Distúrbio mineral ósseo e calcificação vascular em pacientes renais crônicos

Calcificações vasculares têm sido associadas aos distúrbios minerais e ósseos. As alterações nas concentrações séricas de cálcio e fosfato são fatores importantes implicados no processo da calcificação arterial na doença renal crônica. A patogênese da calcificação vascular é um mecanismo complexo e não completamente claro, podendo corresponder a um processo ativo de transformação celular e ossificação heterotópica. Além da hipercalcemia e hiperfosfatemia, estão envolvidos neste processo alterações no metabolismo de substâncias inibidoras e promotoras de calcificação como a fetuína A, osteopontina, osteoprotegerina e proteína de matriz gla. Para o diagnóstico da lesão arterial calcificada, estão disponíveis diversos métodos, um método de estimativa do risco cardiovascular baseado em radiografias simples de coluna lombar e outro método baseado em radiografias simples da pelve e das mãos. Apresentamos, a seguir, uma revisão abordando a relação entre calcificações vasculares e os distúrbios minerais.

Production of magnesium carbonates from serpentinites for CO2 mineral sequestration : optimisation towards industrial application

Global warming is one of the most alarming problems of this century. Initial scepticism concerning its validity is currently dwarfed by the intensification of extreme weather events whilst the gradual arising level of anthropogenic CO2 is pointed out as its main driver. Most of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions come from large point sources (heat and power production and industrial processes) and the continued use of fossil fuels requires quick and effective measures to meet the world’s energy demand whilst (at least) stabilizing CO2 atmospheric levels. The framework known as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) – or Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) – comprises a portfolio of technologies applicable to large‐scale GHG sources for preventing CO2 from entering the atmosphere. Amongst them, CO2 capture and mineralisation (CCM) presents the highest potential for CO2 sequestration as the predicted carbon storage capacity (as mineral carbonates) far exceeds the estimated levels of the worldwide identified fossil fuel reserves. The work presented in this thesis aims at taking a step forward to the deployment of an energy/cost effective process for simultaneous capture and storage of CO2 in the form of thermodynamically stable and environmentally friendly solid carbonates. R&D work on the process considered here began in 2007 at Åbo Akademi University in Finland. It involves the processing of magnesium silicate minerals with recyclable ammonium salts for extraction of magnesium at ambient pressure and 400‐440⁰C, followed by aqueous precipitation of magnesium in the form of hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, and finally Mg(OH)2 carbonation in a pressurised fluidized bed reactor at ~510⁰C and ~20 bar PCO2 to produce high purity MgCO3. Rock material taken from the Hitura nickel mine, Finland, and serpentinite collected from Bragança, Portugal, were tested for magnesium extraction with both ammonium sulphate and bisulphate (AS and ABS) for determination of optimal operation parameters, primarily: reaction time, reactor type and presence of moisture. Typical efficiencies range from 50 to 80% of magnesium extraction at 350‐450⁰C. In general ABS performs better than AS showing comparable efficiencies at lower temperature and reaction times. The best experimental results so far obtained include 80% magnesium extraction with ABS at 450⁰C in a laboratory scale rotary kiln and 70% Mg(OH)2 carbonation in the PFB at 500⁰C, 20 bar CO2 pressure for 15 minutes. The extraction reaction with ammonium salts is not at all selective towards magnesium. Other elements like iron, nickel, chromium, copper, etc., are also co‐extracted. Their separation, recovery and valorisation are addressed as well and found to be of great importance. The assessment of the exergetic performance of the process was carried out using Aspen Plus® software and pinch analysis technology. The choice of fluxing agent and its recovery method have a decisive sway in the performance of the process: AS is recovered by crystallisation and in general the whole process requires more exergy (2.48–5.09 GJ/tCO2sequestered) than ABS (2.48–4.47 GJ/tCO2sequestered) when ABS is recovered by thermal decomposition. However, the corrosive nature of molten ABS and operational problems inherent to thermal regeneration of ABS prohibit this route. Regeneration of ABS through addition of H2SO4 to AS (followed by crystallisation) results in an overall negative exergy balance (mainly at the expense of low grade heat) but will flood the system with sulphates. Although the ÅA route is still energy intensive, its performance is comparable to conventional CO2 capture methods using alkanolamine solvents. An energy‐neutral process is dependent on the availability and quality of nearby waste heat and economic viability might be achieved with: magnesium extraction and carbonation levels ≥ 90%, the processing of CO2‐containing flue gases (eliminating the expensive capture step) and production of marketable products.

Rendimento e qualidade fisiológica de sementes de coentro cultivado com adubação orgânica e mineral

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência de doses de matéria orgânica sob a forma de esterco bovino, na presença e ausência de adubação mineral, sobre o rendimento e qualidade fisiológica de sementes de coentro. Para tanto, foram conduzidos dois experimentos, um sob condições de campo e outro, no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes pertencente ao Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, no período de outubro/2001 a fevereiro/2002. O experimento de campo foi instalado para avaliar o rendimento de sementes de coentro (Coriandrum sativum L.), cultivar verdão, cujos tratamentos consistiram em cinco doses de esterco bovino (0; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 e 8kg m-2), na presença e na ausência de adubo mineral, em blocos casualizados, com os tratamentos distribuídos em arranjos fatorial 5 x 2, com quatro repetições. No experimento de laboratório, conduzido para a avaliação da qualidade das sementes através de testes de germinação e de vigor (índice de velocidade de germinação), os tratamentos também foram distribuídos em arranjos fatorial 5x2, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. O rendimento de sementes de coentro atinge, na presença de adubo mineral, valor máximo estimado (3t ha-1) na dose de 5kg m-2 de matéria orgânica (esterco bovino). Na ausência de adubo mineral, o rendimento aumenta com a elevação das doses de esterco bovino, com rendimento máximo de sementes (3t ha-1) na dose de 8kg m-2. A germinação e o índice de velocidade de germinação, na ausência de adubo mineral (NPK) aumentam linearmente com elevação das doses de matéria orgânica (esterco bovino), apresentando valores máximos de 90% e 5,0, respectivamente, na dose máxima (8kg m-2). Na presença de adubação mineral, as doses de esterco bovino proporcionam germinação média de 82% e índice de velocidade de germinação de 4,5, com a dose de 8kg m-2. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes de coentro é influenciada pelas doses de esterco bovino, sendo a dose de 8kg m-2 mais adequada para aumentar a qualidade das sementes.

Adubação orgânica e mineral na produção de sementes de abobrinha

Este estudo teve o objetivo de verificar os efeitos da adubação orgânica e mineral sobre os componentes do rendimento e potencial produtivo de sementes de Cucurbita pepo L. var melopepo cv. Caserta. A pesquisa foi conduzida no Centro Agrícola Demonstrativo da Prefeitura de Porto Alegre durante os anos de 2002/03. Os tratamentos consistiram em T1 = testemunha, T2 = adubação mineral e do T3 ao T6 em adubação orgânica (cama de aviário), nas doses de 63, 125, 187 e 250g.cova-1, respectivamente. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Foram determinados número de flores.planta-1, número de frutos.planta-1, peso médio de frutos, peso de sementes.fruto-1, número de sementes.fruto-1, peso de 1000 sementes e rendimento de sementes.área-1. A aplicação de cama de aviário aumentou o rendimento de sementes de abobrinha. A dose de cama de aviário que proporcionou maior rendimento de sementes (3,12t.ha-1) foi de 250g.cova-1.

Influência de sistemas de culturas, mucuna preta e adubação mineral sobre a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de milho

O cultivo do milho em consórcio e a utilização de leguminosas como forma de adubação é prática bastante utilizada pelo agricultor nordestino. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de milho, cv. BR-106, produzidas em sistemas de culturas isolados e consorciados (milho, milho + feijão guandu e milho + fava), na ausência e presença de adubo químico e mucuna preta. O ensaio foi conduzido no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes da Universidade Federal da Paraíba - Campus II, Areia - PB. Independentemente dos sistemas de culturas, adubo mineral e mucuna preta, a germinação, a emergência de plântulas em areia e o índice de velocidade de emergência foram altos. De acordo com os resultados, observa-se que o adubo mineral favorece a viabilidade e o vigor das sementes de milho; a mucuna preta além de não competir com os sistemas de culturas favorece a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de milho provenientes do consórcio e o consórcio de milho + guandu favorece o vigor das sementes de milho.

Biogeochemistry of Paleozoic brachiopods from New York State and Ontario

A comprehensive elemental, isotopic and microstructural analyses was undertaken of brachiopod calcites from the Hamilton Group (Middle Devonian), Clinton Group (Middle Silurian) and Middle to Upper Ordovician strata of Ontario and New York State. The majority of specimens were microstructurally and chemically preserved in a pristine state, although a number of specimens show some degree of post-depositional alteration. Brachiopod calcites from the Hamilton and Clinton Groups were altered by marine derived waters whereas Trenton Group (Middle Ordovician) brachiopods altered in meteorically derived fluids. Analysis of the elemental and isotopic compositions of pristine Hamilton Group brachiopods indicates there are several chemical relationships inherent to brachiopod calcite. Taxonomic differentiation of Mg, Sr and Na contents was evident in three co-occuring species from the Hamilton Group. Mean Mg contents of pristine brachiopods were respectively Athyris spiriferoides (1309ppm), Mucrospirifer mucronatus (1035ppm) and Mediospirifer audacula (789ppm). Similarly, taxonomic differentiation of shell calcite compositions was observed in co-occuring brachiopods from the Clinton Group (Middle Silurian) and the Trenton Group (Middle Ordovician). The taxonomic control of elemental regulation into shell calcite is probably related to the slightly different physiological systems and secretory mechanisms. A relationship was observed in Hamilton Group species between the depth of respective brachiopod communities and their Mg, Sr and Na contents. These elements were depleted in the shell calcites of deeper brachiopods compared to their counterparts in shallower reaches. Apparently shell calcite elemental composition is related to environmental conditions of the depositional setting, which may have controlled the secretory regime, mineral morphology of shell calcite and precipitation rates of each species. Despite the change in Mg, Sr and Na contents between beds and formations in response to environmental conditions, the taxonomic differentiation of shell calcite composition is maintained. Thus, it may be possible to predict relative depth changes in paleoenvironmental reconstructions using brachiopod calcite. This relationship of brachiopod chemistry to depth was also tested within a transgressiveregressive (T-R) cycle in the Rochester Shale Formation (Middle Silurian). Decreasing Mg, Sr and Na contents were observed in the transition from the shallow carbonates of the Irondequoit Formation to the deeper shales of the lowest 2 m of Rochester Shale. However, no isotopic and elemental trends were observed within the entire T-R cycle which suggests that either the water conditions did not change significantly or that the cycle is illusory. A similar relationship was observed between the Fe and Mn chemistries of shell calcite and redox/paleo-oxygen conditions. Hamilton Group brachiopods analysed from deeper areas of the shelf are enriched in Mn and Fe relative to those from shallow zones. The presence of black shales and dysaerobic faunas, during deposition of the Hamilton Group, suggests that the waters of the northern Appalachian Basin were stratified. The deeper brachiopods were marginally positioned above an oxycline and their shell calcites reflect periodic incursions of oxygen depleted water. Furthermore, analysis of Dalmanella from the black shales of the Collingwood Shale (Upper Ordovician) in comparison to those from the carbonates of the Verulam Formation (Middle Ordovician) confirm the relationship of Fe and Mn contents to periodic but not permanent incursions of low oxygen waters. The isotopic compositions of brachiopod calcite found in Hamilton Group (813C; +2.5% 0 to +5.5% 0; 8180 -2.50/00 to -4.00/00) and Clinton Group (813C; +4.00/00 to +6.0; 8180; -1.8% 0 to -3.60/ 00) are heavier than previously reported. Uncorrected paleotemperatures (assuming normal salinity, 0% 0 SMOW and no fractionation effects) derived from these isotopic values suggest that the Clinton sea temperature (Middle Silurian) ranged from 18°C to 28°C and Hamilton seas (Middle Devonian) ranged between 24°C and 29°C. In addition, the isotopic variation of brachiopod shell calcite is significant and is related to environmental conditions. Within a single time-correlative shell bed (the Demissa Bed; Hamilton Group) a positive isotopic shift of 2-2.5% 0 in 013C compositions and a positive shift of 1.0-1.50/00 in 0180 composition of shell calcite is observed, corresponding with a deepening of brachiopod habitats toward the axis of the Appalachian Basin. Moroever, a faunal succession from deeper Ambocoelia dominated brachiopod association to a shallow Tropidoleptus dominated assocation is reflected by isotopic shifts of 1.0-1.50/00. Although, other studies have emphasized the significance of ±20/oo shifts in brachiopod isotopic compositions, the recognition of isotopic variability in brachiopod calcite within single beds and within depositional settings such as the Appalachian Basin has important implications for the interpretation of secular isotopic trends. A significant proportion of the variation observed isotopic distribution during the Paleozoic is related to environmental conditions within the depositional setting.

Spectral Reflectance Characteristics of Kimberlite Indicator Minerals and Other Selected Mineral Grains

High chromium content in kimberlite indicator minerals such as pyrope garnet and diopside is often correlated with the presence of diamonds. In this study, kimberlite indicator minerals were examined using visible light reflectance spectroscopy to determine if chromium content can be correlated with spectral absorption features. The depth of absorption features in the visible spectral region were correlated with the molecular percentage of chromium and other first series transition metal elements obtained by electron microprobe data. In the visible part of the spectrum, chromium is evident by 3 absorption features in the pyrope reflectance spectrum; one isolated and narrow feature at the wavelength 689 nm was used to correlate with the chromium mol %. The isolation of this feature in the pyrope spectra is advantageous since it is not directly affected by other proximal absorption bands that could be caused by other transition metals. Analysis of the feature indicates that as grain volume increases the depth of the absorption feature will also increase. Clustering grain volumes into fractions yields better correlation between absorption depth and mol % chromium. Other types of garnet (almandine, grossular, spessartine) and kimberlite indicator minerals (olivine, diopside, chromite, ilmenite) were analyzed to determine if other absorption features could be used to predict the proportion of specific transition metal elements. Diopside in particular illustrates the same isolated chromium absorption feature as pyrope and may indicate mol percent but needs further study with larger sample sets.