989 resultados para lama fina de aciaria
Resumo:
O tratamento de modificação de óxidos (e sulfetos) com cálcio tornou-se usual na produção de aços de elevada limpeza interna. O conhecimento da composição química de inclusões, dependendo da composição do aço líquido, é requisito fundamental para garantir a lingotabilidade desses aços e propriedades mecânicas adequadas dependendo da aplicação dos mesmos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo da composição química de inclusões ao longo do processo de refino secundário, com enfoque no tratamento com cálcio. Para tanto, foram comparados dados experimentais (planta industrial) com simulações via termodinâmica computacional (software FactSage). A metodologia utilizada consistiu em: a) obtenção de dados experimentais para determinar os dados de entrada das simulações; b) utilizar os bancos de dados e a rotina de minimização da Energia de Gibbs do software FactSage, para calcular o equilíbrio entre as fases aço líquido (modelo associado) e inclusões (escória - modelo quase-químico modificado) e; c) comparar os resultados obtidos na planta industrial com os simulados via FactSage. O acompanhamento do processo de elaboração do aço na Gerdau Aços Especiais Piratini (AEP) foi fundamental para identificar eventuais desvios de processo, bem como para interpretar eventuais discrepâncias entre os resultados Na simulação de todas as provas, verificou-se que é fundamental um baixo desvio-padrão na análise dos elementos, se o objetivo é simular um padrão de elaboração de aço. Como resultado deste trabalho, verificou-se ainda que entre 10 e 14 ppm é a faixa ideal de cálcio para a formação de inclusões líquidas com teor mínimo de CaS, para os níveis de oxigênio, enxofre e alumínio do SAE 8620 na etapa final do processo de elaboração desse aço na AEP. É importante destacar que faixas mais amplas de cálcio podem ser utilizadas, dependendo do tipo de processo na aciaria e do tipo de produto requerido.
Resumo:
Esta pesquisa de mestrado analisa, através de um estudo experimental, o comportamento mecânico de misturas em concreto asfáltico, utilizando agregados siderúrgicos (Escória de Aciaria) e Resíduo Areia de Fundição (R.A.F) em combinação com agregados minerais (Basalto). A reutilização destes resíduos industriais traz benefícios ambientais, pois auxilia a questão de deposição destes rejeitos, além de diminuir a degradação ambiental em áreas de extração de agregados pétreos. Foi realizada a dosagem de quatro misturas através da Metodologia Marshall, sendo uma mistura de Referência composta de agregados minerais. Para caracterização e verificação do desempenho das misturas asfálticas foi realizada a moldagem dos corpos-de-prova através da Metodologia Marshall, com uso de CAP 50/60, sendo determinado, além das propriedades Marshall, ensaios de módulo de resiliência à compressão diametral (Mr), resistência à tração (Rt), resistência à fadiga (tensão controlada), deformação permanente sob carga repetida, abrasão (Cântabro) e adesividade (Metodologia Lottman Modificada) das quatro misturas estudadas. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a adição dos resíduos industriais estudados ao concreto asfáltico aumenta o consumo de ligante da mistura. A incorporação de escória de aciaria à mistura em concreto asfáltico apresentou desempenho superior ao da mistura com agregados convencionais nas propriedades mecânicas e de durabilidade. A adição de Resíduo Areia de Fundição (R.A.F) em combinação com escória de aciaria não apresentou desempenho satisfatório neste estudo, uma vez que apresentou consumo de ligante elevado e propriedades mecânicas com desempenho inferior. Através do estudo ficou evidente a viabilidade da incorporação da escória de aciaria em misturas asfálticas apresentando melhora nas características mecânicas e de adesividade.
Resumo:
As características clínicas da hepatite C em transplantados renais ainda não estão bem definidos. A punção biópsia hepática (PBH) é o padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico do grau de lesão nesses pacientes, O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o papel da citologia hepática obtida por meio de punção aspirativa com agulha fina (PAH) no diagnóstico das lesões hepáticas em transplantados renais com hepatite crônica pelo vírus C. Avaliou-se, também, a freqüência e a gravidade das lesões hepáticas nesses pacientes e características clínico-laboratoriais correlacionadas com a gravidade da doença. Vinte e oito pacientes foram submetidos à PBH e à PAH e os resultados comparados. A PAH utilizou a técnica de Hayry e von Willebrand calculando-se o Incremento Corrigido Total e o número de células imunoativadas (CIA). Dezoito pacientes (66,6%) apresentaram, na PBH, ausência de lesões, lesões mínimas ou lesões não caracterizadas como hepatite crônica; 6 pacientes (22,2%) apresentaram hepatite crônica persistente ou lobular e 3 pacientes (11,1%) tiveram hepatite crônica ativa. Não se verificou associação estatisticamente significativa entre os resultados da PAH e os da histologia (erro β = 0,82). A idade dos pacientes mostrou associação significativa com o diagnóstico histológico, sendo a idade média dos pacientes com lesões mínimas igual a 37,50 (±10,1) anos, com hepatite crônica persistente igual a 51,33 (±6,2) anos e com hepatite crônica ativa igual a 58,33 (±12,7) anos (p=0,0015 - ANOVA). O uso de OKT3 associou-se à presença de lesões de hepatite crônica (p=0,0420). A presença de rejeições agudas, um maior número de rejeições e ter recebido pulsos de metilprednisolona associou-se a lesões histológicas de menor gravidade. As demais variáveis não apresentaram relação significativa com o diagnóstico da PBH. Na análise multivariada, apenas a idade manteve-se como fator independentemente associado à presença de lesões de hepatite crônica. Conclui-se que a citologia hepática obtida mediante punção aspirativa com agulha fina não demonstrou utilidade para diagnosticar ou estabelecer o nível de gravidade ou de evolução da doença hepática em transplantados renais com hepatite crônica pelo vírus C, embora essa possibilidade não possa ser totalmente excluída. A imunossupressão e as rejeições mostraram resultados contraditórios, não estando ainda clara a sua relação com o dano hepático provocado pelo vírus C. A idade foi o único fator consistentemente associado à maior gravidade das lesões histológicas nesses pacientes.
Resumo:
A presente dissertação tem por objetivo articular os conceitos de estratégia e políticas públicas, orientadas para o papel do BNDES no contexto brasileiro. A expressividade da atuação do BNDES, a origem de seus recursos e a relevância de seus desembolsos ratificam a importância dos financiamentos da instituição para a economia doméstica.
Resumo:
O meu encontro literário com Vergílio Ferreira deu-se há cerca de seis ou sete anos, quando resolvi comprar e ler Cartas a Sandra, romance que como o nome indica é escrito como se de uma compilação de cartas se tratasse e que foi deixado incompleto e editado postumamente. Esta edição póstuma é da responsabilidade da herdeira (esposa do autor) e do Círculo de Leitores. Inicialmente, confesso, fui seduzida pelo título, mas depois, a leitura da obra deixou uma vontade sôfrega de querer saber mais sobre a escrita vergiliana. Nas disciplinas de literatura da minha licenciatura, pouco ou nada se tratou sobre Vergílio Ferreira mas, apesar disso, encetei algumas pesquisas e leituras que me foram despertando, cada vez mais, o interesse e a predilecção pelas obras deste autor. Mais tarde, já no Curso de Mestrado, ponderei a possibilidade de uma abordagem ao romance em nome da terra e sobre o qual tinha conhecimento da existência de alguns trabalhos, na sua maioria, ao nível da análise literária e/ou estilística. Com uma apetência natural para a área da linguística, considerei com carinho a hipótese de elaborar uma Dissertação de Mestrado que se aproximasse mais do campo da interpretação e análise linguísticas, nomeadamente do valor do verbo Ser na escrita vergiliana e, em particular, no romance-problema em jeito de carta. Consciente de que a tarefa não iria ser fácil, que teria, necessariamente, que envolver a leitura e releitura (nalguns casos de modo transversal) de todo um conjunto de produções, quer do autor, quer dos que ao seu estudo se dedicaram, quer ainda de obras de carácter filosófico e existencialista, foi com agrado que comecei a minha pesquisa e, a posteriori, a selecção dos materiais que julguei pertinentes para a prossecução do objectivo que me tinha proposto. Por conseguinte, tenho que agradecer a todas as pessoas que me ajudaram, de uma ou de outra forma, em especial ao Professor Doutor João Malaca Casteleiro, pelo facto de ter aceite o meu pedido de orientação da presente Dissertação, pela sua disponibilidade e paciência, pela cedência de alguns materiais, pelos seus comentários sábios e experientes e, acima de tudo, pela sua sabedoria na matéria e pelo interesse demonstrado quanto ao tema, o que se traduz, ao que julgo, naquilo que se entende, verdadeiramente, por orientação de uma Dissertação de Mestrado. Agradeço também aos colegas do curso que me motivaram, em particular à Judite e à Natália, que tiveram a coragem de assumir um compromisso de amizade, pelo facto de me ouvirem, questionarem e, principalmente criticarem e encorajarem aquando das nossas discussões sobre este meu trabalho. Por último, não poderia deixar de referir e agradecer igualmente a simpatia com que fui recebida pela Dona Augusta e pelo senhor professor José Rodrigues, na Vila Josephine1, morada de férias de Vergílio Ferreira, em Melo, e onde foram escritos muitos dos seus trabalhos (nas férias grandes, com uma caneta de nanquim virada ao contrário, para conseguir uma caligrafia mais fina e apurada, e num sofá cor-de-rosa-velho, ao pé da janela, com uma tábua nos joelhos a servir de escritório, o cinzeiro do lado esquerdo2). Gostaria ainda de agradecer a sua pronta e sábia ajuda, por terem partilhado comigo detalhes sobre o autor e que não vêm nos livros, sendo o Professor, ele próprio, um livro aberto no que se refere ao seu cunhado e amigo Vergílio, aos seus trabalhos, à sua vontade de valorizar um escritor que lhe foi tão próximo... Agradeço-lhe ainda o privilégio de me ter permitido trabalhar um pouco no escritório do autor. Esse momento proporcionou-me mais uma de muitas alegrias breves de que tem sido constituída a minha também breve existência, e a consciencialização para o facto de que o meu caminho ainda fica muito longe e, fazendo uso de palavras de Vergílio Ferreira: “A estrada é larga e segura porque foi construída apenas pela experiência dos homens. Não percas mais os teus passos pela areia movediça e estéril…”. Procurarei, pois, seguir estes e outros sábios conselhos, à medida que desenvolver este trabalho.
Resumo:
Este relatório incide sobre o desenvolvimento do estágio pedagógico realizado numa turma de 3.º ano de escolaridade, na Escola Básica do 1.ºCiclo com Pré-Escolar (EB1/PE) da Lombada, e numa sala de Pré-Escolar, com um grupo de crianças com idades compreendidas entre os dois e os quatro anos, no Jardim de Infância O Girassol, sendo que as referidas instituições se situam no concelho do Funchal. O mesmo espelha a prática desenvolvida em ambas as valências e tem como objetivo descrever a intervenção pedagógica, refletindo e fundamentando as metodologias utilizadas durante o estágio. Importa referir que a prática pedagógica, recorrendo à metodologia de investigação-ação, incide essencialmente na resolução de questõesproblemas sinalizadas durante o decorrer do estágio. No que concerne ao Pré-Escolar, a investigação teve como ponto de partida a seguinte questão: Como promover a motricidade fina na Sala dos 4 anos, nomeadamente em cinco crianças que apresentam algumas lacunas nesta habilidade? Relativamente ao 1ºciclo, foram, três as questões sinalizadas: Será que a diferenciação pedagógica conduz o aluno à construção de aprendizagens significativas? Como promover uma aprendizagem cooperativa entre alunos de níveis de ensino diferentes? Todo este processo de investigação-ação contribuiu para que durante a intervenção pedagógica fossem adoptadas estratégias e desenvolvidas atividades, o que permitiu a verificação duma evolução na habilidade motora da motricidade fina, por parte do grupo de crianças da Sala dos Quatro Anos, bem como a obtenção de resultados positivos no que se refere à cooperação entre os alunos da Sala do 3º ano, de forma a serem eles próprios a construírem o seu conhecimento, conseguindo, no final, alcançar o sucesso em conjunto.
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The aim of this study was to test the sediment preference of L. vannamei shrimp. It was observed shrimp visit frequency, swimming and burying behaviour at different sediment compositions for 24h. Juvenile (0.93 ± 0.29g) and sub-adult shrimps (10.0 ± 1.18g) were obtained from the aquaculture station at Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido UFERSA, and held in a plastic tank (water volume 500 L) supplied with aerated water and kept at constant temperature, pH, and salinity. Shrimp was fed by commercial shrimp dry food. The experimental substrates were composed by A: medium sand + thick sand + very thick sand + gravel; B: very fine sand + fine sand; and C: silt + clay. Thus, six different substrate combinations were tested: A, B, C, A+B, A+C, B+C. To test preference, it was used a cylindrical tank (40 l) divided into six differently substrate compartments. A single shrimp was introduced each tank and the frequency at which this shrimp visited each compartment was recorded over a 24h study period. It was tested 54 shrimp (18 sub-adult males, 18 subadult females and 18 juveniles). For each trial, sediment and water were changed to avoid pheromones and residues influence. Shrimp were weighted and sub-adults were divided by sex: males present petasma and females present thelycum. Data were collected on the experimental day at 19:30; 20:30; 00:30; 1:30; 05:30; 06:30; 13:30 and 14:30 h. At each time point, shrimp were observed for 20-min periods, in which we noted down which compartment the shrimp was occupying at 2-min intervals. Thus, for each period we had eleven observations (88 observations per day). For observations at night, it was used dim red light that did not affect shrimp behaviour. At each 20-min period, it was observed visit frequency in each substrate, if shrimp was burred or not or if it was swimming. There was not significant difference between light and dark burry activity for females. Swimming activity was significantly higher at night, mainly at 00:30 and 01:30 h. All L. vannamei shrimp showed preference for sediment B. This animal presents cyclic activity, spends the day light period buried and swims at night
Resumo:
Population growth experienced in major cities, allied to society s need of infra-structure, especially ones related to habitational demands, increases the consumption of construction materials. As a consequence, consumption of natural resources itself. Thus, due to this process, concrete is one of the most produced materials in civil construction. This is also due to the great diversity of its application, easiness in its execution and adequate mechanical performance, as well as low production costs. Following the same tendencies in construction development, the ceramic industry has intensified the production of porcelain ceramic tiles and floors. These are achieved by a fine finishing and receive polishing at the end of the fabrication process. This work researched the use of porcelain residues in polishing for the production of concrete. All of which; due to economical and environmental issues. This process aims to prove adequate destiny for this type of residue, due to environmental issues, incorporating it to the concrete itself; all of which provides economy in consumption of the materials that constitute concrete. Thus, the main characteristics of concrete were investigated through the inclusion of different concentration of the porcelain residue as additional trait element. The residue rates incorporated to the trait varied from 10% to 50% in relation to the cement mass, in the traits with plastic additives and without plastic additives. It is observed that the inclusion of porcelain residue produced a meaningful alteration in the consistency of fresh concrete. This residue has a fine granulometry and it considerably absorbed the water used in the concrete spreading, influencing the way this material is dealt with. Thus, the value of cement striking decreases with the increase of residues present in trait. The maximal incorporation of the residue was of 50%, massively, for the same factor water/initial cement. The use of residues in concrete results in an 40% increase in the compression resistance. It is also proportional to residue concentration of porcelain in the trait. The microstructure was also favored once porosity and concrete absorption decreases with the use of this residue. The parameters demonstrate the quality and durability of the concrete produced with this residue. The use of porcelain residue in concrete composition has not produced meaningful thermal behavior changes. Thermal conductivity, heat capacity and thermal diffusivity have been maintained basically constant
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In this work, was studied the formation of a composite of the refractory metal niobium with copper, through the process of high-energy milling and liquid phase sintering. The HEM can be used to synthesize composite powders with high homogeneity and fine size particle distribution. It may also produce the solid solubility in immiscible systems such as Nb-Cu, or extend the solubility of systems with limited solubility. Therefore, in the immiscible system Cu-Nb, the high-energy milling was successfully used to obtain the composite powder particles. Initially, the formation of composite particles during the HEM and the effect of preparation technique on the microstructure of the material was evaluated. Four loads of Nb and Cu powders containing 20%wt Cu were synthesized by MAE in a planetary type ball mill under different periods of grinding. The influence of grinding time on the metal particles is evaluated during the process by the withdrawal of samples at intermediate times of milling. After compaction under different forces, the samples were sintered in a vacuum furnace. The liquid phase sintering of these samples prepared by HEM produced a homogeneous and fine grained. The composite particles forming the sintered samples are the addition of a hard phase (Nb) with a high melting point, and a ductile phase (Cu) with low melting point and high thermal and electrical conductivities. Based on these properties, the Nb-Cu system is a potential material for many applications, such as electrical contacts, welding electrodes, coils for generating high magnetic fields, heat sinks and microwave absorbers, which are coupled to electronic devices. The characterization techniques used in this study, were laser granulometry, used to evaluate the homogeneity and particle size, and the X-ray diffraction, in the phase identification and to analyze the crystalline structure of the powders during milling. The morphology and dispersion of the phases in the composite powder particles, as well the microstructures of the sintered samples, were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Subsequently, the sintered samples are evaluated for density and densification. And finally, they were characterized by techniques of measuring the electrical conductivity and microhardness, whose properties are analyzed as a function of the parameters for obtaining the composite
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Steel is an alloy EUROFER promising for use in nuclear reactors, or in applications where the material is subjected to temperatures up to 550 ° C due to their lower creep resistance under. One way to increase this property, so that the steel work at higher temperatures it is necessary to prevent sliding of its grain boundaries. Factors that influence this slip contours are the morphology of the grains, the angle and speed of the grain boundaries. This speed can be decreased in the presence of a dispersed phase in the material, provided it is fine and homogeneously distributed. In this context, this paper presents the development of a new material metal matrix composite (MMC) which has as starting materials as stainless steel EUROFER 97, and two different kinds of tantalum carbide - TaC, one with average crystallite sizes 13.78 nm synthesized in UFRN and another with 40.66 nm supplied by Aldrich. In order to improve the mechanical properties of metal matrix was added by powder metallurgy, nano-sized particles of the two types of TaC. This paper discusses the effect of dispersion of carbides in the microstructure of sintered parts. Pure steel powders with the addition of 3% TaC UFRN and 3% TaC commercial respectively, were ground in grinding times following: a) 5 hours in the planetary mill for all post b) 8 hours of grinding in the mill Planetary only for steel TaC powders of commercial and c) 24 hours in the conventional ball mill mixing the pure steel milled for 5 hours in the planetary mill with 3% TaC commercial. Each of the resulting particulate samples were cold compacted under a uniaxial pressure of 600MPa, on a cylindrical matrix of 5 mm diameter. Subsequently, the compressed were sintered in a vacuum furnace at temperatures of 1150 to 1250 ° C with an increment of 20 ° C and 10 ° C per minute and maintained at these isotherms for 30, 60 and 120 minutes and cooled to room temperature. The distribution, size and dispersion of steel and composite particles were determined by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy followed by chemical analysis (EDS). The structures of the sintered bodies were observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron accompanied by EDS beyond the x-ray diffraction. Initial studies sintering the obtained steel EUROFER 97 a positive reply in relation to improvement of the mechanical properties independent of the processing, because it is obtained with sintered microhardness values close to and even greater than 100% of the value obtained for the HV 333.2 pure steel as received in the form of a bar
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The production of waste from urban and industrial activities is one of the factors of environmental contamination and has aroused attention of the scientific community, in the sense of its reuse. On the other hand, the city of Salvador/Ba, with approximately 262 channels, responsible for storm water runoff, produces every year, by the intervention of cleaning and clearing channels, a significant volume of sediments (dredged mud), and thus an appropriate methodology for their final destination. This study aims to assess the influence of incorporation of these tailings in arrays of clay for production of interlocked block ceramic, also known as ceramic paver. All the raw materials from the metropolitan region of Salvador (RMS) were characterized by x-ray fluorescence, x-ray diffraction, thermal analysis (TG and TDA), particle size analysis and dilatometry. With the use of statistical experimental planning technique, ternary diagram was defined in the study region and the analyzed formulations. The specimens were prepared with dimensions of 60x20x5mm³, by uniaxial pressing of 30 MPa and after sintering at temperatures of 900°, 1000º and 1100ºC the technological properties were evaluated: linear shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent specifies mass, flexural rupture and module. For the uniaxial compression strength used cylindrical probe body with Ø 50 mm. The standard mass (MP) was prepared with 90% by weight of clay and 10% by weight of Channel sediment (SCP), not being verified significant variations in the properties of the final product. With the incorporation of 10% by weight of manganese residue (PFM) and 10% by weight of the Ceramic waste (RCB) in the mass default, in addition to adjusting the plasticity due to less waste clay content, provided increased linear firing shrinkage, due the significant concentration of K2O, forming liquid phase at low temperature, contributing to decreased porosity and mechanical resistance, being 92,5 MPa maximum compressive strength verified. After extract test leachate and soluble, the piece containing 10% of the PFM, was classified as non-hazardous and inert material according to NBR10004/04 ABNT. The results showed the feasibility on using waste, SCP, RCB and PFM clay mass, at temperatures above 900ºC, paver ceramic production, according to the specifications of the technical standards, so that to exceed the 10% of the PFM, it becomes imperative to conduct studies of environmental impacts
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It is located in an area of increasing oil exploration, the region of the Lower Açu is at the mercy of a possible pollution generated by this economic activity, which includes various chemical substances harmful to health, such as metals. This thesis aims to, diagnose the areas of River Piranhas-Açu, a region of the Lower Açu, which are polluted by traces factors and more. In this study, it was determined the concentration of the chemica elements Al, CD, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, V and Zn, through the technique of ICP-OES analysis and the size of sediments and their contents organic matter. Were mapped by GPS, 12 points from collections. The interpretations of the results, together associating that allowed pollution to a possible contamination by oil activity. The results showed tha some regions have low concentrations of cadmium, lead, copper, manganese and zinc unable to promote damage to human health. However, there are places where the concentrations of certain metals chromium, iron and zinc are moderately polluted compared to the results with the reference values of literature and others that are highly polluted by iron. However, due to a greater number of wells in production in those locations, those higher concentrations, it can be suggested a possible influence of oi production in some areas with concentrations of chromium and lead are higher than the rest of the points of monitoring. Moreover, it is observed that the highest levels of metals found in sediment of finer texture and more organic matter content
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On Rio Grande do Norte northern coast the process of sediment transport are intensely controlled by wind and sea (waves and currents) action, causing erosion and shoreline morphological instability. Due to the importance of such coastal zone it was realized the multi-spectral mapping and physical-chemical characterization of mudflats and mangroves aiming to support the mitigating actions related to the containment of the erosive process on the oil fields of Macau and Serra installed at the study area. The multi-spectral bands of 2000 and 2008 LANDSAT 5 TM images were submitted on the several digital processing steps and RGB color compositions integrating spectral bands and Principal Components. Such processing methodology was important to the mapping of different units on surface, together with field works. It was possible to make an analogy of the spectral characteristics of wetlands with vegetations areas (mangrove), showing the possibility to make a restoration of this area, contributing with the environmental monitoring of that ecosystem. The maps of several units were integrated in GIS environment at 1:60,000 scale, including the classification of features according to the presence or absence of vegetation cover. Thus, the strategy of methodology established that there are 10.13 km2 at least of sandy-muddy and of these approximately 0.89 km2 with the possibility to be used in a reforestation of typical flora of mangrove. The physical-chemical characterization showed areas with potential to introduce local species of mangrove and they had a pH above neutral with a mean of 8.4. The characteristic particle size is sand in the fine fractions, the high levels of carbonate, organic matter and major and trace element in general are concentrated where the sediment had the less particles size, showing the high correlation that those elements have with smaller particles of sediment. The application of that methodological strategy is relevant to the better understanding of features behavior and physical-chemical data of sediment samples collected on field allow the analysis of efficiency/capability of sandy-muddy to reforestation with local mangrove species for mitigation of the erosive action and coastal processes on the areas occupied by the oil industry
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Today a major responsibility for the contamination of soil and groundwater and surface water are establishments known as gas stations of fuel which has attracted increasing attention from both the general population as the state agencies of environmental control due to leaks in storage tanks and mainly to disruption of pipe corrosion of tanks and pumping. Other services, like oil changes and car wash are also causes for concern in this type of establishment. These leaks can cause or waste produced, and the contamination of aquifers, serious health problems and public safety, since most of these stations located in urban areas. Based on this, the work was to evaluate soil contamination of a particular service station and fuel sales in the city of Natal, through the quantification of heavy metals like Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn of total organic carbon (TOC) and organic matter using different techniques such as optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma source (ICP OES), Total Organic Carbon analyzer and gravimetric analysis respectively. And also to characterize the soil through particle size analysis. Samples were taken in 21 georeferenced points and collected in the same period. The soils sampled in sampling stations P3, P5, P6, P10, P11, P12, P13, P14, P15, P17, P18 and P20 showed the smallest size fractions ranging from fine sand to medium sand. The other study sites ranged from fine sand to medium sand, except the point P8 showed that only the type size medium sand and P19, indicating a particle size of the coarse type. The small correlation of organic matter with the elements studied in this work suggests that these are not of anthropogenic origin but geochemical support
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The oily sludge is a complex mix of hydrocarbons, organic impurities, inorganic and water. One of the major problems currently found in petroleum industry is management (packaging, storage, transport and fate) of waste. The nanomaterials (catalysts) mesoporous and microporous are considered promising for refining and adsorbents process for environment protection. The aim of this work was to study the oily sludge from primary processing (raw and treated) and vacuum residue, with application of thermal analyses technique (pyrolysis), thermal and catalytic pyrolysis with nanomaterials, aiming at production petroleum derived. The sludge and vacuum residue were analyzed using a soxhlet extraction system, elemental analysis, thin layer chromatography, thermogravimetry and pyrolysis coupled in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py GC MS). The catalysts AlMCM-41, AlSBA-15.1 e AlSBA-15.2 were synthesized with molar ratio silicon aluminum of 50 (Si/Al = 50), using tetraethylorthosilicante as source of silicon and pseudobuhemita (AlOOH) as source of aluminum. The analyzes of the catalysts indicate that materials showed hexagonal structure and surface area (783,6 m2/g for AlMCM-41, 600 m2/g for AlSBA-15.1, 377 m2/g for AlSBA-15.2). The extracted oily sludge showed a range 65 to 95% for organic components (oil), 5 to 35% for inorganic components (salts and oxides) and compositions different of derivatives. The AlSBA-15 catalysts showed better performance in analyzes for production petroleum derived, 20% increase in production of kerosene and light gas oil. The energy potential of sludge was high and it can be used as fuel in other cargo processed in refinery