The significance of scale patterns and scale readings in the life history and habits of the salmon

This brief reports highlights the significance of scale readings of salmon. The reasons for colour change of scales and scale rings are briefly explained. Scale readings of salmon fry from the River Lune in the north west of England are presented. The salmon was captured in 1957/58.

Early Medial Temporal Atrophy Scale (EMTA)

186 p.

Avaliação do papel do fator de Von Willebrand em pacientes portadores de Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC)

A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica é uma doença que leva à obstrução pulmonar geralmente irreversível e está intimamente relacionada com o hábito de fumar. Ao longo dos anos, ocorre destruição dos septos alveolares com a degradação das fibras elásticas e depósito do colágeno que compõe estes septos. Muito tem se discutido sobre a existência de inflamação sistêmica no paciente com DPOC e sobre as suas possíveis manifestações extra-pulmonares . O processo de aterosclerose pode fazer parte deste espectro inflamatório a partir da presença de dano endotelial. O fator de Von Willebrand é um marcador de dano endotelial e pode ser dosado de forma quantitativa e qualitativa. Este trabalho demonstra uma diferença estatisticamente significativa, qualitativa e quantitativamente, entre os níveis de fator de Von Willebrand em tabagistas e em pacientes com DPOC, quando comparados ao grupo controle. Ao analisarmos os pacientes com DPOC dividindo-os em subgrupos considerando quatro classificações distintas: GOLD 2006 (Anexo A), GOLD 2011 (Anexo B), grau de sintomatologia a partir da escala de dispneia MRC modificada (Anexo C) e número de exacerbações no último ano. Observamos uma diferença estatisticamente significativa, em relação ao nível qualitativo do fator de von Willebrand, apenas quando comparamos pacientes com DPOC sintomáticos e não sintomáticos. Demonstramos ainda uma correlação inversa entre o percentual predito de volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1%) com os níveis qualitativos de fator de von Willebrand. Desta forma, o fator de von Willebrand está aumentado no paciente com DPOC, sendo um possível marcador sérico de sintomatologia relacionado a esta doença. Apesar de não se conseguir definir gravidade dos pacientes com DPOC pelo GOLD, o fator de von Willebrand estabelece uma correlação inversa com os níveis de VEF1%, sugerindo algum tipo de participação na progressão da doença.

An ecological analysis of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) assemblages in the North Pacific Ocean along broad-scale environmental gradients

Environmental variability affects the distributions of most marine fish species. In this analysis, assemblages of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) species were defined on the basis of similarities in their distributions along environmental gradients. Data from 14 bottom trawl surveys of the Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands (n=6767) were used. Five distinct assemblages of rockfish were defined by geographical position, depth, and temperature. The 180-m and 275-m depth contours were major divisions between assemblages inhabiting the shelf, shelf break, and lower continental slope. Another noticeable division was between species centered in southeastern Alaska and those found in the northern Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands. The use of environmental variables to define the species composition of assemblages is different from the use of traditional methods based on clustering and nonparametric statistics and as such, environmentally based analyses should result in predictable assemblages of species that are useful for ecosystem-based management.

Re-estimation of small-scale fishery catches for U.S. flag-associated island areas in the western Pacific: the last 50 years

Nearshore fisheries in the tropical Pacific play an important role, both culturally and as a reliable source of food security, but often remain under-reported in statistics, leading to undervaluation of their importance to communities. We re-estimated nonpelagic catches for Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), and summarize previous work for American Samoa for 1950−2002. For all islands combined, catches declined by 77%, contrasting with increasing trends indicated by reported data. For individual island entities, re-estima-tion suggested declines of 86%, 54%, and 79% for Guam, CNMI, and American Samoa, respectively. Except for Guam, reported data primarily represented commercial catches, and hence under-represented contributions by subsistence and recreational fisheries. Guam’s consistent use of creel surveys for data collection resulted in the most reliable reported catches for any of the islands considered. Our re-estimation makes the scale of under-reporting of total catches evident, and provides valuable baselines of likely historic patterns in fisheries catches.

Sportsmanship rating scale in tennis competition with young players

World Conference on Psychology and Sociology 2012

Meso-scale transboundary units for the management of coral reefs in the South China Sea area

Local communities and local government units are recognized as the primary stakeholders and participants in the management of coral reef resources and the primary beneficiaries of small-scale fishing activities in the nearshore areas of the coastal zone. The issues relating to the management of the coastal zone are multi-faceted and some issues are largely intertwined with national policy and development goals. Thus, national governments have jurisdiction over these nearshore coastal resources to harmonize policies, monitor resource use and provide incentives for sustainable use. However, the natural boundaries of these reef resources, the processes that support reef ecosystems, and the local or national affiliation of the people who benefit from them may transcend the boundaries of the local and national management units. Therefore, efforts to arrest the decline in fish catch and loss of biodiversity for reefs require management interventions and assessment activities to be carried out at varying scales. In Southeast Asia, some aspects of reef and reef resources management — particularly in deciding the allocation of catch among competing fisheries, development of sustainable harvest strategies, use of broodstock for restocking or stock enhancement programs, protection of nursery and spawning areas, designation of systems of marine protected areas, and the identification of representative, adequate and comprehensive areas for biodiversity conservation in the region — may require the definition of larger management units. At the regional level, multi-country initiatives will need to define units for the transboundary management of resources. The use of large marine ecosystems (LMEs) to identify and manage fisheries resources may be a starting point; however, given the relatively sedentary nature of coral reef-dwelling and reef-associated organisms compared with other pelagic and demersal species, meso-scale transboundary units within the LMEs have to be defined. This paper provides suggestions for transboundary management units for coral reef and reef-associated resources in Southeast Asia based on information from genetic structures of model organisms in the region. In addition, specific reef areas are identified, which may be important beyond their national boundaries, as potential sources of recruits.

Subclinical Depressive Symptoms and Continued Cannabis Use: Predictors of Negative Outcomes in First Episode Psychosis

Background Although depressive symptoms in first episode psychosis have been associated with cannabis abuse, their influence on the long-term functional course of FEP patients who abuse cannabis is unknown. The aims of the study were to examine the influence of subclinical depressive symptoms on the long-term outcome in first episode-psychosis patients who were cannabis users and to assess the influence of these subclinical depressive symptoms on the ability to quit cannabis use. Methods 64 FEP patients who were cannabis users at baseline were followed-up for 5 years. Two groups were defined: (a) patients with subclinical depressive symptoms at least once during follow-up (DPG), and (b) patients without subclinical depressive symptoms during follow-up (NDPG). Psychotic symptoms were measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), depressive symptoms using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)-17, and psychosocial functioning was assessed using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). A linear mixed-effects model was used to analyze the combined influence of cannabis use and subclinical depressive symptomatology on the clinical outcome. Results Subclinical depressive symptoms were associated with continued abuse of cannabis during follow-up (beta=4.45; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.78 to 11.17; P=.001) and with worse functioning (beta=-5.50; 95% CI: -9.02 to -0.33; P=.009). Conclusions Subclinical depressive symptoms and continued cannabis abuse during follow-up could be predictors of negative outcomes in FEP patients.

Small-scale fishery of Pichavaram mangrove swamp, Southeast India

A description of the small-scale fishery of Pichavaram mangrove, southeast India is given, with emphasis on catch composition, catch per effort and deployment of various gear types.