Cana forrageira competição de variedades

At the 2nd. Department of Zootechny of the E. S. A. L. Q., in Piracicaba, between 1953 and 1955 an experiment of sugar cane varieties was carried out, with the objective of discovering varieties to substitute "Taquara" (the variety most widely used) and Co 290 (the most recommended). The former was condemned as being too susceptible to cane smut and the latter showes signs if degeneracy. In the experiment, 8 varieties were used with 3 replications in randomized blocks, in 3 rows each. The cane was crop not in the same period, but when they were at comparable ripeness (70 cm of apparent culm). They were crop twice during the year, with a sharp hoe near the soil. The summary of the results and the statistical analyses are shown in tables 1 to 3, showing the possibility of there being 3 groups: A superior one composed of Co 419, a median one, in decreasing order of production, composed of Kassoer, CB 40-69. Co 413, IAC 36-25 and POJ 161 and an inferior group composed of Co 290 and Taquara. There is a possibility that POJ 161 belongs to the last group. Nevertheless, this variety is not recommend because of its susceptibility to smut. As Kassoer is more healthy, vigorous and enduring than Co 419 and other varieties, it is shown recommendable. IAC 36-25 is being recommended presently for forage since its productions is lower than Kassoer, placing 5th productivity, although statistical significance was not detected. As our final conclusions, Co 419, Kassoer, CB 40-69, Co 413 and IAC 36-25 can be planted as forage while POJ 161, Co 290 and Taquara should not. The last two were exactly those used as forage reserve in the 2nd. Department at the beginning of the experiment.

Contribuição para o conhecimento da ''saúva mata pasto" Atta bisphaerica Forel, 1908

In this paper, some notes on "saúva mata pasto" (paraol ant, Atta bisphaerica Forel, 1908) are presented. This ant is very common in good soils and it is a pest of gramineous plants, mainly com, rice, sugar cane, and so son. In poor land it is too difficult or even impossible to ind it.

A absorção do manganês pela cana de açúcar, Co 419, em função da idade

In this paper the authors have studied the manganese absorption by the sugar cane plant, variety Co 419, in samples cut monthly, from the 6th to 15th month of life in the climate prevailing at Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. From October to February (6 th to 10 th month of the plant life), which coincided with the rainy season, the manganese content was higher in the stalk than in the leaves, for both treatments, fertilized and unfertilized. There was a sharp decrease in manganese content in the stalks, after February, in both reatments. In the leaves there was little variation in manganese content throughout the plant tissue. The stalks from the unfertilized plots had a larger variation in manganese content, specially from the 6 th to the 10 th month. In the leaves of the sugar cane from the unfertilized plots, the manganese content varied from 116 to 220 ppm, whereas in the fertilized treatments thire was a variation from 150 to 220 ppm. From these results, althoug not being a foliar analyses, and considering the easy availability of manganese in acid soils, there must be enough of it, if we consider 40 ppm (EVANS, 1955) as a minimum for healthy plants.

Absorção de zinco pela cana de açúcar, Co 419, em função da idade

The status of zinc in sugar cane, variety Co 419, troughout its life cyle, was studid in samples cut monthly, from the 6th to 15th month, from an experiment carried on under the conditions of soil and climate prevailing in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The experiment consisted of 6plots, 3 fertilized and 3 unfertilized. The fertilized ones received 40 kg of N (ammonium sulfate), 100 kg P2O5 (superphosphate) and 40 kg K2O (potassium cloride) per hectare, just before planting. The zinc content was determined by the Zincon method, after separation of zinc from other ions by means of the ion Exchange Resin III, Merck. The results obtained show that there was a tendency to decrease the zinc level in the stalks, whereas it kept more or less constant in the leaves; there was an exception in January, when the zinc level in the stalks had a sharp raise: 38-90-20 and 28-60-23 ppm for the fertilized an unfertilized treatments. There was a parallelism in the absorption of zinc by the plants from 4 hills of both treatments, through the whole - plantcycle but, the total amount taken up was higher with the fertilized plot due to its greater mass production.

Amostragem no mamão para a determinação do brix

The present paper deals with sampling methods to be employed in the determination of the total sugar content obtained from brix measurements in Carica papaya L., given by Zeiss hand refractometer. The results obtained led to the conclusion that, rather than using several samples per fruit, it is better to get a large number of fruits, taking just one sample per fruit. The sample in each fruit should be taken always from the same region.

Estudos sôbre a Alimentação Mineral do Abacaxí (Ananas sativus) Sch

Pineapple plants when grown in the greenhouse by the sand culture technique in order to study the effects of deficiencies of macronutrients in growth, yield, leaf and fruit composition, the main results were the following. As a result of the several treatments, yield decreased in the order: Complete Minus Mg Minus S Minus Ca Minus K; nitrogen and phosphorus deficiente plants did not bear fruit. Leaf analyses (see Table 5-1) showed that the ommission of given element from the nutrient solution always caused a decrease in its level in the green tissue. As seen in Table 5-2 the lack of macronutrients had certain effects on fruit composition: acidity increased in all cases excet in the minus Mg fruits; ash usually decreased reaching its lowest valued in fruits from the minus K plants; when compared to fruits picked in the "normal" plants, those lacking K showed a marked decrease both in brix and in total sugars as well; sulfur deficiency also brought a net reduction in the sugar content. Table 5-1. Levels of macronutrients found in pinapple leaves. Elements Treatment Percent of dry matter Nitrogen (N) Complete 1.29 Minus N 0.78 Phosphorus (P) Complete 0.12 Minus P .05 Potassium (K) Complete 2.28 Minus K 0.16 Calcium (Ca) Complete 1.19 Minus Ca 1.10 Magnesium (Mg) Complete 0.41 Minus Mg .29 Sulfur (S) Complete 1.00 Minus S .65 Table 5-2. Effects of macronutrients deficiency in yield and fruit characteristics. Treatment Ave. weight of Acidity As per Brix Total sugars fruits (gm) per cent cent per cent Complete 1.031 1.16 0.40 14.7 10.8 Minus N no fruit was produced Minus P no fruit was produced Minus K 246 1.44 0.26 11.9 8.3 Minus Ca 513 1.40 0.35 17.8 14.3 Minus Mg 957 0.97 0.38 15.4 13.0 Minus S 576 1.42 0.46 17.1 6.5

A amostragem da cana-de-açúcar para determinações tecnológicas

The authors carried out 3 experiments on the sampling of sugar cane for technological determinations, one with each of the varieties Co 419, CB 40-69 and CB 41-58, in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brasil. The main intent of the project was to compare 2 methods of sampling, namely: 1) Method A, where the sample is a hill (CATANI et al, 1959) or, more generally, 20 stalks all together in a randomly selected point of the furrow; 2) Method B, where 20 stalks are taken, from 20 points evenly spread but on the whole plot. Coefficients of variation for 20 stalk samples Variety Characteristic 20 stalks per hill 1 stalk per hill Brix 4.8% 1.9% Pol 6.4% 2.5% CB 40-69 Coefficient of purity 2.1% 0.83% Available sucrose 7.3% 2.7% Weight 6.6% 6.9% Brix 5.3% 1.8% Pol 7.6% 2.6% Co 419 Coefficient of purity 2.9% 1.0% Available sucrose 8.6% 3.0% Weight 21.2% 6.5% Brix 2.8% 1.4% Pol 4.1% 1.9% CB 41-58 Coefficient of purity 1.8% 0.8% Available sucrose 5.0% 2.2% Weight 10.9% 6.2% For the 3 varieties studied and for the data on Brix, pol, coefficient of purity, available sucrose and weight, analyses of variance were carried out. Further computations led to the following coefficients of variation. For available sucrose, which is probably the most important characteristic studied, the average coefficient of variation for the 3 varieties was 2.7%, for the case of method B, that is, 20 stalk samples, one stalk per hill. Assuming this coefficient of variation, in a trial with 5 treatments and 6 replications, in randomised blocks, the least significant difference among treatment means, at the 5% level, would be 4.7% of available sucrose by Tukey's test, and 3.3% by the t test. For the case of method A the average coefficient of variation is 7.0% and, in similar conditions, the least significant difference would be 15.1% by Tukey's test, and 12.1% by the t test. Since differences of available sucrose among treatments in experiments with fertilizers seldom are higher than 3 or 4% of the mean (PIMENTEL GOMES & CARDOSO, 1958), method B with a 20 stalk sample per plot gives more or less the minimum amount of cane to be sampled for technological determinations. In experiments with varieties, however, where differences may be assumed to be higher, a sample of 10 to 20 stalks one per hill, can be enough.

A absorção de ferro pela cana de açúcar, Co 419, em função da idade

This paper describes the results obtained from the determination of iron in sugar cane according to the age of the plant, in the soil and climate conditions of the state of S. Paulo, Brazil. The iron was determined by 1-10- phenanthroline method, in samples cut monthly from 7th to 15th month from an experiment consisted de 3 plots fertilized with amonium sulfate, superphosphate and potassium cloride. The concentration of iron in the stalks and in the leaves varies according to the age of the plant. A ton of fresh stalks 15 months old contains 78,71 g of iron.

Influência do desponte sôbre a composição do colmo e do caldo da cana-de-açúcar: III. Var. CB 41-76

I. This paper deals with an experiment carried out to evaluate the effect of sugar cane upper end on the composition of the stalks and juice of sugar cane harvest as a raw material for the sugar industry. The variety studied was CB 41-76. The data were collected from plant cane at intervals of a two weeks, always from the same field, from a small central area of 3.000 square meters approximately, 60 stalks were cut in each occasion, randomly chosen from the whole area. They were afterwards separated into three groups of 20 stalks one for each of the treatments, namely: a) Complete stalk, with no leaves or sheaths. b) Stalks harvested by the technique of REYNOSO, that is, as usually done in practice. c) Stalks with the tops completely cut out, that is, cut by the techinique of REYNOSO and then with 3 other top internodes eliminated. The treatments caused significant differences on the weight of cane and coefficient of purity of juice, but the percentual differences between the average treatments a and c is 13% and 2%, respectively. II. Treatment differences for cane pol, cane fibre, brix, juice pol, reducing sugars, juice ashes, glucose coefficient, saline coefficient and available sucrose (pol) per cent were not significant. III. Time of harvest was an important factor affecting the composition of the cane and the juice. This paper shows that there is no sound basis for the heavy fines applied some sugar mills to planters who do not cut low enough the tops of the cane stalks.

Absorção de molibdênio pela cana de açúcar variedade Co 419, em função da idade

In this paper the authors describe the results obtained from the determination of molybdenum in sugar cane plant, grown in soils and climate prevailing in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The molybdenum was determined in samples cut monthly from the 8th to 14th month, from an experiment consisting of 6 plots, 3 fertilized and 3 unfertilized. The fertilized treatment received 40 kg N (ammonium sulfate) 100 kg P2O3, (superphosphate) and 40 kg K2O (potassium chloride) per hectare, just before planting. Molybdenum was determined by thiocyanate-stannous chloride method, using carbon tetrachloride-butyl alcohol misture, for extrating the colored complex. The results obtained show a parallelism in the absorption of molybdenum by the plants of both treatments. The concentration of molybdenum in the stalks have a tendency to decrease, where as it kept more or less constant in leaves, with a exception in the 14° month when it rised probable because of a migration of molybdenum of the stalks to the leaves. The total amount molybdenum taken up was higher with the fertilized plot due its greater mass prodution.

Levantamento sôbre a composição química bromatológica de 39 variedades forrageiras de cana-de-açúcar

This paper deals with a survey on chemical compositions of 39 forage sugar cane varieties carried out at the Bromatology Laboratory of the E.S.A. "Luiz de Queiroz" (5th chair). Samples were taken at Sugar Cane Experimental Station "Jose Viziolli", Piracicaba, SP, and the material was analised by standard methods. The main conclusions can be summarised as follows: 1. All varieties showed low protein and mineral contents, but were high in crude fiber and nitrogen free extract fractions. 2. A small, but positive correlation was observed between crude fiber and protein content. 3. The amount of observed variation concerning the various nutrient fractions could be used to select better forage sugar cane varieties.

Descrição taxonômica de cultivares de Cucurbita maxima Duchesne e Cucurbita pepo Linneu

São apresentados os estudos sobre a descrição botânica, visando a caracterização taxonômica das cultivares 'Exposição', 'Coroa', 'Ovo--de-ganso' e 'Mogango-verde', pertencentes a espécie Cucurbita maxima, Duchesne, das cultivares 'Small-sugar' e 'Caserta' da espécie Cucurbita pepo Linneu. Para o presente trabalho empregamos sementes originadas de polinização controlada. A caracterização morfológica vegetativa e reprodutiva das cultivares estudadas foi feita para: a) forma, as dimensões, a presença de estrias longitudinais e indumento da haste principal. b) as dimensões e indumento do pecíolo, o ângulo foliar formado pelas nervuras externas da base do limbo e sua grandeza, o comprimento dos seus lados (nervuras) a presença ou ausência de manchas prateadas do limbo, a largura e o comprimento do limbo da folha. c) as formas das gavinhas. d) para as flores masculinas e femininas: o comprimento do pedúnculo, o comprimento do tubo e lóbulos do cálice e sua forma, o comprimento do tubo e lóbulos da corola, o diâmetro da parte superior do tubo da corola, o diâmetro entre os ápices dos lóbulos da corola, o comprimento do filete o da antera e a forma desta para as flores masculinas e dimensões, posições, formas e indumento do ovário, comprimento e coloração dos estigmas, a forma do disco nectarífero situado na base do estilete, para as flores femininas. e) dimensões, forma, coloração, constituição, consistência e espessura da polpa do fruto. f) dimensões, forma e coloração da semente e forma do hilo. A análise estatística foi feita para alguns caracteres de valor taxonômico como: Folhas: comprimento do pecíolo, grandeza do ângulo foliar da base do limbo, largura e comprimento do limbo. Flor masculina; comprimento do pedúnculo, comprimento do tubo e lóbulos da corola, diâmetro da parte superior do tubo da corola. Flor feminina: comprimento do pedúnculo, comprimento do ovário, comprimento do tubo da corola e lóbulos da corola e diâmetro da parte superior do tubo da corola.

Estudo pomológico comparativo das cultivares de cucurbita

O presente trabalho teve por finalidade descrever comparativamente as características morfológicas dos frutos e das sementes de 13 cultivares de Cucurbita. Para identificar e classificar botanicamente as espécies das cultivares em estudo, servimo-nos da chave descrita por Bailey, que considera entre outras, as características dos pedúnculos dos frutos e as características das sementes. Desta maneira separamos as cultivares em três espécies: Cucurbita moschata Duchesne com as seguintes cultivares: 'Menina-verde', Taça', 'Tatui', Menina-amarela', 'Canhão', 'Redonda-de-amparo' e 'Menina-creme'. Da espécie Cucurbita maxima Duchesne estudamos os frutos e as sementes das cultivares 'Exposição', 'Coroa', Όn-de-ganso' e 'Mogango-verde' e para Cucurbita pepo Linneu as cultivates 'Small-sugar' e 'Cas-erta'. Realizamos o referido trabalho no Campo Experimental do Departamento de Agricultura-Horticultura da ESALQ, em Piracicaba, e as cultivares estudadas são as mais recomendadas pela Secção de Olericultura do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas. Foram semeadas de cada cultivar 3 a 5 sementes por cova e repetidas por 10 vezes. De cada planta adulta colhemos 3 frutos e nos frutos anotamos as seguintes características morfológicas: coloração do epicarpo, forma, resistência da casca, dimensões e peso; semente: dimensões, número de sementes normais e anormais, peso das sementes.

Longevidade e oviposição de Ophyra albuquerquei (Diptera, Muscidae) em condições de laboratório

Aspects related to the longevity and oviposition of Ophyra albuquerquei Lopes, 1985 are studied. Males had a mean lifespan longer than females (40.24 vs. 33.15 days, respectively), while still possessing qualitative advantages during this period. Females O. albuquerquei were fed on powdered milk, fish flour, refined sugar and water, and provided fish flour and moistened sawdust for oviposition. The length of the oviposition period for females was 46.75 days, and most of the deposition of the eggs occurred in the first days of the colony. Females completed 50% of their egg deposition by Day 16, seven days before the large last mortality peak and about 12 days after the first oviposition in the colony. Females deposited an average of 184 eggs per individual. Mortality of males, unlike females, was low until the 28th day, and increased thereafter. It was demonstrated that it is possible to maintain colonies of this species under laboratory conditions for at least 28 days with high fertility and low cost.

Composition and diversity of bees (Hymenoptera) attracted by Moericke traps in an agricultural area in Rio Claro, state of São Paulo, Brasil

The composition and diversity of bees in an agricultural area in Rio Claro, state of São Paulo, Brazil, were studied from May 2003 to June 2004, using Moericke traps. The collection site, an area with 58.08 hectares, is characterized by grain production and direct planting, with 70% of the surrounding area planted with sugar cane. During the study, 456 bees were collected, distributed among 20 genera, pertaining to the families Andrenidae (4.8%), Apidae (40.8%) and Halictidae (54.4%). Specimens of genera Dialictus (38%) and Diadasia (30%) predominated in this area. The species diversity, assessed using the Shannon and Simpson indices, were H’=1.88 and 1/ D= 4.15, respectively, and the Evenness index was 0.61.