Excavation-drier method of energy-peat extraction reduces long-term climatic impact

Climatic impacts of energy-peat extraction are of increasing concern due to EU emissions trading requirements. A new excavation-drier peat extraction method has been developed to reduce the climatic impact and increase the efficiency of peat extraction. To quantify and compare the soil GHG fluxes of the excavation drier and the traditional milling methods, as well as the areas from which the energy peat is planned to be extracted in the future (extraction reserve area types), soil CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes were measured during 2006–2007 at three sites in Finland. Within each site, fluxes were measured from drained extraction reserve areas, extraction fields and stockpiles of both methods and additionally from the biomass driers of the excavation-drier method. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), described at a principal level in ISO Standards 14040:2006 and 14044:2006, was used to assess the long-term (100 years) climatic impact from peatland utilisation with respect to land use and energy production chains where utilisation of coal was replaced with peat. Coal was used as a reference since in many cases peat and coal can replace each other in same power plants. According to this study, the peat extraction method used was of lesser significance than the extraction reserve area type in regards to the climatic impact. However, the excavation-drier method seems to cause a slightly reduced climatic impact as compared with the prevailing milling method.

Resuming growth in Latin America: short and long term policies

The authors of this paper assert that the paralysis of the state generated by the crises of the 1970s and 1980s deprived the economies of the region of an important lever to resume and sustain growth. They thus maintain that to overcome stagnation it will be necessary to reconstruct the state's capacity to implement pro-growth policies. Following Keynes and Kalecki's ideas, but also classical development economists, the authors argue, first, that short-term macroeconomic policies, to reduce unemployment and to increase the degree of capacity utilization, should be used to promote the generation of profits to firms and to wake up entrepreneurs' animal spirits. Short-term expansionary policies should be coupled with measures to improve competitiveness and avoid balance of payments problems. They also claim that alternatives to the liberal programme will fail unless a pro-growth strategy is adopted which includes both short- and long-term policies. They thus propose that long-term policies must complete the package, signaling: a) sustained increases of effective demand in the future; and b) investment priorities to ensure that capacities will be created in strategic sectors and branches of the economy.

The Impact of Acquisitions on Share Pricing and Long Term Performance – Empirical Evidence from the Global Automotive Industry

Automotive industry has faced intense consolidation pressure, which has lead to increasing number of M&As. However, empirical evidence has given controversial results suggesting that most of M&As are value destructive for acquiring companies and for acquiring companies’ shareholders. The objective of this master’s thesis is to examine how acquiring companies’ shareholders react to acquisition announcement and is the reaction in line with the long-term performance. This study uses empirical evidence from automotive industry, which has been characterized as an industry that holds large amount of vertical and horizontal synergies. Transaction data consists of 65 acquisitions made by publicly listed companies between 2008-2010. The short-term impact is tested by applying event study methodology while the long term operative performance is examined with accounting study methodology. The event study results indicate that during the three days after acquisition (t= 0-2), the acquiring firms’ stocks generate an abnormal return of 1.22% on average across all acquisitions. When long term performance is studied it is evident that acquiring companies perform better than the industry median pre- and post-transaction but there is no statistically significant evidence that the performance has increased. The only performance ratio indicating statistically significant decrease is Return on Equity (ROE). On long-term horizontal acquisitions seem to outperform conglomerate ones but otherwise deal characteristics do not have any statistically significant impact.

Carriage of herpes simplex virus and human papillomavirus in oral mucosa is rare in young women: a long-term prospective follow-up

Herpes simplex -virus 1 (HSV-1) ja ihmisen papilloomavirus (HPV) infektoivat suun epiteelisoluja. Useimmissa tapauksissa näiden virusten infektio on kliinisesti oireeton. Suun limakalvojen oireeton HPV-infektio on aikuisilla yleinen, ja valtaosa näistä infektioista ovat ohimeneviä ja vain pieni osa johtaa krooniseen HPV-infektioon. Krooninen HPV-infektio lisää riskiä epiteelisolujen transformoitumiseen kohti syöpäsolua. HPV infektio ei ole yksinään riittävä aiheuttamaan syöpäsolun, vaan siihen tarvitaan myös muita riskitekijöitä.. Muut infektiot, kuten esimerkiksi HSV-1-infektio saattaa olla yksi näistä riskitekijöistä. Tämän syventävän opinnäytetyön tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää HSV-1-infektion esiintymistä naisten suun limakalvonäytteissä kuuden vuoden seurannassa. Toinen tavoitteemme oli selvittää HSV-1 ja HPV -yhteisinfektion esiintymistä suun epiteelisoluissa, erityisesti naisilla joilla havaittiin suun krooninen HPV-infektio. Tämä tutkimus on osa kuusivuotista seurantatutkimusta (Finnish Family HPV -tutkimus), joka suunniteltiin selvittämään HPV-infektioiden dynamiikkaa ja riskitekijöitä 329 suomalaisperheessä. Suun limakalvoilta otettiin harjausnäyte ennen synnytystä ja kuusi kertaa synnytyksen jälkeen kuuden vuoden aikana. Näytteistä eristettyä DNA:ta oli saatavilla riittävästi HSV-1-analyysiä varten yhteensä 304 naiselta (keski-ikä 25.6 vuotta). Kaikkiaan tutkittavia näytteitä oli 1,873, joista HSV-1:n esiintyminen tutkittiin käyttäen kvantitatiivista PCR:ää. Lisäksi epävarmat PCR-tulokset varmistettiin PCR-tuotteen Southern Blot hybridisaatiolla. HSV-1 tuloksia verrattiin aikaisemmin saatuihin HPV-tuloksiin. Suun limakalvonäytteistä 2.2% oli HSV-1-positiivisia ja 19.6% oli HPV-positiivisia. Yhteensä 11.8%:lla äideistä suunäyte oli HSV-1-DNA -positiivinen ainakin kerran seurannan aikana. HSV-1 ja HPV -yhteisinfektio löydettiin vain neljältä äidiltä. Suurin osa äideistä, jotka olivat HSV-1-positiivisia ennen syntymää, pysyivät HSV-1-positiivisina myös synnytyksen jälkeen. Kolmella naisella todettiin persistentti HPV-16 infektio ja kahdella heistä oli samanaikainen HSV-1 infektio. Tuloksemme osoittaa, että HSV-1:n ja HPV:n esiintyminen yhtä aikaa nuorten naisten suun limakalvolla on harvinaista. On suositeltavaa, että yhteisinfektion omaavia äitejä seurataan myös tulevaisuudessa, sillä HSV-1-infektio saattaa olla yksi riskitekijä suun limakalvon malignissa muutoksessa kroonisen HPV-infektion yhteydessä.

Electrophysiological analysis of the sleep onset period : a comparison between subjects with long term insomnia complaints associated with mild traumatic brain injury and matched controls /

The purpose of the current undertaking was to study the electrophysiological properties of the sleep onset period (SOP) in order to gain understanding into the persistent sleep difficulties of those who complain of insomnia following mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). While many believe that symptoms of post concussion syndrome (PCS) following MTBI resolve within 6 to 12 months, there are a number of people who complain of persistent sleep difficulty. Two models were proposed which hypothesize alternate electrophysiological presentations of the insomnia complaints of those sustaining a MTBI: 1) Analyses of standard polysomnography (PSG) sleep parameters were conducted in order to determine if the sleep difficulties of the MTBI population were similar to that of idiopathic insomniacs (i.e. greater proportion ofREM sleep, reduced delta sleep); 2) Power spectral analysis was conducted over the SOP to determine if the sleep onset signature of those with MTBI would be similar to psychophysiological insomniacs (characterized by increased cortical arousal). Finally, exploratory analyses examined whether the sleep difficulties associated with MTBI could be explained by increases in variability of the power spectral data. Data were collected from 9 individuals who had sustained a MTBI 6 months to 5 years earlier and reported sleep difficulties that had arisen within the month subsequent to injury and persisted to the present. The control group consisted of 9 individuals who had experienced neither sleep difficulties, nor MTBI. Previous to spending 3 consecutive uninterrupted nights in the sleep lab, subjects completed questionnaires regarding sleep difficulties, adaptive functioning, and personality.

Perturbing the impulse activity of a single identified neuron augments the formation of long-term memory in a molluscan semi-intact preparation /

The aim of this study was to investigate the neural correlates of operant conditioning in a semi-intact preparation of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Lymnaea learns, via operant conditioning, to reduce its aerial respiratory behaviour in response to an aversive tactile stimulus to its open pneumostome. This thesis demonstrates the successful conditioning of na'ive semiintact preparations to show learning in the dish. Furthermore, these conditioned preparations show long-term memory that persists for at least 18 hours. As the neurons that generate this behaviour have been previously identified I can, for the first time, monitor neural activity during both learning and long-term memory consolidation in the same preparation. In particular, I record from the respiratory neuron Right Pedal Dorsal 1 (RPeD 1) which is part of the respiratory central pattern generator. In this study, I demonstrate that preventing RPeDl impulse activity between training sessions reduces the number of sessions needed to produce long-term memory in the present semi-intact preparation.

The role of molecular, clinical and socioeconomic factors in the long-term survival of axillary node negative breast cancer patients

The overall objective of this study was to investigate factors associated with long-term survival in axillary node negative (ANN) breast cancer patients. Clinical and biological factors included stage, histopathologic grade, p53 mutation, Her-2/neu amplification, estrogen receptor status (ER), progesterone receptor status (PR) and vascular invasion. Census derived socioeconomic (SES) indicators included median individual and household income, proportions of university educated individuals, housing type, "incidence" of low income and an indicator of living in an affluent neighbourhood. The effects of these measures on breast cancer-specific survival and competing cause survival were investigated. A cohort study examining survival among axillary node negative (ANN) breast cancer patients in the greater Toronto area commenced in 1 989. Patients were followed up until death, lost-to-follow up or study termination in 2004. Data were collected from several sources measuring patient demographics, clinical factors, treatment, recurrence of disease and survival. Census level SES data were collected using census geo-coding of patient addresses' at the time of diagnosis. Additional survival data were acquired from the Ontario Cancer Registry to enhance and extend the observation period of the study. Survival patterns were examined using KaplanMeier and life table procedures. Associations were examined using log-rank and Wilcoxon tests of univariate significance. Multivariate survival analyses were perfonned using Cox proportional hazards models. Analyses were stratified into less than and greater than 5 year survival periods to observe whether known markers of short-tenn survival were also associated with reductions in long-tenn survival among breast cancer patients. The 15 year survival probabilities in this cohort were: for breast cancerspecific survival 0.88, competing causes survival 0.89 and for overall survival 0.78. Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status (Hazard Ratio (HR) ERIPR- versus ER+/PR+, 8.15,95% CI, 4.74, 14.00), p53 mutation (HR, 3.88, 95% CI, 2.00, 7.53) and Her-2 amplification (HR, 2.66, 95% CI, 1.36, 5.19) were associated with significant reductions in short-tenn breast cancer-specific survival «5 years following diagnosis), however, not with long-term survival in univariate analyses. Stage, histopathologic grade and ERiPR status were the clinicallbiologieal factors that were associated with short-term breast cancer specific survival in multivariate results. Living in an affluent neighbourhood (top quintile of median household income compared to the rest of the population) was associated with the largest significant increase in long-tenn breast cancer-specific survival after adjustment for stage, histopathologic grade and treatment (HR, 0.36, 95% CI, 0.12, 0.89).

A possible role for intrinsic calcium buffers in the long- term adaptation of crayfish neurons

Increasing the impulse activity of neurons in vivo over 3 or more days causes a reduction in transmitter release that persists for days or weeks (eg. Mercier and Atwood, 1989). This effect is usually accompanied by decreased synaptic fatigue. These two changes involve presynaptic mechanisms and indicate "long-term adaptation" (LTA) of nerve terminals. Previous experiments have shown that LTA requires extracellular calcium and protein synthesis (eg. Hong and Lnenicka, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 17:1322) and appears to involve communication between the cell body and the nerve terminals. The present study examines the possibility that the reduction in transmitter release is caused by an -increase in the calcium buffering ability within the nerve terminals. It examines the responses of adapted and control nerve terminals to exogenously applied calcium buffer, BAPTA-AM, which decreases transmitter release (Robitialle and Charlton, 1992). If LTA increases intrinsic Ca2+-buffering, the membrane permeant form of BAPTA should have less effect on adapted nerve terminals than on controls. Experiments are performed on the phasic abdominal extensor motor neurons of the crayfish, Procambarns clarkii. BAPTA-AM decreases excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP's) of the phasic extensor muscles in a dosedependent manner between 5 and 50 JLM. LTA is elicited by in vivo stimulation at 2.5 Hz for 2-4 h per day over 3 days, which reduces EPSP's by over 50%. Experiments indicate that BAPTA-AM produces no significant change in EPSP reduction in adapted neurons when compared to controls. These results do not support the hypothesis that increased daily activity alters rapid intrinsic calcium buffers, that are able to reduce transmitter output in the same manner as BAPTA.

Exploring the Perceptions of Cultural Competence Among Personal Support Workers in an Ontario Long-Term Care Home: A Case Study

Personal Support Workers (PSWs) spend a large amount of time with long-term care (LTC) home residents providing assistance with their activities of daily living. The s limited research on their perceptions of cultural competence presents the need to bridge this knowledge gap. The researcher conducted a qualitative case study at a LTC home in Ontario. Data were collected by conducting a policy document analysis, a key informant interview with the Director of Care (DOC), and two focus groups with PSWs. The five major overarching themes were: The Culture of the LTC Home, Provision of a Supportive Environment, Collaborative Team Approach to Care, Building a Relationship with the Residents, and Maintenance of Staff Morale. The findings illuminated the broad nature of culture, connections to person centered care, and the factors that facilitate or hinder PSWs’ culturally competent care. The ambiguous perception of cultural competence among PSWs suggests further research and education on cultural competence in LTC home settings.

Mechanisms of long-term modulation of synaptic transmission in crayfish

Please consult the paper edition of this thesis to read. It is available on the 5th Floor of the Library at Call Number: Z 9999 B56 M68 2007

BP BLOGGER: DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF ELECTRONIC KNOWLEDGE DISSEMINATION IN LONG TERM CARE

Little is known of the uptake and use of knowledge disseminated in electronic formats, especially in Long Term Care (LTC) settings. The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine the dissemination of the BP Bloggers, a series of brief, evidence summaries designed to meet the knowledge needs of LTC staff. Guided by Rogers’ (2003) Diffusion of Innovations theory, the study documents dissemination of the BP Blogger and examines factors affecting dissemination, awareness, perceptions and its use. The survey of BP Blogger recipients was conducted electronically (n=114) online (n=10), by telephone (n=55), and print (n=144). Managers usually received the newsletter electronically while staff in LTC were more likely to receive printed copies. Participants disseminated the newsletter through paper, email, or posting in the workplace. Most participants rated the content, format, and usefulness of the BP Blogger as good or excellent. Time and lack of email access were barriers to dissemination.

Personal Support Workers' Experience of Collaboration in a Long-Term Care Facility in Rural Ontario

The growing complexity of healthcare needs of residents living in long-term care necessitates a high level of professional interdependence to deliver quality, individualized care. Personal support workers (PSWs) are the most likely to observe, interpret and respond to resident care plans, yet little is known about how they experience collaboration. This study aimed to describe PSWs’ current experiences with collaboration in long-term care and to understand the factors that influenced their involvement in collaboration. A qualitative approach was used to interview eight PSWs from one long-term care facility in rural Ontario. Thematic analysis revealed three themes: valuing PSWs’ contributions, organizational structure, and individual characteristics and relationships. Collaboration was a difficult process for PSWs who felt largely undervalued and excluded. To improve collaboration, management needs to provide opportunities for PSWs to contribute and support the development of relationships required to collaborate.

Long-term effects of sports concussion

Questions : Cette thèse visait à répondre à deux questions fondamentales : 1) Est-ce que les athlètes qui présentent un historique de commotions cérébrales du sport en conservent des effets délétères à long terme? ; et 2) Est-ce que les effets néfastes des commotions cérébrales récurrentes sur le fonctionnement tant cognitif que moteur sont cumulatifs? Devis expérimental : À l’aide d’un plan d’investigation double-cohorte réalisé avec un groupe d’athlètes évoluant au niveau universitaire et un autre formé d’anciens athlètes universitaires testés plus de trois décennies plus tard, les quatre études qui composent cette thèse ont employé des méthodes raffinées d’investigation des fonctions cognitives et motrices pour en déceler des atteintes persistantes. Méthodologie : Les potentiels évoqués cognitifs ainsi que les tests neuropsychologiques ont permis de sonder le fonctionnement cognitif de ces athlètes alors que la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne, une plateforme de force permettant de mesurer la stabilité posturale ainsi qu’un système d’enregistrement tridimensionnel des mouvements rapides alternatifs ont servi à l’évaluation de l’intégrité du système moteur. Résultats : Cette thèse a permis de déceler des altérations persistentes et cumulatives des fonctions cognitives et motrices. De plus, ces subtiles atteintes observées chez les jeunes athlètes, affectant essentiellement des marqueurs neurophysiologiques sous-cliniques du fonctionnement cognitif et moteur, s’étaient accentuées chez les anciens athlètes universitaires qui montraient un déclin quantifiable tant des fonctions cognitives que motrices. Discussion : Ces résultats suggèrent d’une part que les commotions cérébrales du sport entraînent des altérations cognitives et motrices chroniques qui s’accentuent en fonction du nombre de commotions cérébrales subies. D’autre part, les effets délétères des commotions cérébrales du sport sur le fonctionnement cognitif et moteur combinés à ceux associés au processus de vieillissement entraînent un déclin cognitif et moteur quantifiable en comparaison aux anciens athlètes n’ayant jamais subi de commotions cérébrales.

Mechanisms of translation regulation in long-term synaptic plasticity

Les souvenirs sont encodés dans le cerveau grâce aux configurations uniques de vastes réseaux neuronaux. Chaque connexion dans ces circuits est apte à être modifiée. Ces changements durables s’opèrent au niveau des synapses grâce à une synthèse de protéines de novo et génèrent ce qu’on nomme des traces mnésiques. Plusieurs preuves indiquent que, dans certaines formes de plasticité synaptique à long terme, cette synthèse a lieu dans les dendrites près des synapses activées plutôt que dans le corps cellulaire. Cependant, les mécanismes qui régulent cette traduction de protéines demeurent encore nébuleux. La phase d’initiation de la traduction est une étape limitante et hautement régulée qui, selon plusieurs chercheurs, constitue la cible principale des mécanismes de régulation de la traduction dans la plasticité synaptique à long terme. Le présent projet de recherche infirme cette hypothèse dans une certaine forme de plasticité synaptique, la dépression à long terme dépendante des récepteurs métabotropiques du glutamate (mGluR-LTD). À l’aide d’enregistrements électrophysiologiques de neurones hippocampiques en culture couplés à des inhibiteurs pharmacologiques, nous montrons que la régulation de la traduction implique les étapes de l’élongation et de la terminaison et non celle de l’initiation. De plus, nous démontrons grâce à des stratégies de knockdown d’expression d’ARN que la protéine de liaison d’ARNm Staufen 2 joue un rôle déterminant dans la mGluR-LTD induite en cultures. Dans leur ensemble, les résultats de la présente étude viennent appuyer un modèle de régulation de la traduction locale de protéines qui est indépendante de l’initiation.