillage + magnesium oxide + sodium bicarbonate (V + B). The diet for all treatments was composed of 70% of corn silage and 30% of chopped sugar cane ad libitum plus 1 kg of ground corn and 1,5 kg of soluble yeast per animal. Results showed higher weight gain (P < 0,01) of the Can group relation to those of Nel, having respectively 1,35 and 1,22 kg/head/day. Both Can and Nel groups showed higher weight gain (P <.01) when fed with V + B, with 1,44 and 1,32 kg/head/day respectively when comparing to the other diets: Can (A) = 1,30; Can (V) = 1,31; Nel (A) = 1,16 and Nel (V) = 1,20 kg/head/day. The diet using V + B has also showed a tendency (.05

ive effect of cane stillage when associated to the neutralizing compounds of the ruminal pH.

Efeito do tipo de dieta e do sistema de alimentação na fase inicial sobre o desempenho de leitões

In this experiment, 96 piglets (Large White x Landrace) were fed simple (SD) or semi-complex (SCD) diets during the initial phase (SP), using a controlled (C) or ad libitum (AL) schedules during the first 14 days of the SP and ad libitum for the rest of SP. By the end of SP one male and one female from each pen were transferred to growing finishing pens where they were fed ad libitum diets specific to each phase. The experimental design consisted of randomized complete blocks with six replicates by treatment. Higher average daily feed intakes (ADFI) were observed during the first 14 days of the SP by pigs fed SCD. Pigs fed AL showed higher ADFI and average daily gains (ADG). No treatment differences were observed between the treatments in feed conversion (FC) or in incidence and severity of diarrhea. Considering SP as a whole, there was no effect of treatments on the variables studied. Treatments used in SF did not affect ADFI and ADG during the growing-finishing phases (GFP), although pigs fed SD showed better FC. The ADG was nor affected by treatments when the total period (SP+GFP) was considered. It can be concluded that a similar performance was obtained when SD or SCD were feci during the initial phase. independently of the feeding system.

Estudo experimental sobre a intoxicação de Gallus gallus domesticus com semente de crotalaria spectabilis. II efeito em aves na fase final de crescimento

This study was undertaken to investigate the toxic effect of Crotalaria spectabilis seeds added to the ration for commercial broilers during the final phase of growth. Ground seeds were added at different concentrations to the ration: 0.0% (control), 0.01%, 0.1% and 0.4%. Rations containing 0.4% caused symptoms of intoxication, beginning in the second week of the study. During the third week birds showed bristling, apathy, general weakness, distended abdomen and agglomeration. In the fourth week, four animals died. Necropsy revealed prominent ascites and severe lesions of liver, kidney and lung. Microscopic examination revealed necrosis of hepatocytes, inflammatory cell infiltration, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of biliary duct cells leading to atresia and cholestasis. Prominent cartilaginous and osseous nodules in the lungs were also present as well as degenerative, changes in the kidney tubules and necrosis of cells of the bursa. All the broilers receiving a ration with 0.1% of Crotalaria seeds showed ascites and slight lesions of the liver. The remaining groups showed no reduction in weight gains, lesions or clinical symptoms. It is concluded that broilers during the final phase of growth are sensitive to administrations of seeds of C. spectabilis in their ration. The presence of ascites and cartilaginous and osseous nodules in the lungs of the affected birds was also considered important.

Efeito do período de jejum na fase final de criação de frangos de corte machos sobre desempenho e mortalidade

The objective of this work was to evaluate effect of fasting period in the last growing phase on performance and mortality of male broilers. Two thousand one-day old male chicks were distributed in five randomized blocks according to a 4x2 factorial. (Four feeding programs (FP): ad libitum or one of three fasting schedules: 8-12, 12-16 and 8-16; and two strains (S): Ross or Hubbard-Peterson). Fifty birds were used per replicate. Birds were raised under identical feed and management conditions until day 42. During the experimental period (days 43-56), average temperature, relative humidity and temperature-humidity index (THI) recorded at day and at night were 29.4°C, 57.7 % and 78.1; and 22.0°C, 73.1% and 67.4, respectively. No SxP interaction was observed for all characteristics studied. At day 56, the Ross broilers showed higher mean weight (3104 g), weight gain, WG (3059 g), feed/ gain ratio, FC (2.22) and production factor, PF (213), than the Hubbard-Peterson birds (3011, 2967, 2.28 and 194, respectively). During the experimental period, the Ross broilers showed higher WG (831 g) and FC (3.40) than the Hubbard-Peterson ones (770 and 3.67, respectively). Birds submitted to the 8-12 h fast showed higher feed intake (2864 g) than those that fasted during the 8-16 period (2690). No effect of P on mortality was observed, either considering the overall period (days 1-56) or the experimental period (days 43-56). Fasting in the last phase of rearing not aided by other practices failed to decrease heat stress effects on performance and mortality of male broilers.

Resídue de polpas de frutas desidratadas na alimentação de leitões em fase de creche

It was evaluated chemically and biologically the powdered fruits pulp residue, used in human food industry. In the digestibility study it was used 12 commercial hybrids barrows piglets, with initial weight 12.2 ± 1,6 kg, allotted in individual cages. The treatments were a basal and a test diet. In the test diet the fruits pulp residue replaced 30% of the basal dry matter. The following values were obtained: dry matter 89,54%, starch 71,1%, glucose 5.4%, fructose 2,2%, crude protein 5,33%, gross energy 3771 kcal/kg, apparent digestible dry matter 96,01%, digestible energy 3448 kcal/kg, metabolizable energy 3389 kcal/kg. By bromatologic results and metabolism study, the powdered fruits pulp residue was characterized as an alternative to be evaluated in piglet diets. In the performance assay 90 piglets with initial weight of 6,60 ± 0,76 kg were allotted in a randomized block design, with six replications and three animals per experimental unit. The treatments were levels of powdered fruits pulp residue (0. 25, 50, 75 and 100%) replacing the corn of the control diet. The studied phases were initial-1 (14 days), initial-2 (21 days) and total period. On the performance there was no difference between the studied inclusion levels. For meal diets, the fruits pulp residue can replace the corn.

Energia digestível para larvas de tilápia-do-nilo (oreochromis niloticus) na fase de reversão sexual

This experiment was conducted to evaluate different levels of digestible energy on the performance of Nile tilapia larvae (Oreochromis niloticus) during the sexual reversion phase. Three hundred and seventy-five larvae with initial average length and weight of 21.0±4.0 mg and 1.19±0.72 cm, respectively, were allotted to 25 30L-aquarium. A completely randomized design with five treatments and five replicates was used. The aquarium with 15 larvae was the experimental unit. The diets were formulated to contain levels of 3,300, 3,525, 3,750, 3,975, and 4,200 kcal/kg of digestible energy and to be isoprotein (38.6% digestible protein). The animals were fed ad libitum five times a day. At the end of the experiment, the averages of weight (PF), survival rate (SO), condition factor (FC) and length (CF) were analyzed. Linear reduction of fishes PF and CF, as the dietary digestible energy levels increased, was observed. No differences on fish SO and FC of different treatments were observed. Deleterious effects on performance due to the increasing dietary digestible energy levels were noticed for Nile tilapia larvae during the sexual reversion.

Crescimento e sobrevivência do camarão-rosa (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) na fase de berçário em meio heterotrófico

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential of a heterotrophic rearing media (microbial flocs) on the growth and survival of Farfantepenaeus paulensis reared in the nursery phase. For 30 days, F. paulensis post-larvae (0.019 ± 0.01g) were reared in nine 40-liter plastic tanks at the density of 500 post-larvae m -2. Three treatments with three replicates each were used: rearing in the presence of microbial flocs with ration supply (FLOC + R); rearing in the sole presence of flocs - no ration supplied (FLOC); and rearing in clear water plus with ration supply (AC + R). The presence of microbial flocs had no significant effect on growth and survival in the nursery rearing of F. paulensis.

Fitase em rações para tilápia-do-nilo na fase de crescimento

This research was carried out to compare the effect of phytase on performance, in the incorporation and excretion phosphorus in Nile tilápia. Four diets were used: one standard (contol), composed by 3,200 DE kcal ED/kg of ration and 30.0% CP and supplemented with phosphorus (4.0% of dicalcium phosphate), considering the treatment control, and others three, without phosphorus supplementation, with different phytase levels (1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 uf/kg), with four replication, per a period of 82 days. Circular tanks of fiber glass, with constant flow and aeration were used. The results demonstrated that the use of phytase in diets for fish production can reduce the levels of inorganic phosphorus in the diets and minimizing the impacts caused by phosphorus in the production system and in the natural environment and also can improve the productivity, increasing the amount of feed to be supplied and, consequently, facilitating the increase of biomass of fish to be used per production area. © 2007 Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia.

Um método de gestão de fornecedores baseado na avaliação da eficácia de auditorias realizadas na fase de desenvolvimento de produtos

The main goal of this work is to present a supplier's management method based on evaluation of audits performed at suppliers during products development phase. Audits are prioritized according to the impact of supplied parts on the development and its main goals are identification of risks, to propose and perform action plans and to evaluate periodically the supplier's performance to prevent problems. It is proposed that if the audits in the development phase be efficient, the supplied products will have good maturity to entry into service and stable performance. This issue was evaluated in a aeronautic company and the analyzed results in 2006 were considered good.

Fomentar la coordinación de las políticas económicas en América Latina: el método REDIMA para salir del dilema del prisionero

Incluye Bibliografía

Efeito da temperatura e tempo de austenitização nas transformações de fase da liga 13Cr2Ni0,1C

New classes of martensitic stainless steels, with low carbon levels, have been developed aiming to meet the needs of the petroleum industry segment. However, their use has been restricted due to the fact it is a recent development and many of its properties are still under investigation. This work determines the values of initial and final temperatures for the austenitic transformation and the initial and final temperatures of martensitic formation for alloy 13Cr2Ni0,1C, by means of dilatometric tests under continuous cooling. Based on these results the optimized conditions for quench and temper heat treatments were obtained. The microstructural characterization of the alloys under coarse fusion condition was carried out by optical microscopy and the presence of delta-ferrite in the martensitic matrix was observed.

Detecção de Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp. em microbiota intestinal de Psittaciformes em fase de reabilitação para soltura

Escherichia coli is a bacteria of the Enterobacteriacea family and it is part of the enterical microflora of mammals and of many species of birds. Salmonella spp. also belongs to the family Enterobacteriacea, it is responsible for human feed toxinfection outbreaks and usually isolated from domestic and wild birds. The present study analyzed the frequency of both agents in Psittaciformes in rehabilitation process for wildlife reintroduction. In 89 birds analyzed, 19% were infected with E. coli and 1,12% with Salmonella spp. It was carried out an analysis of the profile of antibiotic resistance in which was observed the efficiency of estreptomicin, tetraciclin, trimetoprim and gentamicin over the samples. The samples of E. coli were submitted to the Congo Red Binding test and to the Hemolisis test and 70,6% of positive samples for the first test and 53% for the second one were observed.