Quarks and a unified theory of Nature fundamental forces

Quarks were introduced 50 years ago opening the road towards our understanding of the elementary constituents of matter and their fundamental interactions. Since then, a spectacular progress has been made with important discoveries that led to the establishment of the Standard Theory that describes accurately the basic constituents of the observable matter, namely quarks and leptons, interacting with the exchange of three fundamental forces, the weak, electromagnetic and strong force. Particle physics is now entering a new era driven by the quest of understanding of the composition of our Universe such as the unobservable (dark) matter, the hierarchy of masses and forces, the unification of all fundamental interactions with gravity in a consistent quantum framework, and several other important questions. A candidate theory providing answers to many of these questions is string theory that replaces the notion of point particles by extended objects, such as closed and open strings. In this short note, I will give a brief overview of string unification, describe in particular how quarks and leptons can emerge and discuss what are possible predictions for particle physics and cosmology that could test these ideas.

Microscopic theory of cooperative spin crossover: Interaction of molecular modes with phonons

In this article, we present a new microscopic theoretical approach to the description of spin crossover in molecular crystals. The spin crossover crystals under consideration are composed of molecular fragments formed by the spin-crossover metal ion and its nearest ligand surrounding and exhibiting well defined localized (molecular) vibrations. As distinguished from the previous models of this phenomenon, the developed approach takes into account the interaction of spin-crossover ions not only with the phonons but also a strong coupling of the electronic shells with molecular modes. This leads to an effective coupling of the local modes with phonons which is shown to be responsible for the cooperative spin transition accompanied by the structural reorganization. The transition is characterized by the two order parameters representing the mean values of the products of electronic diagonal matrices and the coordinates of the local modes for the high- and low-spin states of the spin crossover complex. Finally, we demonstrate that the approach provides a reasonable explanation of the observed spin transition in the [Fe(ptz)6](BF4)2 crystal. The theory well reproduces the observed abrupt low-spin → high-spin transition and the temperature dependence of the high-spin fraction in a wide temperature range as well as the pronounced hysteresis loop. At the same time within the limiting approximations adopted in the developed model, the evaluated high-spin fraction vs. T shows that the cooperative spin-lattice transition proves to be incomplete in the sense that the high-spin fraction does not reach its maximum value at high temperature.

Formungen neuzeitlicher Religionsverständnisse: Eine Landpredigt zum Thema "Was ist Religion?" (1799)

In den letzten drei Jahrzehnten ist das Interesse an einer historischen Verortung und Aufarbeitung der Entstehung neuzeitlicher Religionsverständnisse stetig gewachsen. Erst 2011 hat Michael Bergunder in der ZfR die Forderung nach einer konsequenten Historisierung von „Religion“ erneuert. Die Umsetzung eines solchen Programms orientiert sich bis heute stark an elitären, akademischen, intellektuellen Quellen, die in eine direkte Genealogie mit der im 19. Jahrhundert entstehenden Religionswissenschaft zu bringen sind. Mit der Forderung nach der Historisierung von Alltagsverständnissen von „Religion“ muss diese Perspektive jedoch erweitert werden, um auch nicht-elitäre Diskursstränge erfassen zu können. Zudem ist eine stärkere und konkretere historische Verortung der Diskursbeiträge anzustreben. Der Beitrag möchte zu einem solchen Programm einen Beitrag leisten, indem er die im April 1799 im Dorf Schwarzenbach bei Luzern gehaltene Predigt des katholischen Vikars Andreas Estermann zum Ausgangspunkt nimmt, die unter dem programmatischen Titel „Was ist Religion?“ stand. An ihr lässt sich zeigen, wie stark in diesem Fall die konkrete Ausformung des Religionsverständnisses von den Kontextfaktoren der Französischen Revolution, ihrer Umsetzung in der Helvetik, der lokalen Unruhen und Säkularisationen abhängig ist. Zudem kann gezeigt werden, wie Elemente eines oft im späten 19. Jahrhundert verorteten „protestantischen“ Religionsbegriffs bereits im späten 18. Jahrhundert in einem katholischen Kontext angelegt sind. Der Artikel stellt damit einige gängige Grundannahmen zur Geschichte moderner Religionsverständnisse in Frage.

Coordinating Platform-Based Multi-Sourcing: Introducing the Theory of Convention

Spurred by the consumer market, companies increasingly deploy smartphones or tablet computers in their operations. However, unlike private users, companies typically struggle to cover their needs with existing applications, and therefore expand mobile software platforms through customized applications from multiple software vendors. Companies thereby combine the concepts of multi-sourcing and software platform ecosystems in a novel platform-based multi-sourcing setting. This implies, however, the clash of two different approaches towards the coordination of the underlying one-to-many inter-organizational relationships. So far, however, little is known about impacts of merging coordination approaches. Relying on convention theory, we addresses this gap by analyzing a platform-based multi-sourcing project between a client and six software vendors, that develop twenty-three custom-made applications on a common platform (Android). In doing so, we aim to understand how unequal coordination approaches merge, and whether and for what reason particular coordination mechanisms, design decisions, or practices disappear, while new ones emerge.

Using the theory of planned behaviour to model antecedents of surgical checklist use: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND Compliance with surgical checklist use remains an obstacle in the context of checklist implementation programs. The theory of planned behaviour was applied to analyse attitudes, perceived behaviour control, and norms as psychological antecedents of individuals' intentions to use the checklist. METHODS A cross-sectional survey study with staff (N = 866) of 10 Swiss hospitals was conducted in German and French. Group mean differences between individuals with and without managerial function were computed. Structural equation modelling and confirmatory factor analysis was applied to investigate the structural relation between attitudes, perceived behaviour control, norms, and intentions. RESULTS Significant mean differences in favour of individuals with managerial function emerged for norms, perceived behavioural control, and intentions, but not for attitudes. Attitudes and perceived behavioural control had a significant direct effect on intentions whereas norms had not. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with managerial function exhibit stronger perceived behavioural control, stronger norms, and stronger intentions. This could be applied in facilitating checklist implementation. The structural model of the theory of planned behaviour remains stable across groups, indicating a valid model to describe antecedents of intentions in the context of surgical checklist implementation.

„Religion“ konstituieren. Über die Rollen von Religionswissenschaft in europäischen Religionsdiskursen

Der Vortrag fragt nach den Prozessen, in denen Religionswissenschaft seit dem 19. Jahrhundert selbst Teil der von ihr erforschten Religionsgeschichte wurde. Dabei stehen theoretische Überlegungen im Vordergrund, die von der These eine doppelten Beziehung der Religionswissenschaft (RW) zu „Religion“ ausgehen: RW hat „Religion“ zum Gegenstand und zum konstitutiven Aussen. Wie wird der Gegenstand „Religion“ diskursiv konstituiert und welche Rolle spielt/e dabei RW? Anhand zweier Beispiele sollen die Prozesse erläutert werden.

Von der Klassifikation als "Religion" zum "Religionsdiskurs"

Der Vortrag geht der Frage nach, unter welchen Umständen es möglich und sinnvoll ist, von der Existenz eines Religionsdiskurses auszugehen und seine historischen Entwicklungen zu erfassen. Ich möchte dabei an einem historischen Beispiel zeigen, wie die Aushandlungen um die Klassifikation konkreter Gegenstande als "Religion" einerseits in ihren singulären Äusserungen von empirisch erfassbaren historischen, politischen, ökonomischen und anderen Faktoren abhängig sind. Andererseits besteht aber gleichzeitig eine Wechselbeziehungen dieser Aushandlungen mit der diskursiven Konstitution von Religionsverständnissen, Religionsdefinitionen und etablierten Zuordnungen, die als Tiefenstrukturen eines "Religionsdiskurses" im Hintergrund immer mitgedacht werden müssen. Ich werde von da aus argumentieren, dass ein Verständnis und eine Analyse diskursiver Prozesse im Kleinen nicht möglich wären, ohne die konstitutiven Wirkungen grösserer diskursiver Einheiten mit einzubeziehen.

What Is behind God’s Name? Martin Buber’s and Franz Rosenzweig’s Reflections on the Name of God

What meaning does God’s name convey? This was a question Martin Buber and Franz Rosenzweig had to answer when working on their translation of the Bible. They noticed that, as certain crucial biblical verses suggest, there is indeed a meaning behind God’s name in the Bible. Thus, an important moment in their joint translation was their account of the self-revelation of God in Exod. III, together with the question of how best to translate the tetragrammaton YHWH— the name of God. This article will explore their decisions, based both on their dialogue concerning the translation of the Bible, and on their papers, especially Rosenzweig’s well-known article ‘Der Ewige’ (‘The Eternal’) and Buber’s response to it. Less well known is the fact that there exist two unpublished typescripts by Martin Buber reflecting on the name of God, which will also be taken into consideration. Contrary to the received view that the choice of the personal pronoun to transliterate the name of God in the Bible translation was mainly Rosenzweig’s, I will show that it was actually a joint decision in which both thinkers’ philosophies,1 and a question that had haunted Buber since his youth, played an important part. The choice of the personal pronoun is an answer to this question, addressing the omnipresent God, the eternal Thou, in a kind of cultic acclamation.

Die diskursive Konstitution von Religion

Frank Neubert geht der Frage nach, wie Religion als Kategorie und wie Gegenstände und Akteure der sozialen Umwelt als Religion oder religiös diskursiv konstituiert werden. Im Fokus stehen die dabei aktivierten Differenzen und die Frage nach den Positionen der Akteure in diesen Diskursen. Dabei wird auch das Spektrum unterschiedlicher – teilweise diametral entgegengesetzter – Klassifikationen, der mit ihnen verbundenen Hierarchisierungen und ihrer historischen, sozialen und politischen Auswirkungen in den Blick genommen. Der Autor schlägt einen diskursiven Zugang vor, um mit der Kategorie Religion wissenschaftlich umgehen zu können, ohne selbst Religion definieren, Gegenstände klassifizieren und damit eine Position im untersuchten Diskurs einnehmen zu müssen.

Lexical Pragmatics and Theory of Mind: The Acquisition of Connectives

The concept of theory of mind (ToM), a hot topic in cognitive psychology for the past twenty-five years, has gained increasing importance in the fields of linguistics and pragmatics. However, even though the relationship between ToM and verbal communication is now recognized, the extent, causality and full implications of this connection remain mostly to be explored. This book presents a comprehensive discussion of the interface between language, communication, and theory of mind, and puts forward an innovative proposal regarding the role of discourse connectives for this interface. The proposed analysis of connectives is tested from the perspective of their acquisition, using empirical methods such as corpus analysis and controlled experiments, thus placing the study of connectives within the emerging framework of experimental pragmatics.

Leaving Home: Philo of Alexandria on the Exodus.

For Jewish-Hellenistic authors writing in Egypt, the Exodus story posed unique challenges. After all, to them Egypt was, as Philo of Alexandria states, their fatherland. How do these authors come to terms with the biblical story of liberation from Egyptian slavery and the longing for the promised land? In this chapter I am taking a close look at Philo’s detailed discussion of the Exodus and locate it within the larger context of Jewish-Hellenistic literature (Wisdom of Solomon, Ezekiel’s Exagoge). In Philo’s rewriting of the Exodus the destination of the journey is barely mentioned. Contrary to the biblical narrative, in the scene of the burning bush, as retold by Philo, God does not tell Moses where to go. Philo’s main concern is what happens in Egypt: both in biblical times and in his own days. The Exodus is nevertheless important to Philo: He reads the story allegorically as a journey from the land of the body to the realms of the mind. Such a symbolic reading permitted him to control the meaning of the Exodus and to stay, literally and figuratively, in Egypt.