Reduced foveal vision enhances peripheral monitoring and peripheral event detection

Introduction: Although it seems plausible that sports performance relies on high-acuity foveal vision, it could be empirically shown that myoptic blur (up to +2 diopters) does not harm performance in sport tasks that require foveal information pick-up like golf putting (Bulson, Ciuffreda, & Hung, 2008). How myoptic blur affects peripheral performance is yet unknown. Attention might be less needed for processing visual cues foveally and lead to better performance because peripheral cues are better processed as a function of reduced foveal vision, which will be tested in the current experiment. Methods: 18 sport science students with self-reported myopia volunteered as participants, all of them regularly wearing contact lenses. Exclusion criteria comprised visual correction other than myopic, correction of astigmatism and use of contact lenses out of Swiss delivery area. For each of the participants, three pairs of additional contact lenses (besides their regular lenses; used in the “plano” condition) were manufactured with an individual overcorrection to a retinal defocus of +1 to +3 diopters (referred to as “+1.00 D”, “+2.00 D”, and “+3.00 D” condition, respectively). Gaze data were acquired while participants had to perform a multiple object tracking (MOT) task that required to track 4 out of 10 moving stimuli. In addition, in 66.7 % of all trials, one of the 4 targets suddenly stopped during the motion phase for a period of 0.5 s. Stimuli moved in front of a picture of a sports hall to allow for foveal processing. Due to the directional hypotheses, the level of significance for one-tailed tests on differences was set at α = .05 and posteriori effect sizes were computed as partial eta squares (ηρ2). Results: Due to problems with the gaze-data collection, 3 participants had to be excluded from further analyses. The expectation of a centroid strategy was confirmed because gaze was closer to the centroid than the target (all p < .01). In comparison to the plano baseline, participants more often recalled all 4 targets under defocus conditions, F(1,14) = 26.13, p < .01, ηρ2 = .65. The three defocus conditions differed significantly, F(2,28) = 2.56, p = .05, ηρ2 = .16, with a higher accuracy as a function of a defocus increase and significant contrasts between conditions +1.00 D and +2.00 D (p = .03) and +1.00 D and +3.00 D (p = .03). For stop trials, significant differences could neither be found between plano baseline and defocus conditions, F(1,14) = .19, p = .67, ηρ2 = .01, nor between the three defocus conditions, F(2,28) = 1.09, p = .18, ηρ2 = .07. Participants reacted faster in “4 correct+button” trials under defocus than under plano-baseline conditions, F(1,14) = 10.77, p < .01, ηρ2 = .44. The defocus conditions differed significantly, F(2,28) = 6.16, p < .01, ηρ2 = .31, with shorter response times as a function of a defocus increase and significant contrasts between +1.00 D and +2.00 D (p = .01) and +1.00 D and +3.00 D (p < .01). Discussion: The results show that gaze behaviour in MOT is not affected to a relevant degree by a visual overcorrection up to +3 diopters. Hence, it can be taken for granted that peripheral event detection was investigated in the present study. This overcorrection, however, does not harm the capability to peripherally track objects. Moreover, if an event has to be detected peripherally, neither response accuracy nor response time is negatively affected. Findings could claim considerable relevance for all sport situations in which peripheral vision is required which now needs applied studies on this topic. References: Bulson, R. C., Ciuffreda, K. J., & Hung, G. K. (2008). The effect of retinal defocus on golf putting. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 28, 334-344.

Chemical characterization of dissolved organic compounds from coastal sea surface microlayers (Baltic Sea, Germany)

The physicochemical properties of the sea surface microlayer (SML), i.e. the boundary layer between the air and the sea, and its impact on air-sea exchange processes have been investigated for decades. However, a detailed description about these processes remains incomplete. In order to obtain a better chemical characterization of the SML, in a case study three pairs of SML and corresponding bulk water samples were taken in the southern Baltic Sea. The samples were analyzed for dissolved organic carbon and dissolved total nitrogen, as well as for several organic nitrogen containing compounds and carbohydrates, namely aliphatic amines, dissolved free amino acids, dissolved free monosaccharides, sugar alcohols, and monosaccharide anhydrates. Therefore, reasonable analytical procedures with respect to desalting and enrichment were established. All aliphatic amines and the majority of the investigated amino acids (11 out of 18) were found in the samples with average concentrations between 53 ng/l and 1574 ng/l. The concentrations of carbohydrates were slightly higher, averaging 2900 ng/l. Calculation of the enrichment factor (EF) between the sea surface microlayer and the bulk water showed that dissolved total nitrogen was more enriched (EF: 1.1 and 1.2) in the SML than dissolved organic carbon (EF: 1.0 and 1.1). The nitrogen containing organic compounds were generally found to be enriched in the SML (EF: 1.9-9.2), whereas dissolved carbohydrates were not enriched or even depleted (EF: 0.7-1.2). Although the investigated compounds contributed on average only 0.3% to the dissolved organic carbon and 0.4% to the total dissolved nitrogen fraction, these results underline the importance of single compound analysis to determine SML structure, function, and its potential for a transfer of compounds into the atmosphere.

Estructuras de hormigón armado bajo carga dinámica severa. Parte I: Aspectos teóricos

En el ámbito de las estructuras de protección, tales como polvorines o refugios de protección civil, el hormigón armado es el material más empleado, fundamentalmente por su masividad, sus buenas características de absorción de energía y, cuando está adecuadamente reforzado, por su comportamiento dúctil. En ambos tipos de estructuras, la principal amenaza proviene de las explosiones causadas por armas de guerra, en particular, por armas convencionales. Por otro lado, en España viene actuando la organización terrorista ETA desde finales de los años 60, a lo que últimamente hay que añadir el denominado terrorismo internacional. En ambos casos, sus apariciones se manifiestan, generalmente, mediante la detonación de explosivos, aspecto que ha hecho que tanto entidades públicas como privadas hayan estado seriamente interesadas por el comportamiento de las estructuras cerramientos, etc. A título de ejemplo, se puede recordar el atentado perpetrado el día 31 de diciembre de 2008 en la sede de EITB de Bilbao, o el perpetrado el día 9 de febrero de 2009 en la sede de la empresa constructora Ferrovial-Agroman situada en el Campo de las Naciones de Madrid.

El Impossible vencido : arte de la lengua bascongada / su author el P. Manuel de Larramendi...

Sign.: []1, [calderón]8, 2[calderón]2, 3[calderón]8, A-Z8, 2A-2B8, 2C2

Jesus-Christoren imitacionea / M. Chourio Donibaneco erretorac escararat itçulia.

Sign.: []2, A8, B4, C8, D4, E8, F4, G8, H4, I8, K4, L8, M4, N8, O4, P8, Q4, R8, S4, T8, V4, X8, Y4, Z8, 2A4, 2B8, 2C4, 2D8, 2E4, 2F8, 2G4, 2H8, 2I4, 2K8, 2L4, 2M8, 2N4, 2O3

Notitia vtriusque Vasconiæ, tum Ibericæ, tum Aquitanicæ : qua, præter situm regionis et alia scitû digna, Nauarræ Regum Cæterarumque, in iis, insignium vetustate & dignitate familiarum stemmata ... exhibentur ... / authore Arnaldo Oihenarto Mauleosolensi

Sign.: a6, A-Z4, 2A-2Z4, 3A-3Z4, 4A-4C4, 4D2

Tomo quinto de los Annales de Nauarra ó Segundo de su segunda parte / compuesto por el Padre Francisco de Aleson..

Sign.: []1, [parágrafo]4, A-Z4, 2A-2Z4, 3A-3X4, *-3*2, 4*1

Gramática de los cuatro dialectos literarios de la lengua euskara / por Arturo Campión.

Dialecto : textos en euskera occidental -- vizcaíno, central -- guipuzcoano, labortano y suletino

Introduction à la langue française et à la langue basque / par A. Hiriart.

Grammaire basque-française à l'usage des écoles du Pays basque = Uskara eta franzes gramatika Uskalherrietako haurrenzat eguina / J.B. Archu

Le Verbe basque / par l'abbé Inchauspe ; ouvrage publié par le prince Louis-Lucien Bonaparte.

Estudio del verbo souletino. Apéndice con las principales formas del verbo vasco en los dialectos de Lapurdi, Gipuzkoa y Bizkaia

Fableac edo aleguiac Lafontenenetaric berechiz hartuac / Goyhetche apheçac franxesetic escoarara bertxutan itçuliac.

Dialecto : texto en euskera labortano

Ama euskeriari azken agurrak / [Felipe de Arrese y Beitia].

Dialecto : texto en euskera occidental -- vizcaíno, variedad occidental

Lekobide : Euzko-eleski oresidun asele irukotxa : (Irnio'ko erri-askitzaz) / Arriaga'tar Emillen'en idazkuna ; Isasi'tar Ander'en eresalguna.

2. irarkaldija