The risk of river flooding

This section of the report outlines the effect of different levels of climate change on exposure to river flood risk, at national and watershed scales.

The risk of drought

This section of the report summarises the effect of different levels of climate change on risk of drought.

Optimization in multi-implant placement for immediate loading in edentulous arches using a modified surgical template and prototyping: A case report

Immediate loading of dental implants shortens the treatment time and makes it possible to give the patient an esthetic appearance throughout the treatment period. Placement of dental implants requires precise planning that accounts for anatomic limitations and restorative goals. Diagnosis can be made with the assistance of computerized tomographic scanning, but transfer of planning to the surgical field is limited. Recently, novel CAD/CAM techniques such as stereolithographic rapid prototyping have been developed to build surgical guides in an attempt to improve precision of implant placement. The aim of this case report was to show a modified surgical template used throughout implant placement as an alternative to a conventional surgical guide.

Specific leaf areas of the tank bromeliad Guzmania monostachia perform distinct functions in response to water shortage

Leaves comprise most of the vegetative body of tank bromeliads and are usually subjected to strong longitudinal gradients. For instance, while the leaf base is in contact with the water accumulated in the tank, the more light-exposed middle and upper leaf sections have no direct access to this water reservoir. Therefore, the present study attempted to investigate whether different leaf portions of Guzmania monostachia, a tank-forming C(3)-CAM bromeliad, play distinct physiological roles in response to water shortage, which is a major abiotic constraint in the epiphytic habitat. Internal and external morphological features, relative water content, pigment composition and the degree of CAM expression were evaluated in basal, middle and apical leaf portions in order to allow the establishment of correlations between the structure and the functional importance of each leaf region. Results indicated that besides marked structural differences, a high level of functional specialization is also present along the leaves of this bromeliad. When the tank water was depleted, the abundant hydrenchyma of basal leaf portions was the main reservoir for maintaining a stable water status in the photosynthetic tissues of the apical region. In contrast, the CAM pathway was intensified specifically in the upper leaf section, which is in agreement with the presence of features more suitable for the occurrence of photosynthesis at this portion. Gas exchange data indicated that internal recycling of respiratory CO(2) accounted for virtually all nighttime acid accumulation, characterizing a typical CAM-idling pathway in the drought-exposed plants. Altogether, these data reveal a remarkable physiological complexity along the leaves of G. monostachia, which might be a key adaptation to the intermittent water supply of the epiphytic niche. (C) 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Regulation of Na(+)/H(+) Exchanger Isoform 1 (NHE1) by Calmodulin-binding Sites: Role of Angiotensin II

We examined the effect of Angiotensin II (Ang II) on the interaction between the Ca(2+)/CaM complex and hNHE1. Considering that calmodulin binds to NHE1 at two sites (A and B), amino acids at both sites were modified and two mutants were constructed: SA(1K3R/4E) and SB(1K3R/4E). Wild type and mutants were transfected into PS120 cells and their activity was examined by H(+) flux (J(H+)). The basal J(H+) of wild type was 4.71 +/- 0.57 (mM/min), and it was similar in both mutants. However, the mutations partially impaired the binding of CaM to hNHE1. Ang II (10(-12) and 10(-9) M) increased the J(H+) in wild type and SB. Ang II (10(-6) M) increased this parameter only in SA. Ang II (10(-9) M) maintained the expression of calmodulin in wild type or mutants, and Ang II (10(-6) M) decreased it in wild type or SA, but not in SB. Dimethyl-Bapta-AM (10(-7) M), a calcium chelator, suppressed the effect of Ang II (10(-9) M) in wild type. With Ang II (10(-6) M), Bapta failed to affect wild type or SA, but it increased the J(H+) in SB. W13 or calmidazolium chloride (10(-5) M), two distinct calmodulin inhibitors, decreased the effect of Ang II (10(-9) M) in wild type or SB. With Ang II (10(-6) M), W13 or calmidazolium chloride decreased the J(H+) in wild type or SA and increased it in SB. Thus, with Ang II (10(-12) and 10(-9) M), site A seems to be responsible for the stimulation of hNHE1 and with Ang II (10(-6) M), site B is important to maintain its basal activity. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel

A note on the eigenvalues of a special class of matrices

In the analysis of stability of a variant of the Crank-Nicolson (C-N) method for the heat equation on a staggered grid a class of non-symmetric matrices appear that have an interesting property: their eigenvalues are all real and lie within the unit circle. In this note we shall show how this class of matrices is derived from the C-N method and prove that their eigenvalues are inside [-1, 1] for all values of m (the order of the matrix) and all values of a positive parameter a, the stability parameter sigma. As the order of the matrix is general, and the parameter sigma lies on the positive real line this class of matrices turns out to be quite general and could be of interest as a test set for eigenvalue solvers, especially as examples of very large matrices. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of zirconium nitride-like films prepared on Si(100) substrates by ion beam assisted deposition

Thin zirconium nitride films were prepared on Si(l 00) substrates at room temperature by ion beam assisted deposition with a 2 keV nitrogen ion beam. Arrival rate ratios ARR(N/Zr) used were 0.19, 0.39, 0.92, and 1.86. The chemical composition and bonding structure of the films were analyzed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Deconvolution results for Zr 3d, Zr 3p(3/2), N 1s, O 1s, and C 1s XPS spectra indicated self-consistently the presence of metal Zr-0, nitride ZrN, oxide ZrO2, oxymnide Zr2N2O, and carbide ZrC phases, and the amounts of these compounds were influenced by ARR(N/Zr). The chemical composition ratio N/Zr in the film increased with increasing ARR(N/Zr) until ARR(N/Zr) reached 0.92, reflecting the high reactivity of nitrogen in the ion beam, and stayed almost constant for ARR(N/Zr) >= 1, the excess nitrogen being rejected from the growing film. A considerable incorporation of contaminant oxygen and carbon into the depositing film was attributed to the getter effect of zirconium. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Degenerate Two-Photon Absorption in All-Trans Retinal: Nonlinear Spectrum and Theoretical Calculations

In this work we investigate the degenerate two-photon absorption spectrum of all-trans retinal ill ethanol employing the Z-scan technique with femtosecond pulses, The two-photon absorption (2PA) spectrum presents a monotonous increase as the excitation wavelength approaches the one-photon absorption band and it peak at 790 nm. We attribute the 2PA hand to the mixing of states (1)B(u)+-like and vertical bar S(1)>, which are strongly allowed by one- and two-photon, respectively. We modeled the 2PA spectrum by using the sum-over-states approach and obtained spectroscopic parameters of the electronic transitions to vertical bar S >, vertical bar S(2)> (""(1)Bu(+)""), vertical bar S(3)>, and vertical bar S(4)> singlet-excited states. The results were compared with theoretical predictions of one- and two-photon transition calculations using the response Functions formalism within the density functional theory framework with the aid of the CAM-B3LYP functional.

Wavelet-based dynamic time warping

Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), a pattern matching technique traditionally used for restricted vocabulary speech recognition, is based on a temporal alignment of the input signal with the template models. The principal drawback of DTW is its high computational cost as the lengths of the signals increase. This paper shows extended results over our previously published conference paper, which introduces an optimized version of the DTW I hat is based on the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Wavelet-based cepstrum calculation

In this paper we present a new wavelet-based algorithm for low-cost computation of the cepstrum. It can be used for real time precise pitch determination in automatic speech and speaker recognition systems. Many wavelet families are examined to determine the one that works best. The results confirm the efficacy and accuracy of the proposed technique for pitch extraction. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Push or pull? : The relationship between quality of care and use of complementary and alternative medicine among patients with lung cancer in Sweden

Little is known about relationships between quality of care (QoC) and use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among patients with lung cancer (LC). Purpose: This study examines CAM-use among patients with LC in Sweden, associations between QoC and CAM-use among these patients, and reported aspects of LC-care perceived as particularly positive and negative by patients, as well as suggestions for improving QoC. Methods: Survey data from 94 patient members of the Swedish LC patient organization about CAM-use and QoC as measured by the instrument “Quality from the patient’s perspective” were analyzed. Results: Fifty (53%) LC-patients used CAM, with 40 of the CAM-users reporting that CAM helped them. The most common CAMs used were dietary supplements and natural remedies, followed by prayer. Significantly more patients reported using prayer and meditation for cure than was the case for other types of CAM used. Less than half the CAM-users reported having spoken with staff from the biomedical health care system about their CAM-use. Patients provided numerous suggestions for improving LC-care in a variety of areas, aiming at a more effective and cohesive care trajectory. No differences in QoC were found between CAM-users and non-CAM-users, but differences in CAM-use i.e. type of CAM, reasons for using CAM, and CAM-provider consulted could be associated with different experiences of care. Conclusions: It is important to recognize that CAM-users are not a homogeneous group but might seek different types of CAMs and CAM-providers in different situations depending on experiences of care.

Estudo do comportamento de um solo mole tratado com cal, visando seu uso em fundações superficiais

Neste trabalho foi analisada a melhoria nas características de um solo mole quando tratado com cal, bem como a viabilidade técnica de se utilizar este novo material como uma camada suporte de fundações superficiais. O solo estudado classifica-se pedologicamente como Gley Húmico e a jazida localiza-se no município de Canoas/RS, às margens da BR 386. O trabalho teve as seguintes finalidades: realizar um estudo da influência dos diferentes teores de cal sobre as características tensão x deformação do solo tratado; verificar o ganho de resistência com o tempo de cura; modelar o comportamerito tensão x deformação do material tratado; realizar simulações numéricas, através do Método dos Elementos Finitos, do comportamento carga x recalque de fundações continuas flexíveis assentes sobre o novo material. Adotou-se o teor ótimo de cal (obtido pelo método de Eades & Grim, 1966) de 9% e dois valores inferiores de 7% e 5%. Realizaram-se os seguintes ensaios sobre o solo natural e as misturas de solo-cal: limites de Atterberg, compactação, granulometria, difratograma de raio X, permeabilidade (triaxial) e ensaios triaxiais adensados não drenados(CIU). Todos os ensaios foram realizados para três tempos de cura (7, 28 e 90 dias) e os corpos de prova foram curados em câmara úmida. Para modelar o comportamento tensão x deformação do solo melhorado, adotou-se o Modelo Hiperbólico e para o solo natural o Modelo Cam-Clay Modificado. O Modelo Hiperbólico foi implementado no software CRISPSO, desenvolvido na Universidade de Cambridge, Inglaterra. O software foi utilizado em um estudo paramétrico para determinar a influência do processo de estabilização no comportamento carga x recalque de fundações superficiais. Dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se: que o método de Eades & Grim (1966) não mostrou-se adequado para determinação do teor ótimo de cal; houve, de maneira geral, melhora nas características físicas com o tratamento com cal; não houve ganho de resistência com o tempo de cura; o modelo hiperbólico representou bem o comportamento das misturas de solo cal e a colocação de uma camada de solo tratado apresenta melhoras no comportamento carga x recalque de fundações superficiais contínuas flexíveis.

Uma abordagem analítica para a solução de problemas multidimensionais de secagem baseados no modelo de Luikov

Este trabalho pretende, na visão de novas tecnologias, discutir o processo de forjamento das ligas de alumínio (ABNT 6061), buscando propor uma metodologia baseada na ciência da engenharia. Deseja-se minimizar os procedimentos de tentativa e erro no desenvolvimento de processos de conformação. Para tanto, novas tecnologias disponíveis atualmente, tais como o Projeto Assistido por Computador (CAD), a Fabricação Assistida por Computador (CAM) e a Simulação do Processo (CAE) são empregadas. Resultados experimentais mostrando o comportamento da liga ABNT 6061 através das curvas de escoamento bem como o estabelecimento da condição do atrito no processo de conformação, avaliando dois lubrificantes comerciais disponíveis (Deltaforge 31 e Oildag) para aplicações nas ligas de alumínio, são reportados neste trabalho. A comparação dos resultados obtidos de um experimento prático de forjamento com a simulação pelo "Método dos Elementos Finitos" usando o código "QForm" é apresentada para uma peça de simetria axial em liga de alumínio. Finalmente, os resultados obtidos no forjamento de um componente automotivo em liga de alumínio (ABNT 6061), desenvolvido em parceria com a empresa Dana, são analisados e comparados com as simulações computacionais realizadas usando o código "Superforge".

O forjamento de ligas de alumínio : um estudo para a liga ABNT 6061

Este trabalho pretende, na visão de novas tecnologias, discutir o processo de forjamento das ligas de alumínio (ABNT 6061), buscando propor uma metodologia baseada na ciência da engenharia. Deseja-se minimizar os procedimentos de tentativa e erro no desenvolvimento de processos de conformação. Para tanto, novas tecnologias disponíveis atualmente, tais como o Projeto Assistido por Computador (CAD), a Fabricação Assistida por Computador (CAM) e a Simulação do Processo (CAE) são empregadas. Resultados experimentais mostrando o comportamento da liga ABNT 6061 através das curvas de escoamento bem como o estabelecimento da condição do atrito no processo de conformação, avaliando dois lubrificantes comerciais disponíveis (Deltaforge 31 e Oildag) para aplicações nas ligas de alumínio, são reportados neste trabalho. A comparação dos resultados obtidos de um experimento prático de forjamento com a simulação pelo “Método dos Elementos Finitos” usando o código “QForm” é apresentada para uma peça de simetria axial em liga de alumínio. Finalmente, os resultados obtidos no forjamento de um componente automotivo em liga de alumínio (ABNT 6061), desenvolvido em parceria com a empresa Dana, são analisados e comparados com as simulações computacionais realizadas usando o código “Superforge”.