Gabaergic and opioid receptors mediate the facilitation of NaCl intake induced by alpha(2)-adrenergic activation in the lateral parabrachial nucleus

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The effects of high doses of nandrolone decanoate and exercise on prostate microvasculature of adult and older rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Androgen therapy reverses injuries caused by ethanol consumption in the prostate: testosterone as a possible target to ethanol-related disorders

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Cadmium exposure inhibits MMP2 and MMP9 activities in the prostate and testis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Diversity and evolution of sexually dimorphic mental and lateral glands in Cophomantini treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Acoustic radiation force impulse elastography of prostate and testes of healthy dogs: preliminary results

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Short-term prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin in extended 16-core prostate biopsy

Objective: To evaluate the safety, efficacy and possible complications of 16-core transrectal prostate biopsies using two doses of ciprofloxacin for prophylaxis of infectious complications.Materials and Methods: Sixteen-core prostate biopsies were performed on a number of patients with different signs of potential prostate cancer. Complications were assessed both during the procedure and one week later. After the procedure, urine samples were collected for culture. The rate of post-biopsy complications, hospital visits and hospitalizations were also analyzed. Ciprofloxacin (500 mg) was administered two hours before, and eight hours after the procedure.Results: The overall rate of post-biopsy complications was 87.32%, being 5.4% of those considered major complications due to hemorrhage, or to urinary retention. Eight patients required hospital treatment post-biopsy. Fever occurred in just one patient (0.29%). There was no incidence of orchitis, epididymitis, prostatitis, septicemia, hospitalization, or death. The urine culture showed positive results in five patients (2.15%).Conclusion: One-day prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin proved to be safe and effective in the prevention of infectious complications following 16-core prostate biopsies.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition occurs in preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of canine prostate

Background: The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential process in the tumor progression and metastasis. In human prostate carcinoma (PCa), the upregulation of cytokeratin and E-cadherin and down-regulation of vimentin have been associated with aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis. Due to the importance of canine cancer model it was evaluated the immunoexpression of AE1/AE3, E-cadherin and vimentin in canine prostatic lesions. Patients and Methods: A total of 75 prostatic tissues formalin-fixed paraffin embedded from dogs was selected: 10 normal prostatic tissues, 20 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 25 proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) and 20 PCa. AE1/AE3 was detected with a monoclonal antibody (Invitrogen, 180132) at a 1:300 dilution, applied for 45 min at room temperature (RT). The antibody against Vimentin (V9, Invitrogen) and E-cadherin (NCH-38, Dako cytomatiomn) were monoclonal mouse antibodies, used at a 1:300 and 1:200, respectively, for 45 min at RT. The immunolabelling was performed by a polymer method (Histofine, Nichirei Biosciences,). A negative control was performed for all antibodies by omitting the primary antibody and substituting with Tris-buffered saline. The percentage of C-MYC, E-cadherin, and p63- positive cells per lesion was evaluated according to Prowatke et al. (2007). The samples were scored separately according to staining intensity and graded semi-quantitatively as negative, weakly positive, moderately positive, and strongly positive. The score was done in one 400 magnification field, considering only the lesion, since this was done in a TMA core of 1 mm. For statistical analyses, the immunostaining classifications were reduced to two categories: negative and positive. The negative category included negative and weakly positive staining. Chi-square or Fisher exact test was used to determine the association between the categorical variables. Results: All prostatic normal and BPH tissue were positive for cytokeratin, E-cadherin and negative for vimentin. Similarly, all PIA samples were positive for AE1/AE3. From those samples, 48% (12/25) were also positive for vimentin. 55% of PCa (11/25) was positive for vimentin and among these samples 75% (6/11) was also positive for AE1/AE3 and 45% (5/11) was negative for AE1/AE3. PIA and PCa presented a higher number of vimentin positive cells when compared with normal tissue (p=0.032). E-cadherin expression had no statistical difference among diagnosis groups, but we found a higher number of positive cases, with more than 51% of positive immunostaining in BPH and PIA (81.25% and 78.60% of the cases, respectively) than in PCa (55.55%). Conclusion: The carcinogenesis process regarding prostatic epithelial cells in dogs showed higher vimentin protein expression associated with concomitant loss of the cytokeratin and E-cadherin, similar in humans.

Role of alpha1 and alpha2-adrenoceptors of the lateral hypothalamic area on urinary excretion caused by centrally administered angiotensin II

To determine whether central α1 and α2-adrenergic mechanisms are involved in urinary sodium and potassium excretion and urine volume induced by angiotensin II (ANGII), these renal parameters were measured in volume-expanded Holtzman rats with cannulas implanted into lateral ventricle (LV) and lateral hypothalamus (LH). The injection of ANGII into LV in rats with volume expansion reduced the sodium, potassium and urine excretion in comparison to the control injections of isotonic saline, whereas prazosin (α1 antagonist) potentiated these effects. Clonidine (α2 agonist) and yohimbine (α2 antagonist) injected into LH previous to injection of ANGII into LV also abolished the inhibitory effect of ANGII. These results suggest that the discharge of central alpha-adrenergic receptors has dual inhibitory and excitatory effect on antinatriuretic, antikaliuretic and antidiuretic effect induced by central ANGII in volume-expanded rats. © 1995.

Role of the alfa1- and alfa2-adrenoceptors of the lateral hypothalamus in the dipsogenic response to central angiotensin II in rats

The present experiments were conducted to investigate the role of the α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) on the drinking response elicited by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) injections of carbachol and angiotensin II (AII) in rats. Clonidine (an α2-adrenergic agonist) injected into the LH produced a dose-dependent reduction of the drinking responses elicited by i.c.v. administration of carbachol and AII. The α1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine injected into the LH reduced the dipsogenic response to i.c.v. AII, but not to carbachol. Injection of yohimbine (an α2-adrenergic antagonist) and prazosin (an α1-adrenergic antagonist) into the LH also reduced the water intake produced by i.c.v. injection of AII. Previous injection of α1- or α2-adrenergic antagonists into the LH increased the antidipsogenic effect of clonidine or phenylephrine injected into the same area on the water intake induced by i.c.v. AII. These results show that the α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors of the LH are involved in the control of drinking responses elicited by i.c.v. injection of AII in rats. They also show that clonidine, but not phenylephrine, suppresses the drinking induced by i.c.v. carbachol. The data suggest that the discharge of central α-adrenergic receptors has a dual (inhibitory and excitatory) effect on water intake induced by central AII. © 1991.

Role of the adrenergic pathways of the lateral hypothalamus on water intake and pressor response induced by the cholinergic activation of the medial septal area in rats

In the present experiments, we investigated a possible involvement of noradrenergic receptors of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in the water intake and pressor response induced by cholinergic stimulation of the medial septal area (MSA) in rats. The cholinergic agonist carbachol (2 nmol) injected into the MSA induced water intake and pressor response. The injection of an α2-adrenergic agonist, clonidine (20 and 40 nmol), but not of an α1-adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine (80 and 160 nmol), into the LH inhibits the water intake induced by carbachol injected into the MSA. The injection of clonidine or phenylephrine into the LH produced no change in the MAP increase induced by carbachol injected into the MSA. The present results suggest that adrenergic pathways involving the LH are important for the water intake, but not for the pressor response, induced by cholinergic activation of the MSA. © 1994.

Lateral periodontal cyst: a case report and literature review

The lateral periodontal cyst is considered a developmental odontogenic cyst with unusual occurrence. In most cases it is preliminary diagnosed as a radiographic finding, presenting as well circumscribed or as a round or teardrop-shaped radiolucent area. Due to its location it can easily be misdiagnosed as a lesion of endodontic origin. Final diagnosis should be based on histopatological examination. The purpose of this paper is to report a classic case of lateral periodontal cyst located in the anterior region of mandible and to review the relevant literature which describes the clinical, radiological and histopathological features of lateral periodontal cysts. A 50 years female patient complained of an asymptomatic gingival swelling in the region between the left mandibular lateral incisor and canine. Radiographic examination revealed a well circumscribed radiolucency with approximately 0.5 cm diameter with a radiopaque margin between the roots of the left mandibular lateral incisor and canine. The adjacent teeth had vital pulp. A total enucleation of the lesion was performed, and intraoperative examination showed a single lesion with no communication between the cyst's cavity and the oral environment. Histological examination revealed that the lesion was lateral periodontal cyst of developmental origin. There was no recurrence or complications for 24 months follow-up. The lateral periodontal cyst can be considered in the differential diagnosis when a radioloucent lesion appears adjacent to the roots of vital teeth. The treatment of choice is surgical removal and subsequent histological evaluation to confirm the diagnosis. Relapses are infrequent.

Evaluation of the cervical vertebrae maturation index in lateral cephalograms taken in different head positions

The aim of this study was to evaluate if upward or downward head inclination might interfere with determination of the growth stage, using cervical vertebrae maturation index (CVMI), in order to verify the accuracy of such diagnosis when radiographs are taken with errors. Forty-nine patients, 26 females and 23 males, aged 9 to 15 years, were submitted to 3 lateral cephalograms: normal (NHP), with 15° upward head inclination (NHP-Up), and with 15° downward head inclination (NHP-Down). Three examiners evaluated the CVMI on the 147 cephalograms. The agreement among examiners was higher in the evaluation of cephalograms taken in NHP. The weighted Kappa test revealed moderate to substantial agreement between NHP and NHP-Up and between NHP and NHP-Down. There was greater agreement between NHP-Up and NHP-Down. It may be concluded that the evaluation of the CVMI on cephalograms in NHP is different as compared with radiographs taken with inclinations. Both NHP-Up and NHP-Down exhibited greater disagreement in the interpretation among examiners, since the evaluation method was not designed for cephalograms with positioning errors.

Sedoanalgesia with midazolam and fentanyl citrate controls probe pain during prostate biopsy by transrectal ultrasound

To assess the pain intensity of patients administered midazolam and fentanyl citrate before undergoing transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. This was a study in patients with different indications for prostate biopsy in whom 5 mg of midazolam and 50 µg of fentanyl citrate was administered intravenously 3 minutes before the procedure. After biopsy, pain was assessed by use of a visual analogue scale (VAS) in three stages: VAS 1, during probe introduction; VAS 2, during needle penetration into prostate tissue; and VAS 3, in the weeks following the exam. Pain intensity at these different times was tested with stratification by age, race, education, prostate volume, rebiopsy, and anxiety before biopsy. Pain was ranked according to the following scores: 0 (no pain), 1-3 (mild pain), 4-7 (moderate pain), and 8-10 (severe pain). Statistical analysis was performed by using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon two-tailed tests with a significance of 5%. Pain intensity was not influenced by any risk factors. The mean VAS 1 score was 1.95±1.98, the mean VAS 2 score was 2.73±2.55, and the mean VAS 3 score was 0.3±0.9, showing greater pain at the time of needle penetration than in other situations (VAS 2>VAS 1>VAS 3, p=0.0013, p=0.0001, respectively). Seventy-five percent of patients reported a VAS pain scale of less than 3.1 or mild pain. Intravenous sedation and analgesia with midazolam and fentanyl citrate is a good method for reducing pain caused by prostate biopsy, even during probe insertion.