Photonics Active Filters Based on SiC Multi layer Structures: A Two Stage Active Circuit

Characteristics of tunable wavelength filters based on a-SiC:H multi-layered stacked cells are studied both theoretically and experimentally. Results show that the light-activated photonic device combines the demultiplexing operation with the simultaneous photodetection and self amplification of an optical signal. The sensor is a bias wavelength current-controlled device that make use of changes in the wavelength of the background to control the power delivered to the load, acting a photonic active filter. Its gain depends on the background wavelength that controls the electrical field profile across the device.

Estratégias de comercialização de energia para negociação bilateral em mercados de energia eléctrica multi-agente

As recentes e crescentes modificações no sector eléctrico, tanto nacional como mundial, tornam actualmente os mercados de electricidade um caso de estudo singular e interessante. De facto, o desenvolvimento de ferramentas de análise que permitem avaliar a evolução dos comportamentos que estes mercados adoptam face à dinâmica das suas constantes transformações é, à partida, uma mais valia para as suas principais entidades. Muitas vezes os negociadores deste sector ficam satisfeitos com o resultado final. Contudo, se investigarmos mais minuciosamente, dinheiro e recursos são desperdiçados e potenciais ganhos permanecem por descobrir. Uma negociação automática, que utilize agentes computacionais autónomos, promete um elevado nível de eficiência e acordos de maior qualidade. Muitos modelos de mercado actuais são simulados através de ferramentas computacionais, algumas das quais baseadas em tecnologia multi-agente. Esta dissertação apresenta um simulador que permite ajudar a resolver vários problemas inerentes à contratação bilateral de energia. O simulador envolve dois agentes do mercado de retalho, um comprador e um vendedor de energia eléctrica, e suporta a negociação bilateral multidimensional. Cada agente tem no seu portefólio um conjunto de opções que modelam o seu comportamento individual. A essas opções dá-se o nome de estratégias de negociação. O simulador é composto por estratégias de concessão e imitativas. As estratégias de concessão ditam a velocidade de cedência que cada agente terá, enquanto que as estratégias imitativas têm em conta o comportamento passado do oponente, antes da formulação de uma nova oferta. A validação experimental do simulador foi efectuada através da realização de uma experiência computacional. O método experimental consistiu na experimentação controlada. A experiência teve como principal objectivo validar as estratégias através da verificação, em computador, de um conjunto de hipóteses formuladas através de diversas observações e conclusões da negociação real. Os resultados confirmaram as hipóteses, permitindo concluir que a estratégia de concessão baseada no volume de energia conduz a um melhor benefício para ambos os negociadores, enquanto que a estratégia de concessão baseada na prioridade dos itens conduz à troca de um maior número de propostas negociais.

Negociação bilateral em mercados de energia eléctrica multi-agente com participação activa dos consumidores

Nos últimos anos, o sector elétrico tem sofrido profundas alterações decorrentes do processo de reestruturação. Como consequência, surgiram diferentes estruturas de mercado, tais como em bolsa, contratos bilaterais e mistos, tendo como objectivo o aumento da competitividade. Nos mercados competitivos, os consumidores de electricidade podem escolher livremente os seus fornecedores de energia, em função de possíveis vantagens económicas e da qualidade do serviço. A comercialização de electricidade pode ser realizada em mercados organizados ou através de contratação bilateral entre comercializadores e consumidores. Actualmente, existem várias ferramentas de simulação baseadas em técnicas multiagente que permitem modelar, parcialmente ou na totalidade, os mercados de electricidade, possibilitando simulações de negociação de preços e volumes através de contratos bilaterais, transacções em bolsas de energia, etc. No entanto, estas ferramentas apresentam algumas limitações devido à complexidade dos sistemas elétricos. Neste contexto, esta dissertação tem como principal objectivo desenvolver um simulador de contratos bilaterais em mercados de energia elétrica, baseado na tecnologia multi-agente. O simulador inclui dois tipos de entidades: retalhistas e consumidores de electricidade com diferentes perfis de carga. Além disso, é composto por várias estratégias de negociação, que têm como objectivo maximizar o benefício dos agentes retalhistas e minimizar o custo dos consumidores finais de electricidade. Uma das estratégias, referente ao consumidor, é direccionada para a eficiência no consumo, sendo baseada na conhecida técnica de Participação Activa dos Consumidores (ou Demand Response). O teste do simulador foi efectuado através da resolução de dois casos práticos, baseados em dados do MIBEL. De forma sucinta, os resultados obtidos com as estratégias permitem concluir que os intervenientes no mercado apresentam um comportamento esperado na gestão de preços e volumes de energia, constatando-se que a ferramenta desenvolvida constitui um auxiliar importante à tomada de decisão inerente à negociação bilateral em mercados de electricidade.

Mob1: defining cell polarity for proper cell division

Mob1 is a component of both the mitotic exit network and Hippo pathway, being required for cytokinesis, control of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Cell division accuracy is crucial in maintaining cell ploidy and genomic stability and relies on the correct establishment of the cell division axis, which is under the control of the cell's environment and its intrinsic polarity. The ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila possesses a permanent anterior-posterior axis, left-right asymmetry and divides symmetrically. These unique features of Tetrahymena prompted us to investigate the role of Tetrahymena Mob1. Unexpectedly, we found that Mob1 accumulated in basal bodies at the posterior pole of the cell, and is the first molecular polarity marker so far described in Tetrahymena. In addition, Mob1 depletion caused the abnormal establishment of the cell division plane, providing clear evidence that Mob1 is important for its definition. Furthermore, cytokinesis was arrested and ciliogenesis delayed in Tetrahymena cells depleted of Mob1. This is the first evidence for an involvement of Mob1 in cilia biology. In conclusion, we show that Mob1 is an important cell polarity marker that is crucial for correct division plane placement, for cytokinesis completion and for normal cilia growth rates.

Projecto de uma instalação de AVAC de um edifício de escritórios e multi-usos

Neste trabalho são apresentados o dimensionamento e os resultados comparativos para um edifício de serviços (escritórios), na vertente económica de aquisição, instalação, exploração e manutenção, de um sistema de climatização a água, com um sistema de climatização a volume de refrigerante variável como alternativa. Utilizando um software de simulação dinâmica para determinar as cargas térmicas a que o edifício em estudo estará sujeito, de forma a dimensionar um sistema de climatização que respeite os regulamentos em vigor pelo actual sistema de certificação energética, foram dimensionados os dois sistemas de climatização dentro dos acima indicados, tento sido efectuados vários estudos comparativos, por forma a poderem ser futuramente utilizados como base de definição do sistema a adotar por parte dos projetistas do ramo.

A new cloning system based on the OprI lipoprotein for the production of recombinant bacterial cell wall-derived immunogenic formulations

The conjugation of antigens with ligands of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) is emerging as a promising strategy for the modulation of specific immunity. Here, we describe a new Escherichia coli system for the cloning and expression of heterologous antigens in fusion with the OprI lipoprotein, a TLR ligand from the Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane (OM). Analysis of the OprI expressed by this system reveals a triacylated lipid moiety mainly composed by palmitic acid residues. By offering a tight regulation of expression and allowing for antigen purification by metal affinity chromatography, the new system circumvents the major drawbacks of former versions. In addition, the anchoring of OprI to the OM of the host cell is further explored for the production of novel recombinant bacterial cell wall-derived formulations (OM fragments and OM vesicles) with distinct potential for PRR activation. As an example, the African swine fever virus ORF A104R was cloned and the recombinant antigen was obtained in the three formulations. Overall, our results validate a new system suitable for the production of immunogenic formulations that can be used for the development of experimental vaccines and for studies on the modulation of acquired immunity.

DITRANS - a multi-agent system for integrated diagnosis of power transformers

This paper describes the development and the implementation of a multi-agent system for integrated diagnosis of power transformers. The system is divided in layers which contain a number of agents performing different functions. The social ability and cooperation between the agents lead to the final diagnosis and to other relevant conclusions through integrating various monitoring technologies, diagnostic methods and data sources, such as the dissolved gas analysis.

Multi-criteria short-term maintenance outage scheduling in smart distribution systems

Effective legislation and standards for the coordination procedures between consumers, producers and the system operator supports the advances in the technologies that lead to smart distribution systems. In short-term (ST) maintenance scheduling procedure, the energy producers in a distribution system access to the long-term (LT) outage plan that is released by the distribution system operator (DSO). The impact of this additional information on the decision-making procedure of producers in ST maintenance scheduling is studied in this paper. The final ST maintenance plan requires the approval of the DSO that has the responsibility to secure the network reliability and quality, and other players have to follow the finalized schedule. Maintenance scheduling in the producers’ layer and the coordination procedure between them and the DSO is modelled in this paper. The proposed method is applied to a 33-bus distribution system.

MASGriP – a Multi-Agent Smart Grid Simulation Platform

The increasing number of players that operate in power systems leads to a more complex management. In this paper a new multi-agent platform is proposed, which simulates the real operation of power system players. MASGriP – A Multi-Agent Smart Grid Simulation Platform is presented. Several consumer and producer agents are implemented and simulated, considering real characteristics and different goals and actuation strategies. Aggregator entities, such as Virtual Power Players and Curtailment Service Providers are also included. The integration of MASGriP agents in MASCEM (Multi-Agent System for Competitive Electricity Markets) simulator allows the simulation of technical and economical activities of several players. An energy resources management architecture used in microgrids is also explained.

A multi-agent based approach for intelligent smart grid management

The spread and globalization of distributed generation (DG) in recent years has should highly influence the changes that occur in Electricity Markets (EMs). DG has brought a large number of new players to take action in the EMs, therefore increasing the complexity of these markets. Simulation based on multi-agent systems appears as a good way of analyzing players’ behavior and interactions, especially in a coalition perspective, and the effects these players have on the markets. MASCEM – Multi-Agent System for Competitive Electricity Markets was created to permit the study of the market operation with several different players and market mechanisms. MASGriP – Multi-Agent Smart Grid Platform is being developed to facilitate the simulation of micro grid (MG) and smart grid (SG) concepts with multiple different scenarios. This paper presents an intelligent management method for MG and SG. The simulation of different methods of control provides an advantage in comparing different possible approaches to respond to market events. Players utilize electric vehicles’ batteries and participate in Demand Response (DR) contracts, taking advantage on the best opportunities brought by the use of all resources, to improve their actions in response to MG and/or SG requests.

Multi-agent simulation of continental, regional, and micro electricity markets

Renewable based power generation has significantly increased over the last years. However, this process has evolved separately from electricity markets, leading to an inadequacy of the present market models to cope with huge quantities of renewable energy resources, and to take full advantage of the presently existing and the increasing envisaged renewable based and distributed energy resources. This paper proposes the modelling of electricity markets at several levels (continental, regional and micro), taking into account the specific characteristics of the players and resources involved in each level and ensuring that the proposed models accommodate adequate business models able to support the contribution of all the resources in the system, from the largest to the smaller ones. The proposed market models are integrated in MASCEM (Multi- Agent Simulator of Competitive Electricity Markets), using the multi agent approach advantages for overcoming the current inadequacy and significant limitations of the presently existing electricity market simulators to deal with the complex electricity market models that must be adopted.

Modelling real solar cell using PSCAD/MATLAB

This paper presents the development of a solar photovoltaic (PV) model based on PSCAD/EMTDC - Power System Computer Aided Design – including a mathematical model study. An additional algorithm has been implemented in MATLAB software in order to calculate several parameters required by the PSCAD developed model. All the simulation study has been performed in PSCAD/MATLAB software simulation tool. A real data base concerning irradiance, cell temperature and PV power generation was used in order to support the evaluation of the implemented PV model.

A multi-agent system for the support of producer coalition formation in electricity markets

All over the world Distributed Generation is seen as a valuable help to get cleaner and more efficient electricity. To get negotiation power and advantages of scale economy, distributed producers can be aggregated giving place to a new concept: the Virtual Power Producer. Virtual Power Producers are multitechnology and multi-site heterogeneous entities. Virtual Power Producers should adopt organization and management methodologies so that they can make Distributed Generation a really profitable activity, able to participate in the market. In this paper we address the development of a multi-agent market simulator – MASCEM – able to study alternative coalitions of distributed producers in order to identify promising Virtual Power Producers in an electricity market.

Multi-agent electricity market simulation with dynamic strategies & virtual power producers

Distributed energy resources will provide a significant amount of the electricity generation and will be a normal profitable business. In the new decentralized grid, customers will be among the many decentralized players and may even help to co-produce the required energy services such as demand-side management and load shedding. So, they will gain the opportunity to be more active market players. The aggregation of DG plants gives place to a new concept: the Virtual Power Producer (VPP). VPPs can reinforce the importance of these generation technologies making them valuable in electricity markets. In this paper we propose the improvement of MASCEM, a multi-agent simulation tool to study negotiations in electricity spot markets based on different market mechanisms and behavior strategies, in order to take account of decentralized players such as VPP.

VPP´s multi-level negotiation in smart grids and competitive electricity markets

The increase of distributed generation (DG) has brought about new challenges in electrical networks electricity markets and in DG units operation and management. Several approaches are being developed to manage the emerging potential of DG, such as Virtual Power Players (VPPs), which aggregate DG plants; and Smart Grids, an approach that views generation and associated loads as a subsystem. This paper presents a multi-level negotiation mechanism for Smart Grids optimal operation and negotiation in the electricity markets, considering the advantages of VPPs’ management. The proposed methodology is implemented and tested in MASCEM – a multiagent electricity market simulator, developed to allow deep studies of the interactions between the players that take part in the electricity market negotiations.